butkutaandcodadhareonlysecondarywords。TheSanscritpossessestheradicalofkuta，andthatiskuda，toheapup，buttheIrishdoesnotpossesstheradicalofcodadh。TheWelsh，withoutpossessinganywordforahillatalllikecodadh，hastheprimaryorradicalword；thatwordiscodi，toriseorraise，almostidenticalinsoundandsensewiththeSanscritkuda。Tillahouseisraisedthereisnohouse，andthereisnohilltilltheNaraorOmnipotentsaysARISE。
TheWelshisoneofthemostcopiouslanguagesoftheworld，asitcontainsatleasteightythousandwords。Ithassevenvowels；winWelshbeingpronouncedlikeoo，andylikeuandi。Itsmostremarkablefeatureisthemutationofinitialconsonants，toexplainwhichproperlywouldrequiremorespacethanIcanafford。
（27）Thenounsareoftwonumbers，thesingularandplural，andafewhaveadualnumber。Thegendersarethree，theMasculine，theFeminineandtheNeuter。Therearetwelvepluralterminationsofnouns，ofwhichthemostcommonisau。Somesubstantivesarewhatthegrammarianscallaggregateplurals，（28）\"whicharenotusedinthepluralwithouttheadditionofdiminutiveterminations，forexampleadar，birds，aderyn，abird；gwenyn，bees，gwenynen，asinglebee。\"Therearedifferentkindsofadjectives；somehaveaplural，somehavenone；somehaveafeminineform，othershavenot；
themostcommonpluralterminationision。Itissaidbysomethattheverbhasproperlynopresenttense，thefuturebeingusedinstead。Theverbspresentmanydifficulties，andtherearemanydefectiveandirregularones。IntheirregularitiesofitsverbstheWelshlanguageverymuchresemblestheIrish。
Thenumeralsrequiresomeparticularnotice：forty，sixtyandeightyareexpressedbydeugain，trigain，andpedwarugain，literally，twotwenties，threetwenties，andfourtwenties；whilstfifty，seventy，andninetyareexpressedbywordscorrespondingwithtenaftertwotwenties，tenafterthreetwenties，andtenafterfourtwenties。WhethertheWelshhadeveralessclumsywayofexpressingtheabovenumbersisunknown—somethingsimilarisobservableinFrench，andthesamepracticeprevailsinthemodernGaelic；intheancientGaelic，however，therearesuchnumeralsasceathrachad，seasgad，andnaochad，whichcorrespondwithquadraginta，sexaginta，andnonaginta。Thenumeralsdau，tri，andpedwar，ortwo，three，andfour，havefeminineforms，becomingwhenprecedingfemininenouns，dwy，tair，andpedair。InGaelicnonumeralhasafeminineform；certainnumerals，however，haveaninfluenceovernounswhichothershavenot，andbeforecead，ahundred，andmile，athousand，do，two，ischangedintoda，foritisnotcustomarytosaydochead，twohundred，anddomhile，twothousand，butdacheadanddamhile。（29）Withrespecttopedwar，theWelshforfour，IhavetoobservethatitbearsnosimilitudetothewordforthesamenumberinGaelic；thewordforfourinGaelicisceathair，andthedifferencebetweenceathairandpedwarisgreatindeed。CeathairiswhatmaybecalledaSanscriticnumeral；anditispleasanttotraceitinvariousshapes，throughvariouslanguages，uptothegrandspeechofIndia：Irish，ceathair；Latin，quatuor；Greek，tessares；Russian，cheturi；
Persian，chahar；Sanscrit，chatur。Astopedwar，itbearssomeresemblancetotheEnglishfour，theGermanvier，isalmostidenticalwiththeWallachianpatrou，andisverymuchliketheHomericword[Greektextwhichcannotbereproduced]，butbeyondWallachiaandGreecewefindnothinglikeit，bearingthesamemeaning，thoughitisrighttomentionthattheSanscritwordpadasignifiesaQUARTER，aswellasafoot。ItiscuriousthattheIrishwordforfive，cuig，isinlikemannerquiteasperplexingastheWelshwordforfour。TheIrishwordforfiveisnotaSanscriticword，pump，theWelshwordforfive，is。PantschanistheSanscritwordforfive，andpumpislinkedtopantschanbytheAEolickpempe，theGreekpenteandpemptos，theRussianpiatandthePersianPantsch；butwhatiscuigconnectedwith？WhyitisconnectedwiththeLatinquinque，andperhapswiththeArabickhamsa；buthigherupthanArabiawefindnothinglikeit；orifonethinksonerecognisesit，itisundersuchadisguisethatoneisrathertimorousaboutswearingtoit—andnownothingmoreonthesubjectofnumerals。
IhavesaidthattheWelshisexceedinglycopious。Itscopiousness，however，doesnotproceed，likethatoftheEnglish，fromborrowingfromotherlanguages。Ithascertainlywordsincommonwithothertongues，butnotongue，atanyrateinEurope，canprovethatithasabetterclaimthantheWelshtoanywordwhichithasincommonwiththatlanguage。NolanguagehasabettersupplyofsimplewordsforthenarrationofeventsthantheWelsh，andsimplewordsarethepropergarbofnarration；andnolanguageaboundsmorewithtermscalculatedtoexpresstheabstrusestideasofthemeta—physician。Whoeverdoubtsitscapabilityforthepurposeofnarration，lethimperusetheWelshHistoricalTriads，inwhicharetoldthemostremarkableeventswhichbefelltheearlyCumry；andwhosoeverdoubtsitspowerforthepurposeofabstrusereasoning，lethimstudyaworkcalledRhetorick，byMasterWilliamSalisbury，writtenabouttheyear1570，andIthinkhewilladmitthatthereisnohyperbole，or，asaWelshmanwouldcallit，GORWIREB，inwhatIhavesaidwithrespecttothecapabilitiesoftheWelshlanguage。
Astoitssounds—Ihavetoobservethatatthewillofamasteritcanbesublimelysonorous，terriblysharp，diabolicallygutturalandsibilant，andsweetandharmonioustoaremarkabledegree。
WhatmoresublimelysonorousthancertainhymnsofTaliesin；moresharpandclashingthancertainlinesofGwalchmaiandDafyddBenfras，describingbattles；morediabolicallygratingthantheDrunkard’sChoke—pearbyRhysGoch，andmoresweetthanthelinesofpoorGronwyOwentotheMuse？Ah，thoselinesofhistotheMusearesweetereventhantheversesofHorace，ofwhichtheyprofesstobeanimitation。WhatlinesinHorace’sodecanvieinsweetnesswith\"TydiroitadiwairwenLaiseosilysowen！\"
\"Thoucouldstendow，withthydearsmile，Withvoiceoflarkthelizardvile！\"
Eossignifiesanightingale，andLysowenaneel。PerhapsinnolanguagebuttheWelsh，couldaneelbementionedinloftypoetry：
Lysowenisperfectmusic。
HavingstatedthatthereareWelshandSanscritwordswhichcorrespond，moreorless，insoundandmeaning，Ihereplacesidebysideasmallnumberofsuchwords，inorderthatthereadermaycomparethem。
WELSHSANSCRIT
Aber，ameetingofwaters，anAp，apah，water；apaga，outflowing；Avon，ariver；ariver；Persian，ab，Aw，aflowingwater；Wallachian，apaAnal，breathAnila，airArian，silverAra，brass；Gypsy，harko，Aur，goldcopper（30）
Athu，togoAt’ha；Russian，itiBod，being，existenceBhavat，bhutaBrenin，akingBharanda，alord；RussianbarinCaer，awall，acityGriha，geha，ahouse；Hindu—
stani，ghar；Gypsy，kair，kaerCain，fine，brightKanta，pleasing，beautiful；
Kana，toshineCanu，tosingGana，singingCathyl，ahymnKheliasong；Gypsy，gillieCoed，awood，treesKut’ha，kuti，atreeCumro，aWelshmanKumara，ayouth，aprinceDaear，daeren，theearthDhara，fem。dharaniDant，atoothDantaDawn，agiftDanaDerw，anoakDaru，timberDewr，bold，braveDhiraDrwg，badDurgati，hell；Durga，thegoddessofdestructionDuw，GodDeva，agodDwfr，dwfyr，waterTivara，theocean（Tiber，Tevere）
Dwr，waterUda；Greek，[Textwhichcannotbereproduced]
Sanscrit，dhlira，theocean；Persian，deria，dooria，thesea；Gypsy，dooriaEn，abeing，asoul，thatAn，tobreathe，tolive；
whichlivesana，breath；Irish，an，aman，fireGair，awordGir，gira，speechGwr，amanVira，ahero，strong，fire；
Gwres，heatLat。vir，aman；Dutch，vuur，fire；Turkish，er，aman；
Heb。，ur，fireGeneth，girlKaniGeni，tobebornJanaGwybod，toknowVidHocedu，tocheatKuhaka，deceitHuan，thesunInaIeuanc，youngYouvanIr，fresh，juicyIra，waterIrdra，juicinessLlances，agirlLagnikaLleidyr，athiefLataMaen，astoneMani，agemMam，motherMaMarw，todieMara，deathMawr，greatMahaMedd，meadMad’hu，honeyMeddwi，tointoxicateMad，tointoxicate；Mada，intoxication；Mada，pleasure；
Madya，wine；Matta，intoxicated；Gypsy，matto，drunk；Gr。[Textwhichcannotbereproduced]，wine，[Textwhichcannotbereproduced]，tobedrunkMedr，ameasureMatraNad，acryNad，tospeak；Nada，soundNant，ravine，rivuletNadi，ariverNeath，Nedd，nameofariver；Nicha，low，deep；nichaga，nedd，adingle，whatislow，ariver，thatwhichdescends；
deep（Nith，Nithsdale）nitha，waterNef，heavenNabhas；Russian，nabeca，theheavens；Lat。，nubes，acloudNeidiaw，toleap；Nata，todance；Nata，dancingNer，theAlmighty，theLord，Nara，thatwhichanimatestheCreatoreverything，thespiritofGod（31）
Nerth，strength，powerNara，man，thespiritofGod；
Gr。[textwhichcannotbereproduced]，aman，[textwhichcannotbereproduced]
strength；Persian，nar，amale；Arabic，nar，fireNoddwr，aprotectorNathaNos，nightNisaPair，acauldronPit’haraPed，afoot；pedair，fourPad，afoot；pada，aquarterPridd，earthPrithivi，theearthPrif，principal，primePrabhu，alord，arulerRhen，theLordRajan，akingRhian，aladyHindustani，raniRhod，awheelRatha，acarSwm，beingtogetherSamSwynwr，awizard，sorcererSanvanana，awitch；
Hindustani，syaniTad，fatherTataTan，fireDahanaTant，astringTantuTanu，toexpandTanaToriad，abreaking，cuttingDari，cuttingUchafedd，heightUchch’yaYch，oxUkshanTheNaraiscalledbytheTartarssoukdoun，andbytheChineseki：
\"Principequiestdansleciel，surlaterre，dansl’homme，etdanstoutesleschosesmateriellesetimmaterielles。\"—DICTIOINNAIRE
TARTAREMANTCHOU，parAmyot。Tomesecond，p，124。
IntheabovelistofCumricandSanscritwordstherearecertainlysomeremarkableinstancesofcorrespondenceinsoundandsense，themostinterestingofwhichisthataffordedbyNer，theCumricwordfortheLord，andNara，theSanscritwordfortheSpiritofGod。
FromcomparingthewordsinthatlistonemightfeeldisposedtorushtotheconclusionthattheCumricsprangfromtheSanscrit，thesacredlanguageofsunnyHindustan。Buttodosowouldbeunwise，fordeeperstudywouldshowthatiftheWelshhassomehundredsofwordsincommonwiththeSanscrit，ithasthousandsuponthousandswhicharenottobefoundinthattongue，aftermakingallpossibleallowanceforchangeandmodification。Nosubjectconnectedwithwhatiscalledphilosophyismoremortifyingtoproudhumanreasonthantheinvestigationoflanguages，forinwhatdotheresearchesofthemostunweariedphilologistterminatebutachaosofdoubtandperplexity，elsewhysuchexclamationsasthese？WhyistheWallachianwordforwaterSanscrit？forwhatisthedifferencebetweenapaandap？WallachianisformedfromLatinandSclavonian；whythenisnotthewordforwatereitherwodaoraqua，oramodificationofeither？WhyistheArabicwordfortheseaIrish，forwhatisthedifferencebetweenbahar，theArabicwordforsea，andbeathra，anoldIrishwordforwater，pronouncedbarra，whencetheriverBarrow？HowisitthatoneofthenamesoftheGangesisWelsh；forwhatisthedifferencebetweenDhur，anameofthatriver，anddwr，thecommonWelshwordforwater？Howisitthataequor，aLatinwordforthesea，somuchresemblesAEgir，thenameoftheNorseGodofthesea？andhowisitthatAsaer，theappellativeoftheNorthernGods，issolikeAsura，thefamilynameofcertainHindudemons？WhydoesthescantyGailk，thelanguageoftheIsleofMan，possessmoreSanscritwordsthanthemightyArabic，therichestofalltongues；andwhyhastheWelshonlyfourwordsforahill，anditssisterlanguagetheIrishfifty—five？Howisitthatthenamesofsomanystreamsinvariouscountries，forexampleDonau，Dwina，Don，andTyne，somuchresembleDhuni，aSanscritwordforariver？HowisitthattheSanscritdevilastandsforwhatiswiseandvirtuous，andtheEnglishdevilforallthatisdesperateandwicked？HowisitthatAlpandApennine，Celticwordsforahill，somuchresembleapandapah，Sanscritwordsforwater？WhydoestheSanscritkalyameanto—morrowaswellasyesterday，andtheGypsymerripenlifeaswellasdeath？Howisitthatur，aGaelicwordforfire，issolikeuratheBasquewordforwater，andUrethenameofanEnglishstream？Whydoesneron，theModernGreekwordforwater，solittleresembletheancientGreek[textwhichcannotbereproduced]andsomuchresembletheSanscritnira？andhowisitthatnara，whichlikenirasignifieswater，somuchresemblesnara，thewordformanandtheDivinity？HowisitthatNereus，thenameofanancientGreekwatergod，andNar，theArabicwordforfire，aresoverylikeNer，theWelshwordfortheCreator？HowisitthatacertainScottishriverbearsthenameofthewifeofOceanus，forwhatisTeithbutTeithys？Howindeed！andwhyindeed！totheseandathousandsimilarquestions。Ahman，man！humanreasonwillneveranswerthem，andyoumayrunwildaboutthem，unless，droppingyourpride，youarecontenttoturnforasolutionofyourdoubtstoacertainoldvolume，onceconsideredabookofdivinerevelation，butnowacollectionofoldwives’tales，theBible。
Footnotes：
（1）Thatviraatonetimemeantmaningeneral，aswellasfire，therecanbenodoubt。Itissingularhowthiswordorsomethingstrikinglylikeit，occursinvariousEuropeanlanguages，sometimesasman，sometimesasfire。VirinLatinsignifiesman，butvuurinDutchsignifiesfire。InlikemannerfearinIrishsignifiesaman，butfireinEnglishsignifiestheconsuming，or，astheHinduswouldcallit，theproducingelement。
（2）\"Pawba’icenfydd，obyddbai，ABawddyn，ernabyddai。\"—GRONWYOWEN。
（3）OneortwoofthecharactersandincidentsinthisSagaarementionedintheRomanyRye。London，1857，vol。i。p。240；vol。
ii。p。150。
ApartialtranslationoftheSaga，madebymyself，hasbeenmanyyearsinexistence。ItformspartofamountainofunpublishedtranslationsfromtheNorthernlanguages。InmyyoungerdaysnoLondonpublisher，orindeedmagazineeditor，wouldlookatanythingfromtheNorse，Danish，etc。
（4）AllthesethreenamesareverycommoninNorfolk，thepopulationofwhichisofNorseorigin。SkarphethinisatpresentpronouncedSharpin。HelgiHeely。Skarphethin，interpreted，isakeenpirate。
（5）Eryrilikewisesignifiesanexcrescenceorscrofulouseruption。
ItispossiblethatmanywillbedisposedtomaintainthatinthecaseofSnowdonthewordisintendedtoexpressaruggedexcrescenceoreruptiononthesurfaceoftheearth。
（6）Itwillnotbeamisstoobservethattheoriginaltermisgwyddfabutgwyddfa；beingafemininenounorcompoundcommencingwithg，whichisamutableconsonant，losestheinitialletterbeforeythedefinitearticle—yousayGwyddfaatumulus，butnotygwyddfaTHEtumulus。
（7）EssayontheOriginoftheEnglishStagebyBishopPercy。
London，1793。
（8）TheaboveaccountischieflytakenfromthecuriousWelshbookcalled\"DychyprifOesoedd。\"
（9）Spirits。
（10）Eel。
（11）Foranaccountofthisworm，whichhasvariousdenominations，seearticle\"FasciolaHepatica\"inanyEncyclopaedia。
（12）Astheumbrellaisratherahackneyedsubjecttwoorthreethingswillofcoursebefoundintheaboveeulogiumonanumbrellawhichhavebeensaidbyotherfolksonthatsubject；thewriter，however，flattershimselfthatinhiseulogiumonanumbrellatwoorthreethingswillalsobefoundwhichhaveneverbeensaidbyanyoneelseaboutanumbrella。
（13）Bitterroot。
（14）Amongstothersakindofnovelcalled\"TheAdventuresofTwmShonCatty，aWildWagofWales。\"Itpossessesconsiderableliterarymerit，thelanguagebeingpure，andmanyofthedescriptionsgraphic。Byfarthegreaterpartofit，however，wouldserveforthelifeofanyyoungWelshpeasant，quiteaswellasforthatofTwmShonCatti。ItsgrandfaultisendeavouringtoinvestTwmShonwithacharacterofhonesty，andtomakehisexploitsappearratherthoseofawildyoungwaggishfellowthanofarobber。Thiswascommittingagreatmistake。Whenpeopletakeupthelivesofbadcharactersthemorerogueriesandvillainiestheyfind，thebettertheyarepleased，andtheyareverymuchdisappointedandconsiderthemselvesdefraudedbyanyattempttoapologisefortheactionsoftheheroes。Ifthethievesshouldchancetohavereformed，therespectablereaderswishtohearnothingoftheirreformationtilljustatthecloseofthebook，whentheyareveryhappytohavedonewiththemforever。
（15）SkazkaOKlimkie。Moscow，1829。
（16）HanesCrefyddYnNghymru。
（17）ThegoodgentlewomanwasprobablythinkingofthecelebratedkingBrianBoromheslainatthebattleofClontarf。
（18）Fox’sCourt—perhapsLondon。
（19）DrychyPrifOesoedd，p。100。
（20）YGreal，p。279。
（21）HanesCrefyddYnNGhymru。
（22）Fearcaoch：vircaecus。
（23）Cursesofthisdescription，orevilprayersastheyarecalled，areverycommonintheIrishlanguage，andarefrequentlyturnedtoterribleaccountbythatmostsingularclassorsect，theIrishmendicants。Severalcaseshaveoccurredconnectedwiththeseprayers，correspondinginmanyrespectswiththecasedetailedabove。
（24）Sanscrit，Kali，ahero。
（25）Sanscrit，Rama，Ramana，ahusband。
（26）Romanychal，sonofRome，ladofRome。Romanychi，daughterofRome，girlofRome。Chal，chiel，child，theRussiancheloviek，aman，andtheSanscritJana，tobeborn，areallkindredwords。
（27）ForaclearandsatisfactoryaccountofthissystemseeOwen’sWelshGrammar，p。13。
（28）Owen’sGrammar，p。40。
（29）Pronouncedvileorwile—heretheprincipleofliteralmutationisatwork。
（30）Lat。aurum，gold；AERis，ofbrass。Perhapsthetruemeaningofara，aurum，&c。，isunrefinedmetal；ifso，wehavetherootofthemallinourownwordore。
（31）\"TheEternal，thedivineimperishablespiritpervadingtheuniverse。\"—WILSON’SSANSCRITDICTIONARY，p。453。
End
