19。OfLegislators。AristotlewantedtoindulgesometimeshisjealousyagainstPlato，andsometimeshispassionforAlexander。PlatowasincensedagainstthetyrannyofthepeopleofAthens。Machiavelwasfullofhisidol，theDukeofValentinois。SirThomasMore，whospokeratherofwhathehadreadthanofwhathethought，wantedtogovernallstateswiththesimplicityofaGreekcity。[49]HarringtonwasfulloftheideaofhisfavouriterepublicofEngland，whileacrowdofwriterssawnothingbutconfusionwheremonarchyisabolished。Thelawsalwaysconformtothepassionsandprejudicesofthelegislator；sometimesthelatterpassthrough，andonlytincturethem；sometimestheyremain，andareincorporatedwiththem。
______
1。Aristotle，Politics，iv。11。
2。Bookxx。1。
3。Ceciliussaysthatheneversawnorreadofaninstanceinwhichthispunishmenthadbeeninflicted；butitislikelythatnosuchpunishmentwaseverestablished：theopinionofsomecivilians，thatthelawoftheTwelveTablesmeantonlythedivisionofthemoneyarisingfromthesaleofthedebtor，seemsveryprobable。
4。DeFalsalegatione。
5。Dio，xli。
6。Aristotle，Politics，v。13。
7。Plutarch，Dionysius。
8。Seexxvi。17，p。223，above。
9。Whentheinheritancewastoomuchencumberedtheyeludedthepontificallawbycertainsales，whencecomethewordssinesacrish？reditas。
10。Lawsix。
11。Tacitus，Annals，vi。29。
12。RescriptoftheEmperorPiusinLeg。3，§§1，2，ff。deboniseorumquiantesententiammortemsibiconsciverunt。
13。Leg。18，ff。deinfusvocando。
14。SeetheLawoftheTwelveTables。
15。Rapitinjus。——Horace，Sat。，i。9。Hencetheycouldnotsummonthosetowhomaparticularrespectwasdue。
16。SeeLeg。18，ff。deinjusvocando。
17。BytheancientFrenchlaw，witnesseswereheardonbothsides；hencewefindintheInstitutionsofSt。Louis，i。7，thattherewasonlyapecuniarypunishmentagainstfalsewitnesses。
18。Leg。1，ff。dereceptatoribus。
19。Ibid。
20。SeewhatFavorinussaysinAulusGellius，xx。1。
21。ComparewhatPlutarchsaysintheLycurguswiththelawsoftheDigest，titleDefurtis；andtheInstitutes，iv，tit。1，§§1，2，3。
22。Laws，i。
23。Syrian。，inHermog。
24。TheCornelianlawDeSicariis，Institutes，iv，tit。3，delegeAquilia，§7。
25。SeeLeg。4，ff。adleg。Aquil。
26。Ibid。；seethedecreeofTassillonaddedtothelawoftheBavarians，depopularib。Legib。art。4。
27。Utcarmennecessarium。——Cicero，DeLeg。ii，23。
28。ItistheworkofIrnerius。
29。Testament。Polit。
30。AppendixtotheTheodosiancodeinthefirstvolumeofFatherSirmond’sworks，p。737。
31。AulusGellius，xx。1。
32。Wefindintheverbalprocessofthisordinancethemotivesthatdeterminedhim。
33。InhisordinanceofMontel—les—Tours，intheyear1453。
34。Theymightpunishtheattorney，withouttherebeinganynecessityofdisturbingthepublicorder。
35。Theordinanceoftheyear1667hasmadesomeregulationsuponthishead。
36。Bookii，tit。37。
37。InFatherSirmond’sappendixtotheTheodosiancode，i。
38。Leg。1，Cod。derepudiis。
39。Seetheauthenticsedhodie，intheCod。derepudiis。
40。Leg。1，ff。dePostulando。
41。Sentences，iv。9。
42。DellaguerracivilediFrancia，p。96。
43。ItwasmadeonNovember18，1702。
44。Laws，ix。
45。Itistheauthenticsedcumtestator。
46。Bookxii，tit。2，§16。
47。SeeJuliusCapitolinus，inMacrinus，13。
48。Ibid。
49。InhisUtopia。
BookXXX。TheoryoftheFeudalLawsamongtheFranksintheRelationTheyBeartotheEstablishmentoftheMonarchy1。OfFeudalLaws。IshouldthinkmyworkimperfectwereItopassoverinsilenceaneventwhichneveragain，perhaps，willhappen；wereInottospeakofthoselawswhichsuddenlyappearedoverallEuropewithoutbeingconnectedwithanyoftheformerinstitutions；ofthoselawswhichhavedoneinfinitegoodandinfinitemischief；whichhavesufferedrightstoremainwhenthedemesnehasbeenceded；whichbyvestingseveralwithdifferentkindsofseignoryoverthesamethingsorpersonshavediminishedtheweightofthewholeseignory；whichhaveestablisheddifferentlimitsinempiresoftoogreatextent；whichhavebeenproductiveofrulewithabiastoanarchy，andofanarchywithatendencytoorderandharmony。
Thiswouldrequireaparticularworktoitself；butconsideringthenatureofthepresentundertaking，thereaderwillheremeetratherwithageneralsurveythanwithacompletetreatiseofthoselaws。
Thefeudallawsformaverybeautifulprospect。Avenerableoldoakraisesitsloftyheadtotheskies，theeyeseesfromafaritsspreadingleaves；upondrawingnearer，itperceivesthetrunkbutdoesnotdiscerntheroot；thegroundmustbeduguptodiscoverit。[1]
2。OftheSourceofFeudalLaws。TheconquerorsoftheRomanempirecamefromGermany。Thoughfewancientauthorshavedescribedtheirmanners，yetwehavetwoofverygreatweight。C？sarmakingwaragainsttheGermansdescribesthemannersofthatnation；[2]andupontheseheregulatedsomeofhisenterprises。[3]AfewpagesofC？saruponthissubjectareequaltowholevolumes。
TacitushaswrittenanentireworkonthemannersoftheGermans。Thisworkisshort，butitcomesfromthepenofTacitus，whowasalwaysconcise，becausehesaweverythingatoneglance。
ThesetwoauthorsagreesoperfectlywiththecodesstillextantofthelawsoftheBarbarians，thatreadingC？sarandTacitusweimagineweareperusingthesecodes，andperusingthesecodeswefancywearereadingC？sarandTacitus。
ButifinthisresearchintothefeudallawsIshouldfindmyselfentangledandlostinadarklabyrinth，IfancyIhavetheclueinmyhand，andthatIshallbeabletofindmywaythrough。
3。TheOriginofVassalage。C？sarsays[4]that，\"TheGermansneglectedagriculture；thatthegreatestpartofthemliveduponmilk，cheeseandflesh；thatnoonehadlandsorboundariesofhisown；thattheprincesandmagistratesofeachnationallottedwhatportionoflandtheypleasedtoindividuals，andobligedthemtheyearfollowingtoremovetosomeotherpart。\"Tacitussays[5]that，\"Eachprincehadamultitudeofmen，whowereattachedtohisservice，andfollowedhimwhereverhewent。\"Thisauthorgivesthemanameinhislanguageinaccordancewiththeirstate，whichisthatofcompanions。[6]Theyhadastrongemulationtoobtaintheprince’sesteem；andtheprinceshadthesameemulationtodistinguishthemselvesinthebraveryandnumberoftheircompanions。
\"Theirdignityandpower，\"continuesTacitus，\"consistinbeingconstantlysurroundedbyamultitudeofyoungandchosenpeople；thistheyreckontheirornamentinpeace，thistheirdefenceandsupportinwar。Theirnamebecomesfamousathome，andamongneighbouringnations，whentheyexcelallothersinthenumberandcourageoftheircompanions：theyreceivepresentsandembassiesfromallparts。
Reputationfrequentlydecidesthefateofwar。Inbattleitisinfamyintheprincetobesurpassedincourage；itisinfamyinthecompanionsnottofollowthebraveexampleoftheirprince；itisaneternaldisgracetosurvivehim。Todefendhimistheirmostsacredengagement。
Ifacitybeatpeace，theprincesgotothosewhoareatwar；anditisthustheyretainagreatnumberoffriends。Tothesetheygivethewarhorseandtheterriblejavelin。Theirpayconsistsincoarsebutplentifulrepasts。Theprincesupportshisliberalitymerelybywarandplunder。Youmightmoreeasilypersuadethemtoattackanenemyandtoexposethemselvestothedangersofwar，thantocultivatetheland，ortoattendtothecaresofhusbandry；theyrefusetoacquirebysweatwhattheycanpurchasewithblood。\"
Thus，amongtheGermans，therewerevassals，butnofiefs；theyhadnofiefs，becausetheprinceshadnolandstogive；orrathertheirfiefsconsistedinhorsestrainedforwar，inarms，andfeasting。Therewerevassals，becausethereweretrustymenwhobeingboundbytheirwordengagedtofollowtheprincetothefield，anddidverynearlythesameserviceaswasafterwardsperformedforthefiefs。
4。ThesameSubjectcontinued。C？sarsays[7]that\"whenanyoftheprincesdeclaredtotheassemblythatheintendedtosetoutuponanexpeditionandaskedthemtofollowhim，thosewhoapprovedtheleaderandtheenterprisestoodupandofferedtheirassistance。Uponwhichtheywerecommendedbythemultitude。But，iftheydidnotfulfiltheirengagements，theylostthepublicesteem，andwerelookeduponasdesertersandtraitors。\"
WhatC？sarsaysinthisplace，andwhatwehaveextractedintheprecedingchapterfromTacitus，arethesubstanceofthehistoryofourprincesofthefirstrace。
Wemustnotthereforebesurprisedthatourkingsshouldhavenewarmiestoraiseuponeveryexpedition，newtroopstoencourage，newpeopletoengage；thattoacquiremuchtheywereobligedtoincurgreatexpenses；
thattheyshouldbeconstantgainersbythedivisionoflandsandspoils，andyetgivetheselandsandspoilsincessantlyaway：thattheirdemesneshouldcontinuallyincreaseanddiminish；thatafatheruponsettlingakingdomononeofhischildren[8]shouldalwaysgivehimatreasurewithit：thattheking’streasureshouldbeconsideredasnecessarytothemonarchy；andthatonekingcouldnotgivepartofittoforeigners，eveninportionwithhisdaughter，withouttheconsentoftheotherkings。[9]Themonarchymovedbysprings，whichtheywerecontinuallyobligedtowindup。
5。OftheConquestsoftheFranks。ItisnottruethattheFranksuponenteringGaultookpossessionofthewholecountrytoturnitintofiefs。Somehavebeenofthisopinionbecausetheysawthegreatestpartofthecountrytowardstheendofthesecondraceconvertedintofiefs，rear—fiefs，orotherdependencies；butsuchadispositionwasowingtoparticularcauseswhichweshallexplainhereafter。
Theconsequencewhichsundrywriterswouldinferthence，thatthebarbariansmadeageneralregulationforestablishinginallpartsthestateofvillainageisasfalseastheprinciplefromwhichitisderived。Ifatatimewhenthefiefswereprecarious，allthelandsofthekingdomhadbeenfiefs，ordependenciesoffiefs；andallthemeninthekingdomvassalsorbondmensubordinatetovassals；asthepersonthathaspropertyiseverpossessedofpower，theking，whowouldhavecontinuallydisposedofthefiefs，thatis，oftheonlypropertythenexisting；wouldhavehadapowerasarbitraryasthatoftheSultanisinTurkey；whichiscontradictorytoallhistory。
6。OftheGoths，Burgundians，andFranks。GaulwasinvadedbyGermannations。TheVisigothstookpossessionoftheprovinceofNarbonne，andofalmostallthesouth；theBurgundianssettledintheeast；andtheFrankssubduedverynearlyalltherest。
NodoubtbuttheseBarbariansretainedintheirrespectiveconqueststhemanners，inclinations，andusagesoftheirowncountry；fornonationcanchangeinaninstanttheirmannerofthinkingandacting。ThesepeopleinGermanyneglectedagriculture。ItseemsbyC？sarandTacitusthattheyappliedthemselvesgreatlytoapastorallife；hencetheregulationsofthecodesofBarbarianlawsalmostallrelatetotheirflocks。Roricon，whowroteahistoryamongtheFranks，wasashepherd。
7。DifferentWaysofdividingtheLand。AftertheGothsandBurgundianshad，undervariouspretences，penetratedintotheheartoftheempire，theRomans，inordertoputastoptotheirdevastations，wereobligedtoprovidefortheirsubsistence。Atfirsttheyallowedthemcorn，[10]
butafterwardschosetogivethemlands。Theemperors，ortheRomanmagistrates，intheirname，madeparticularconventionswiththemconcerningthedivisionoflands，[11]aswefindinthechroniclesandinthecodesoftheVisigoths[12]andBurgundians。[13]
TheFranksdidnotfollowthesameplan。IntheSalicandRipuarianlaws，wefindnottheleastvestigeofanysuchdivisionoflands；theyhadconqueredthecountry，andsotookwhattheypleased，makingnoregulationsbutamongthemselves。
Letus，therefore，distinguishbetweentheconductoftheBurgundiansandVisigothsinGaul，ofthosesameVisigothsinSpain，oftheauxiliarytroopsunderAugustulusandOdoacerinltaly，[14]andthatoftheFranksinGaul，asalsooftheVandalsinAfrica。[15]Theformerenteredintoconventionswiththeancientinhabitants，andinconsequencethereofmadeadivisionoflandsbetweenthem；thelatterdidnosuchthing。
8。ThesameSubjectcontinued。WhathasinducedsometothinkthattheRomanlandswereentirelyusurpedbytheBarbariansistheirfindinginthelawsoftheVisigothsandtheBurgundiansthatthesetwonationshadtwo—thirdsofthelands；butthistheytookonlyincertainquartersordistrictsassignedthem。
Gundebaldsays，inthelawoftheBurgundians，thathispeopleattheirestablishmenthadtwo—thirdsofthelandsallowedthem；[16]andthesecondsupplementtothislawnoticesthatonlyamoietywouldbeallowedtothosewhoshouldhereaftercometoliveinthatcountry。[17]
Therefore，allthelandshadnotbeendividedinthebeginningbetweentheRomansandtheBurgundians。
Inthosetworegulationswemeetwiththesameexpressionsinthetext，consequentlytheyexplainoneanother；andasthelattercannotmeanauniversaldivisionoflands，neithercanthissignificationbegiventotheformer。
TheFranksactedwiththesamemoderationastheBurgundians；theydidnotstriptheRomanswherevertheyextendedtheirconquests。Whatwouldtheyhavedonewithsomuchland？Theytookwhatsuitedthem，andlefttheremainder。
9。AjustApplicationoftheLawoftheBurgundians，andofthatoftheVisigoths，inrelationtotheDivisionofLands。Itistobeconsideredthatthosedivisionsoflandwerenotmadewithatyrannicalspirit；butwithaviewofrelievingthereciprocalwantsoftwonationsthatweretoinhabitthesamecountry。
ThelawoftheBurgundiansordainsthataBurgundianshallbereceivedinanhospitablemannerbyaRoman。ThisisagreeabletothemannersoftheGermans，who，accordingtoTacitus，[18]werethemosthospitablepeopleintheworld。
BythelawoftheBurgundians，itisordainedthattheBurgundiansshallhavetwo—thirdsofthelands，andone—thirdofthebondmen。Inthisitconsideredthegeniusoftwonations，andconformedtothemannerinwhichtheyprocuredtheirsubsistence。AstheBurgundianskeptherdsandflocks，theywantedagreatdealoflandandfewbondmen，andtheRomans，fromtheirapplicationtoagriculture，hadneedoflessland，andofagreaternumberofbondmen。Thewoodswereequallydivided，becausetheirwantsinthisrespectwerethesame。
WefindinthecodeoftheBurgundians[19]thateachBarbarianwasplacednearaRoman。Thedivisionthereforewasnotgeneral；buttheRomanswhogavethedivisionwereequalinnumbertotheBurgundianswhoreceivedit。TheRomanwasinjuredleast。TheBurgundiansasamartialpeople，fondofhuntingandofapastorallife，didnotrefusetoacceptofthefallowgrounds；whiletheRomanskeptsuchlandsaswereproperestforculture：theBurgundian’sflockfattenedtheRoman’sfield。
10。OfServitudes。ThelawoftheBurgundiansnotices[20]thatwhenthosepeoplesettledinGaul，theywereallowedtwo—thirdsoftheland，andone—thirdofthebondmen。ThestateofvillainagewasthereforeestablishedinthatpartofGaulbeforeitwasinvadedbytheBurgundians。[21]
ThelawoftheBurgundians，inpointsrelatingtothetwonations，makesaformaldistinctioninboth，betweenthenobles，thefreebornandthebondmen。[22]ServitudewasnotthereforeathingpeculiartotheRomans；
norlibertyandnobilitytotheBarbarians。
Thisverysamelawsays，[23]thatifaBurgundianfreedmanhadnotgivenacertainsumtohismaster，norreceivedathirdshareofaRoman，hewasalwayssupposedtobelongtohismaster’sfamily。TheRomanproprietorwasthereforefree，sincehedidnotbelongtoanotherperson’sfamily；hewasfree，becausehisthirdportionwasamarkofliberty。
WeneedonlyopentheSalicandRipuarianlawstobesatisfiedthattheRomanswerenomoreinastateofservitudeamongtheFranksthanamongtheotherconquerorsofGaul。
TheCountdeBoulainvilliersismistakeninthecapitalpointofhissystem：hehasnotprovedthattheFranksmadeageneralregulationwhichreducedtheRomansintoakindofservitude。
Asthisauthor’sworkispennedwithoutart，andashespeakswiththesimplicity，frankness，andcandourofthatancientnobilitywhencehedescends，everyoneiscapableofjudgingofthegoodthingshesays，andoftheerrorsintowhichhehasfallen。Ishallnot，therefore，undertaketocriticisehim；Ishallonlyobservethathehadmorewitthanenlightenment，moreenlightenmentthanlearning；thoughhislearningwasnotcontemptible，forhewaswellacquaintedwiththemostvaluablepartofourhistoryandlaws。
TheCountdeBoulainvilliersandtheAbbéduBoshaveformedtwodifferentsystems，oneofwhichseemstobeaconspiracyagainstthecommons，andtheotheragainstthenobility。WhenthesungaveleavetoPh？tontodrivehischariot，hesaidtohim，\"Ifyouascendtoohigh，youwillburntheheavenlymansions；ifyoudescendtoolow，youwillreducetheearthtoashes；donotdrivetotheright，youwillmeettherewiththeconstellationoftheSerpent；avoidgoingtoomuchtotheleft，youwilltherefallinwiththatoftheAltar：keepinthemiddle。\"[24]
11。ThesameSubjectcontinued。WhatfirstgaverisetothenotionofageneralregulationmadeatthetimeoftheconquestwasourmeetingwithanimmensenumberofformsofservitudeinFrance，towardsthebeginningofthethirdrace；andasthecontinualprogressionoftheseformsofservitudewasnotperceived，peopleimaginedinanageofobscurityagenerallawwhichwasneverframed。
Towardsthecommencementofthefirstracewemeetwithaninfinitenumberoffreemen，bothamongtheFranksandtheRomans；butthenumberofbondmenincreasedtothatdegree，thatatthebeginningofthethirdraceallthehusbandmenandalmostalltheinhabitantsoftownshadbecomebondmen：[25]andwhereas，atthefirstperiod，therewasverynearlythesameadministrationinthecitiesasamongtheRomans，namely，acorporation，asenate，andcourtsofjudicature；attheotherwehardlymeetwithanythingbutalordandhisbondmen。
WhentheFranks，Burgundians，andGothsmadetheirseveralinvasions，theyseizedupongold，silver，movables，clothes，men，women，boys，andwhateverthearmycouldcarry；thewholewasbroughttooneplace，anddividedamongthearmy。[26]Historyshowsthatafterthefirstsettlement，thatis，afterthefirstdevastation，theyenteredintoanagreementwiththeinhabitants，andleftthemalltheirpoliticalandcivilrights。Thiswasthelawofnationsinthosedays；theyplunderedeverythingintimeofwar，andgrantedeverythingintimeofpeace。Wereitnotso，howshouldwefindbothintheSalicandBurgundianlawssuchanumberofregulationsabsolutelycontrarytoageneralservitudeofthepeople？
Butthoughtheconquestwasnotimmediatelyproductiveofservitude，itaroseneverthelessfromthesamelawofnationswhichsubsistedaftertheconquest。[27]Opposition，revoltsandthetakingoftownswerefollowedbytheslaveryoftheinhabitants。And，nottomentionthewarswhichtheconqueringnationsmadeagainstoneanother，astherewasthispeculiarityamongtheFranks，thatthedifferentpartitionsofthemonarchygaverisecontinuallytocivilwarsbetweenbrothersornephews，inwhichthislawofnationswasconstantlypractised，servitudes，ofcourse，becamemoregeneralinFrancethaninothercountries：andthisis，Ibelieve，oneofthecausesofthedifferencebetweenourFrenchlawsandthoseofItalyandSpain，inrespecttotherightofseigniories。
Theconquestwassoonover，andthelawofnationstheninforcewasproductiveofsomeserviledependences。Thecustomofthesamelawofnations，whichobtainedformanyages，gaveaprodigiousextenttothoseservitudes。
Theodoric[28]imaginingthatthepeopleofAuvergnewerenotfaithfultohim，thusaddressedtheFranksofhisdivision：\"Followme，andIwillcarryyouintoacountrywhereyoushallhavegold，silver，captives，clothes，andflocksinabundance；andyoushallremoveallthepeopleintoyourowncountry。\"
AftertheconclusionofthepeacebetweenGontramandChilperic，thetroopsemployedinthesiegeofBourges，havinghadorderstoreturn，carriedsuchaconsiderablebootyawaywiththemthattheyhardlylefteithermenorcattleinthecountry。[29]
Theodoric，KingofItaly，whosespiritandpolicyitwasevertodistinguishhimselffromtheotherbarbariankings，uponsendinganarmyintoGaul，wrotethustothegeneral：[30]\"ItismywillthattheRomanlawsbefollowed，andthatyourestorethefugitiveslavestotheirrightowners。Thedefenderoflibertyoughtnottoencourageservantstodeserttheirmasters。Letotherkingsdelightintheplunderanddevastationofthetownswhichtheyhavesubdued；wearedesiroustoconquerinsuchamannerthatoursubjectsshalllamenttheirhavingfallentoolateunderourgovernment。\"ItisevidentthathisintentionwastocastodiumonthekingsoftheFranksandtheBurgundians，andthathealludedintheabovepassagetotheirparticularlawofnations。
Yetthislawofnationscontinuedinforceunderthesecondrace。KingPepin’sarmy，havingpenetratedintoAquitaine，returnedtoFranceloadedwithanimmensebooty，andwithanumberofbondmen，asweareinformedbytheannalsofMetz。[31]
HeremightIquotenumberlessauthorities；[32]andasthepubliccompassionwasraisedatthesightofthosemiseries，asseveralholyprelates，beholdingthecaptivesinchains，employedthetreasurebelongingtothechurch，andsoldeventhesacredutensils，toransomasmanyastheycould；andasseveralholymonksexertedthemselvesonthatoccasion，itisintheLivesoftheSaintsthatwemeetwiththebestexplanationsonthesubject。[33]And，althoughitmaybeobjectedtotheauthorsofthoselivesthattheyhavebeensometimesalittletoocredulousinrespecttothingswhichGodhascertainlyperformed，iftheywereintheorderofhisprovidence；yetwedrawconsiderablelightthencewithregardtothemannersandusagesofthosetimes。
Whenwecastaneyeuponthemonumentsofourhistoryandlaws，thewholeseemstobeanimmenseexpanse，aboundlessocean；[34]allthosefrigid，dry，insipid，andhardwritingsmustbereadanddevouredinthesamemannerasSaturnisfabledtohavedevouredthestones。
Avastquantityoflandwhichhadbeeninthehandsoffreemen[35]waschangedintomortmain。Whenthecountrywasstrippedofitsfreeinhabitants，thosewhohadagreatmultitudeofbondmeneithertooklargeterritoriesbyforce，orhadthemyieldedbyagreement，andbuiltvillages，asmaybeseenindifferentcharters。Ontheotherhand，thefreemenwhocultivatedtheartsfoundthemselvesreducedtoexercisethoseartsinastateofservitude；thustheservitudesrestoredtotheartsandtoagriculturewhatevertheyhadlost。
Itwasacustomarythingwiththeproprietorsoflands，togivethemtothechurches，inordertoholdthemthemselvesbyaquit—rent，thinkingtopartakebytheirservitudeofthesanctityofthechurches。
12。ThattheLandsbelongingtotheDivisionoftheBarbarianspaidnoTaxes。Apeopleremarkablefortheirsimplicityandpoverty，afreeandmartialpeople，wholivedwithoutanyotherindustrythanthatoftendingtheirflocks，andwhohadnothingbutrushcottagestoattachthemtotheirlands，[36]suchapeople，Isay，musthavefollowedtheirchiefsforthesakeofbooty，andnottopayortoraisetaxes。Theartoftax—gatheringwasinventedlater，andwhenmenbegantoenjoytheblessingsofotherarts。
