Thereshouldbethereforeaninsurmountablebarrierbetweenthosewhooughttogivetheeducation，andthosewhoaretoreceiveit，inordertopreventeverykindofcorruption，eventhoughthemotivebelawful。
Whydofatherssocarefullydeprivethosewhoaretomarrytheirdaughtersoftheircompanyandfamiliarity？
Thehorrorthatarisesagainsttheincestofthebrotherwiththesistershouldproceedfromthesamesource。Thedesireoffathersandmotherstopreservethemoralsoftheirchildrenandfamiliesuntaintedissufficienttoinspiretheiroffspringwithadetestationofeverythingthatcanleadtotheunionofthetwosexes。
Theprohibitionofmarriagebetweencousins—germanhasthesameorigin。
Intheearlyages，thatis，inthetimesofinnocence，intheageswhenluxurywasunknown，itwascustomaryforchildren[34]upontheirmarriagenottoremovefromtheirparents，butsettleinthesamehouse；
asasmallhabitationwasatthattimesufficientforalargefamily；
thechildrenoftwobrothers，orcousins—german，[35]wereconsideredbothbyothersandthemselvesasbrothers。Theestrangementthenbetweenthebrothersandsistersastomarriagesubsistedalsobetweenthecousins—german。[36]Theseprinciplesaresostrongandnonaturalthattheyhavehadtheirinfluencealmostoveralltheearth，independentlyofanycommunication。ItwasnottheRomanswhotaughttheinhabitantsofFormosa[37]thatthemarriageofrelativesofthefourthdegreewasincestuous；itwasnottheRomansthatcommunicatedthissentimenttotheArabs；[38]itwasnottheywhotaughtittotheinhabitantsoftheMaldivianislands。[39]
Butifsomenationshavenotrejectedmarriagesbetweenfathersandchildren，sistersandbrothers，wehaveseeninthefirstbook，thatintelligentbeingsdonotalwaysfollowthelawofnature。Whocouldhaveimaginedit！Religiousideashavefrequentlymademenfallintothesemistakes。IftheAssyriansandthePersiansmarriedtheirmothers，thefirstwereinfluencedbyareligiousrespectforSemiramis，andtheseconddiditbecausethereligionofZoroastergaveapreferencetothesemarriages。[40]IftheEgyptiansmarriedtheirsisters，itproceededfromthewildnessoftheEgyptianreligion，whichconsecratedthesemarriagesinhonourofIsis。Asthespiritofreligionleadsustoattemptwhateverisgreatanddifficult，wecannotinferthatathingisnaturalfromitsbeingconsecratedbyafalsereligion。
Theprinciplewhichinformsusthatmarriagesbetweenfathersandchildren，betweenbrothersandsisters，areprohibitedinordertopreservenaturalmodestyinfamilieswillhelpustothediscoveryofthosemarriagesthatareforbiddenbythelawofnature，andofthosewhichcanbesoonlybythecivillaw。
Aschildrendwell，oraresupposedtodwellintheirfather’shouse，andconsequentlytheson—in—lawwiththemother—in—law，thefather—in—lawwiththedaughter—in—law，orwife’sdaughter，themarriagebetweenthemisforbiddenbythelawofnature，inthiscasetheresemblancehasthesameeffectasthereality，becauseitspringsfromthesamecause；thecivillawneithercan，noroughttopermitthesemarriages。
Therearenations，aswehavealreadyobserved，amongwhomcousins—germanareconsideredasbrothers，becausetheycommonlydwellinthesamehouse；thereareotherswherethiscustomisnotknown。
Amongthefirstthemarriageofcousins—germanoughttoberegardedascontrarytonature；notsoamongtheothers。
Butthelawsofnaturecannotbelocal。Therefore，whenthesemarriagesareforbiddenorpermitted，theyare，accordingtothecircumstances，permittedorforbiddenbyacivillaw。
Itisnotanecessarycustomforthebrother—in—lawandthesister—in—lawtodwellinthesamehouse。Themarriagebetweenthemisnotthenprohibitedtopreservechastityinthefamily；andthelawwhichforbidsorpermitsitisnotalawofnature，butacivillaw，regulatedbycircumstancesanddependentonthecustomsofeachcountry：
thesearecasesinwhichthelawsdependonthemorals，orcustomsoftheinhabitants。
Thecivillawsforbidmarriageswhenbythecustomsreceivedinacertaincountrytheyarefoundtobeinthesamecircumstancesasthoseforbiddenbythelawofnature；andtheypermitthemwhenthisisnotthecase。Theprohibitionsofthelawsofnatureareinvariable，becausethethingonwhichtheydependisinvariable；thefather，themotherandthechildrennecessarilydwellinthesamehouse。Buttheprohibitionsofthecivillawsareaccidentalbecausetheydependonanaccidentalcircumstance，cousins—germanandothersdwellinginthehousebyaccident。
ThisexplainswhythelawsofMoses，thoseoftheEgyptians，[41]andofmanyothernationspermittedthemarriageofthebrother—in—lawwiththesister—in—law；whilsttheseverymarriagesweredisallowedbyothernations。
IntheIndiestheyhaveaverynaturalreasonforadmittingthissortofmarriages。Theuncleisthereconsideredasthefatherandisobligedtomaintainandeducatehisnephewasifhewerehisownchild；thisproceedsfromthedispositionofthispeople，whichisgood—naturedandfullofhumanity。Thislaworthiscustomhasproducedanother；ifahusbandhaslosthiswife，hedoesnotfailtomarryhersister：[42]
whichisextremelynatural，forhisnewconsortbecomesthemotherofhersister’schildren，andnotacruelstepmother。
15。ThatweshouldnotregulatebythePrinciplesofpoliticalLawthoseThingswhichdependonthePrinciplesofcivilLaw。Asmenhavegivenuptheirnaturalindependencetoliveunderpoliticallaws，theyhavegivenupthenaturalcommunityofgoodstoliveundercivillaws。
Bythefirst，theyacquiredliberty；bythesecond，property。Weshouldnotdecidebythelawsofliberty，which，aswehavealreadysaid，isonlythegovernmentofthecommunity，whatoughttobedecidedbythelawsconcerningproperty。Itisaparalogismtosaythatthegoodoftheindividualshouldgivewaytothatofthepublic；thiscannevertakeplace，exceptwhenthegovernmentofthecommunity，or，inotherwords，thelibertyofthesubjectisconcerned；thisdoesnotaffectsuchcasesasrelatetoprivateproperty，becausethepublicgoodconsistsineveryone’shavinghisproperty，whichwasgivenhimbythecivillaws，invariablypreserved。
CiceromaintainsthattheAgrarianlawswereunjust；becausethecommunitywasestablishedwithnootherviewthanthateveryonemightbeabletopreservehisproperty。
Letus，therefore，laydownacertainmaxim，thatwheneverthepublicgoodhappenstobethematterinquestion，itisnotfortheadvantageofthepublictodepriveanindividualofhisproperty，oreventoretrenchtheleastpartofitbyalaw，orapoliticalregulation。Inthiscaseweshouldfollowtherigourofthecivillaw，whichisthePalladiumofproperty。
Thuswhenthepublichasoccasionfortheestateofanindividual，itoughtnevertoactbytherigourofpoliticallaw；itisherethatthecivillawoughttotriumph，which，withtheeyesofamother，regardseveryindividualasthewholecommunity。
Ifthepoliticalmagistratewoulderectapublicedifice，ormakeanewroad，hemustindemnifythosewhoareinjuredbyit；thepublicisinthisrespectlikeanindividualwhotreatswithanindividual。Itisfullyenoughthatitcanobligeacitizentosellhisinheritance，andthatitcanstriphimofthisgreatprivilegewhichheholdsfromthecivillaw，thenotbeingforcedtoalienatehispossessions。
AfterthenationswhichsubvertedtheRomanempirehadabusedtheirveryconquests，thespiritoflibertycalledthembacktothatofequity。
Theyexercisedthemostbarbarouslawswithmoderation：andifanyoneshoulddoubtthetruthofthis，heneedonlyreadBeaumanoir’sadmirableworkonjurisprudence，writteninthetwelfthcentury。
Theymendedthehighwaysinhistimeaswedoatpresent。Hesays，thatwhenahighwaycouldnotberepaired，theymadeanewoneasneartheoldaspossible；butindemnifiedtheproprietorsattheexpenseofthosewhoreapedanyadvantagefromtheroad。[43]Theydeterminedatthattimebythecivillaw；inourdays，wedeterminebythelawofpolitics。
16。ThatweoughtnottodecidebytheRulesofthecivilLawwhenitispropertodecidebythoseofthepoliticalLaw。Mostdifficultiesonthissubjectmaybeeasilysolvedbynotconfoundingtherulesderivedfrompropertywiththosewhichspringfromliberty。
Isthedemesneofastateorgovernmentalienable，orisitnot？Thisquestionoughttobedecidedbythepoliticallaw，andnotbythecivil。
Itoughtnottobedecidedbythecivillaw，becauseitisasnecessarythatthereshouldbedemesnesforthesubsistenceofastate，asthatthestateshouldhavecivillawstoregulatethedisposalofproperty。
Ifthentheyalienatethedemesne，thestatewillbeforcedtomakeanewfundforanother。Butthisexpedientoverturnsthepoliticalgovernment，because，bythenatureofthething，foreverydemesnethatshallbeestablished，thesubjectwillalwaysbeobligedtopaymore，andthesovereigntoreceiveless；inaword，thedemesneisnecessary，andthealienationisnot。
Theorderofsuccessionis，inmonarchies，foundedonthewelfareofthestate；thismakesitnecessarythatsuchanordershouldbefixedtoavoidthemisfortunes，whichIhavesaidmustariseinadespotickingdom，whereallisuncertain，becauseallisarbitrary。
Theorderofsuccessionisnotfixedforthesakeofthereigningfamily；butbecauseitistheinterestofthestatethatitshouldhaveareigningfamily。Thelawwhichregulatesthesuccessionofindividualsisacivillaw，whoseviewistheinterestofindividuals；thatwhichregulatesthesuccessiontomonarchyisapoliticallaw，whichhasinviewthewelfareandpreservationofthekingdom。
Itfollowshence，thatwhenthepoliticallawhasestablishedanorderofsuccessioningovernment，andthisorderisatanend，itisabsurdtoreclaimthesuccessioninvirtueofthecivillawofanynationwhatsoever。Oneparticularsocietydoesnotmakelawsforanothersociety。ThecivillawsoftheRomansarenomoreapplicablethananyothercivillaws。Theythemselvesdidnotmakeuseofthemwhentheyproceededagainstkings；andthemaximsbywhichtheyjudgedkingsaresoabominablethattheyoughtnevertoberevived。
Itfollowsalsohence，thatwhenthepoliticallawhasobligedafamilytorenouncethesuccession，itisabsurdtoinsistupontherestitutionsdrawnfromthecivillaw。Restitutionsareinthelaw，andmaybegoodagainstthosewholiveinthelaw：buttheyarenotproperforsuchashavebeenraisedupforthelaw，andwholiveforthelaw。
Itisridiculoustopretendtodecidetherightsofkingdoms，ofnations，andofthewholeglobebythesamemaximsonwhich（tomakeuseofanexpressionofCicero）[44]weshoulddeterminetherightofagutterbetweenindividuals。
17。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Ostracismoughttobeexaminedbytherulesofpolitics，andnotbythoseofthecivillaw；andsofaristhiscustomfromrenderingapopulargovernmentodious，thatitis，onthecontrary，extremelywelladaptedtoproveitslenity。Weshouldbesensibleofthisourselves，if，whilebanishmentisalwaysconsideredamongusasapenalty，weareabletoseparatetheideaofostracismfromthatofpunishment。
Aristotle[45]tellsus，itisuniversallyallowed，thatthispracticehassomethinginitbothhumaneandpopular。Ifinthosetimesandplaceswherethissentencewasexecutedtheyfoundnothinginitthatappearedodious；isitforuswhoseethingsatsuchadistancetothinkotherwisethantheaccuser，thejudgesandtheaccusedthemselves？
Andifweconsiderthatthisjudgmentofthepeopleloadedthepersonwithgloryonwhomitwaspassed；thatwhenatAthensitfelluponamanwithoutmerit，[46]fromthatverymomenttheyceasedtouseit；[47]weshallfindthatnumbersofpeoplehaveobtainedafalseideaofit；foritwasanadmirablelawthatcouldpreventtheillconsequenceswhichthegloryofacitizenmightproducebyloadinghimwithnewglory。
18。ThatitisnecessarytoinquirewhethertheLawswhichseemcontradictoryareofthesameClass。AtRomethehusbandwaspermittedtolendhiswifetoanother。Plutarchtellsusthisinexpressterms。[48]WeknowthatCatolenthiswifetoHortensius，[49]andCatowasnotamantoviolatethelawsofhiscountry。
Ontheotherhand，ahusbandwhosufferedhiswifetobedebauched，whodidnotbringhertojustice，orwhotookheragainafterhercondemnationwaspunished。[50]Theselawsseemtocontradicteachother，andyetarenotcontradictory。ThelawwhichpermittedaRomantolendhiswifewasvisiblyaLaced？monianinstitution，establishedwithaviewofgivingtherepublicchildrenofagoodspecies，ifImaybeallowedtheterm；theotherhadinviewthepreservationofmorals。Thefirstwasalawofpolitics，thesecondacivillaw。
19。ThatweshouldnotdecidethoseThingsbythecivilLawwhichoughttobedecidedbydomesticLaws。ThelawoftheVisigothsenjoinsthattheslavesofthehouseshallbeobligedtobindthemanandwomantheysurpriseinadultery，andtopresentthemtothehusbandandtothejudge：[51]aterriblelaw，whichputsintothehandsofsuchmeanpersons，thecareofpublic，domestic，andprivatevengeance！
ThislawcanbenowhereproperbutintheseragliosoftheEast，wheretheslavewhohasthechargeoftheenclosureisdeemedanaccompliceuponthediscoveryoftheleastinfidelity。Heseizesthecriminals，notsomuchwithaviewtobringthemtojustice，astodojusticetohimself，andtoobtainascrutinyintothecircumstancesoftheaction，inordertoremovethesuspicionofhisnegligence。
But，incountrieswherewomenarenotguarded，itisridiculoustosubjectthosewhogovernthefamilytotheinquisitionoftheirslaves。
Thisinquisitionmay，incertaincases，beatthemostaparticulardomesticregulation，butneveracivillaw。
20。ThatweoughtnottodecidebythePrinciplesofthecivilLawsthoseThingswhichbelongtotheLawofNations。Libertyconsistsprincipallyinnotbeingforcedtodoathing，wherethelawsdonotoblige：peopleareinthisstateonlyastheyaregovernedbycivillaws；andbecausetheyliveunderthosecivillaws，theyarefree。
Itfollowshence，thatprinceswholivenotamongthemselvesundercivillawsarenotfree；theyaregovernedbyforce；theymaycontinuallyforce，orbeforced。Henceitfollowsthattreatiesmadebyforceareasobligatoryasthosemadebyfreeconsent。Whenwe，wholiveundercivillaws，are，contrarytolaw，constrainedtoenterintoacontract，wemay，bytheassistanceofthelaw，recoverfromtheeffectsofviolence：
butaprince，whoisalwaysinthatstateinwhichheforces，orisforced，cannotcomplainofatreatywhichhehasbeencompelledtosign。
Thiswouldbetocomplainofhisnaturalstate；itwouldseemasifhewouldbeaprincewithrespecttootherprinces，andasifotherprincesshouldbesubjectswithrespecttohim；thatis，itwouldbecontrarytothenatureofthings。
21。ThatweshouldnotdecidebypoliticalLawsThingswhichbelongtotheLawofNations。Politicallawsdemandthateverymanbesubjecttothenaturalandcivilcourtsofthecountrywhereheresides，andtothecensureofthesovereign。
Thelawofnationsrequiresthatprincesshallsendambassadors；andareasondrawnfromthenatureofthingsdoesnotpermittheseambassadorstodependeitheronthesovereigntowhomtheyaresent，oronhistribunals。Theyarethevoiceoftheprincewhosendsthem，andthisvoiceoughttobefree；noobstacleshouldhindertheexecutionoftheiroffice：theymayfrequentlyoffend，becausetheyspeakforamanentirelyindependent；theymightbewrongfullyaccused，iftheywereliabletobepunishedforcrimes：iftheycouldbearrestedfordebts，thesemightbeforged。Thusaprince，whohasnaturallyaboldandenterprisingspirit，wouldspeakbythemouthofamanwhohadeverythingtofear。Wemustthenbeguided，withrespecttoambassadors，byreasonsdrawnfromthelawofnations，andnotbythosederivedfrompoliticallaw。Butiftheymakeanilluseoftheirrepresentativecharacter，astopmaybeputtoitbysendingthemback。Theymayevenbeaccusedbeforetheirmaster，whobecomeseithertheirjudgeortheiraccomplice。
22。TheunhappyStateoftheIncaAthualpa。TheprincipleswehavejustbeenestablishingwerecruellyviolatedbytheSpaniards。TheIncaAthualpa[52]couldnotbetriedbythelawofnations：theytriedhimbypoliticalandcivillaws；theyaccusedhimforputtingtodeathsomeofhisownsubjects，forhavingmanywives&c。，andtofillupthemeasureoftheirstupidity，theycondemnedhim，notbythepoliticalandcivillawsofhisowncountry，butbythepoliticalandcivillawsoftheirs。
23。Thatwhen，bysomeCircumstance，thepoliticalLawbecomesdestructivetotheState，weoughttodecidebysuchapoliticalLawaswillpreserveit，whichsometimesbecomesaLawofNations。Whenthatpoliticallawwhichhasestablishedinthekingdomacertainorderofsuccessionbecomesdestructivetothebodypoliticforwhosesakeitwasestablished，thereisnottheleastroomtodoubtbutanotherpoliticallawmaybemadetochangethisorder；andsofarwouldthislawbefromopposingthefirstthatitwouldinthemainbeentirelyconformabletoit，sincebothwoulddependonthisprinciple，thatTHESAFETYOFTHE
PEOPLEISTHESUPREMELAW。
Ihavesaid[53]thatagreatstatebecomingaccessorytoanotherisitselfweakened，andevenweakenstheprincipal。Weknowthatitisfortheinterestofthestatetohavethesuprememagistratewithinitself，thatthepublicrevenuesbewelladministered，andthatitsspeciebenotsentabroadtoenrichanothercountry。Itisofimportancethathewhoistogovernhasnotimbibedforeignmaxims；thesearelessagreeablethanthosealreadyestablished。Besides，menhaveanextravagantfondnessfortheirownlawsandcustoms：theseconstitutethehappinessofeverycommunity；and，aswelearnfromthehistoriesofallnations，arerarelychangedwithoutviolentcommotionsandagreateffusionofblood。
Itfollowshence，thatifagreatstatehasforitsheirthepossessorofagreatstate，theformermayreasonablyexcludehim，becauseachangeintheorderofsuccessionmustbeofservicetobothcountries。
ThusalawofRussia，madeinthebeginningofthereignofElizabeth，mostwiselyexcludedfromthepossessionofthecrowneveryheirwhopossessedanothermonarchy；thusthelawofPortugaldisqualifieseverystrangerwholaysclaimtothecrownbyrightofblood。
Butifanationmayexclude，itmaywithgreaterreasonbeallowedarighttoobligeaprincetorenounce。Ifthepeoplefearthatacertainmarriagewillbeattendedwithsuchconsequencesasshallrobthenationofitsindependence，ordismembersomeofitsprovinces，itmayveryjustlyobligethecontractorsandtheirdescendantstorenounceallrightoverthem；whilehewhorenounces，andthosetowhoseprejudiceherenounces，havethelessreasontocomplain，asthestatemightoriginallyhavemadealawtoexcludethem。
24。ThattheRegulationsofthePoliceareofadifferentClassfromothercivilLaws。Therearecriminalswhomthemagistratepunishes，thereareotherswhomhereproves。Theformeraresubjecttothepowerofthelaw，thelattertohisauthority：thosearecutofffromsociety；
thesetheyobligetoliveaccordingtotherulesofsociety。
IntheexerciseofthePolice，itisratherthemagistratewhopunishes，thanthelaw；inthesentencepassedoncrimes，itisratherthelawwhichpunishes，thanthemagistrate。ThebusinessofthePoliceconsistsinaffairswhichariseeveryinstant，andarecommonlyofatriflingnature：thereisthenbutlittleneedofformalities。TheactionsofthePolicearequick；theyareexercisedoverthingswhichreturneveryday：
itwouldbethereforeimproperforittoinflictseverepunishments。Itiscontinuallyemployedaboutminuteparticulars；greatexamplesarethereforenotdesignedforitspurpose。Itisgovernedratherbyregulationsthanlaws；thosewhoaresubjecttoitsjurisdictionareincessantlyundertheeyeofthemagistrate：itisthereforehisfaultiftheyfallintoexcess。Thusweoughtnottoconfoundaflagrantviolationofthelaws，withasimplebreachofthePolice；thesethingsareofadifferentorder。
Henceitfollows，thatthelawsofanItalianrepublic，[54]wherebearingfire—armsispunishedasacapitalcrimeandwhereitisnotmorefataltomakeanilluseofthemthantocarrythem，isnotagreeabletothenatureofthings。
Itfollows，moreover，thattheapplaudedactionofthatemperorwhocausedabakertobeimpaledwhomhefoundguiltyofafraud，wastheactionofasultanwhoknewnothowtobejustwithoutcommittinganoutrageonjustice。
25。ThatweshouldnotfollowthegeneralDispositionofthecivilLaw，inthingswhichoughttobesubjecttoparticularRulesdrawnfromtheirownNature。Isitagoodlawthatallcivilobligationspassedbetweensailorsinashipinthecourseofavoyageshouldbenull？FrancisPirardtellsus[55]that，inhistime，itwasnotobservedbythePortuguese，thoughitwasbytheFrench。Menwhoaretogetheronlyforashorttime，whohavenowants，sincetheyareprovidedforbytheprince；whohaveonlyoneobjectinview，thatoftheirvoyage；whoarenolongerinsociety，butareonlytheinhabitantsofaship，oughtnottocontractobligationsthatwereneverintroducedbuttosupporttheburdenofcivilsociety。
InthesamespiritwasthelawoftheRhodians，madeatatimewhentheyalwaysfollowedthecoasts；itordainedthatthosewhoduringatempeststayedinavesselshouldhaveshipandcargo，andthosewhoquitteditshouldhavenothing。
______
1。Laws，ix。
2。M。Bayle，inhisCriticismontheHistoryofCalvinism，speaksofthislaw，p。263。
3。SeeLeg。5。Cod。derepudiisetjudiciodemoribussublato。
4。LawoftheBurgundians，tit。47。
5。IntheCodeoftheVisigoths，iii，tit。4，§13。
6。Underpainofinfamy，anotherunderpainofimprisonment。
7。Plutarch。Solon。
8。Ibid。，andGallien，inExhort。adArt。，8。
9。CityofGod，iii。21。
10。Bookii。12。
11。Nov。21。
12。Bookii，tit。14，§6，7，and8。
13。FatherDuHaldeontheSecondDynasty。
14。Livy，xxix。29。
15。Shaw，Travels，i，p。402。
16。SeetheCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iv，partI，p。114。AndMr。Smith，VoyagetoGuinea，partII，p。150，concerningthekingdomofJuida。
17。SeeEdifyingLetters，coll。xiv，andtheVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iii，partII，p。644。
18。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iv，partI，pp。35，103。
19。AstheydidwhenPompeybesiegedtheTemple。Dio，xxxvii，16。
20。Leg。，5，ff。ad。leg。Juliampeculatus。
21。Cap。quisquis17，qu？stione4。Cujas，Observat。，xiii。19，tom。iii。
22。Beaumanoir，AncientCustomsofBeauvoisis，18，§6。
23。Leg。1。Cod。ad。leg。Jul。deadulteriis。
24。AtpresenttheydonottakecognizanceofthesethingsinFrance。
25。Leg。ii，§ult。，ff。ad。leg。Jul。deadultenis。
26。Nov。134。Col。9，cap。x，tit。170。
27。Leg。7，Cod。derepudiis，etjuriciodemorib。sublato。
28。Auth。Hodiequantiscumque。Cod。derepudiis。
29。Auth。Quodhodie。Cod。derepudiis。
30。Seewhathasbeensaidonthissubject，inbookxxiii。21，intherelationtheybeartothenumberofinhabitants。
31。SeeLeg。16，ff。deritunuptiarum，andLeg。3，§1；alsoDig。dedonationibusintervirumetuxorem。
32。Thislawisveryancientamongthem。Attila，saysPriscus，inhisembassystoppedinacertainplacetomarryEscahisdaughter。\"Athingpermitted，\"headds，\"bythelawsoftheScythians，\"p。22。
33。HistoryoftheTartars，partIII，p。256。
34。ItwasthusamongtheancientRomans。
35。AmongtheRomanstheyhadthesamename；thecousins—germanwerecalledbrothers。
36。ItwasthusatRomeinthefirstages，tillthepeoplemadealawtopermitthem；theywerewillingtofavouramanextremelypopular，whohadmarriedhiscousin—german。Plutarch’streatiseentitledQuestionsConcerningtheAffairsoftheRomans。
37。CollectionofVoyagestotheIndies，v，part1。AnaccountofthestateoftheisleofFormosa。
38。Koran，chapter\"OnWomen。\"
39。SeeFrancisPirard。
