28。BywhatmeanswemayremedyaDepopulation。Whenastateisdepopulatedbyparticularaccidents，bywars，pestilence，orfamine，therearestillresourcesleft。Themenwhoremainmaypreservethespiritofindustry；theymayseektorepairtheirmisfortunes，andcalamityitselfmaymakethembecomemoreindustrious。Thisevilisalmostincurablewhenthedepopulationispreparedbeforehandbyinteriorviceandabadgovernment。Whenthisisthecase，menperishwithaninsensibleandhabitualdisease；borninmiseryandweakness，inviolenceorundertheinfluenceofawickedadministration，theyseethemselvesdestroyed，andfrequentlywithoutperceivingthecauseoftheirdestruction。Ofthiswehaveamelancholyproofinthecountriesdesolatedbydespoticpower，orbytheexcessiveadvantagesoftheclergyoverthelaity。
Invainshallwewaitforthesuccourofchildrenyetunborntore—establishastatethusdepopulated。Thereisnottimeforthis；menintheirsolitudearewithoutcourageorindustry。Withlandsufficienttonourishanation，theyhavescarcelyenoughtonourishafamily。Thecommonpeoplehavenotevenapropertyinthemiseriesofthecountry，thatis，inthefallowswithwhichitabounds。Theclergy，theprince，thecities，thegreatmen，andsomeoftheprincipalcitizensinsensiblybecomeproprietorsofallthelandwhichliesuncultivated；thefamilieswhoareruinedhavelefttheirfields，andthelabouringmanisdestitute。
InthissituationtheyshouldtakethesamemeasuresthroughoutthewholeextentoftheempirewhichtheRomanstookinapartoftheirs；
theyshouldpractiseintheirdistresswhattheseobservedinthemidstofplenty；thatis，theyshoulddistributelandtoallthefamilieswhoareinwant，andprocurethemmaterialsforclearingandcultivatingit。
Thisdistributionoughttobecontinuedsolongasthereisamantoreceiveit，andinsuchamannerasnottoloseamomentthatcanbeindustriouslyemployed。
29。OfHospitals。Amanisnotpoorbecausehehasnothing，butbecausehedoesnotwork。Themanwhowithoutanydegreeofwealthhasanemploymentisasmuchathiseaseashewhowithoutlabourhasanincomeofahundredcrownsayear。Hewhohasnosubstance，andyethasatrade，isnotpoorerthanhewho，possessingtenacresofland，isobligedtocultivateitforhissubsistence。Themechanicwhogiveshisartasaninheritancetohischildrenhasleftthemafortune，whichismultipliedinproportiontotheirnumber。Itisnotsowithhimwho，havingtenacresofland，dividesitamonghischildren。
Intradingcountries，wheremanymenhavenoothersubsistencebutfromthearts，thestateisfrequentlyobligedtosupplythenecessitiesoftheaged，thesick，andtheorphan。Awell—regulatedgovernmentdrawsthissupportfromtheartsthemselves。Itgivestosomesuchemploymentastheyarecapableofperforming；othersaretaughttowork，andthisteachingofitselfbecomesanemployment。
Thealmsgiventoanakedmaninthestreetdonotfulfiltheobligationsofthestate，whichowestoeverycitizenacertainsubsistence，apropernourishment，convenientclothing，andakindoflifenotincompatiblewithhealth。
Aurungzebe，beingaskedwhyhedidnotbuildhospitals，said，\"Iwillmakemyempiresorichthatthereshallbenoneedofhospitals。\"[118]
Heoughttohavesaid，\"Iwillbeginbyrenderingmyempirerich，andthenIwillbuildhospitals。\"
Therichesofthestatesupposegreatindustry。Amidstthenumerousbranchesoftradeitisimpossiblebutthatsomemustsuffer，andconsequentlythemechanicsmustbeinamomentarynecessity。
Wheneverthishappens，thestateisobligedtolendthemareadyassistance，whetheritbetopreventthesufferingsofthepeople，ortoavoidarebellion。Inthiscasehospitals，orsomeequivalentregulations，arenecessarytopreventthismisery。
Butwhenthenationispoor，privatepovertyspringsfromthegeneralcalamity，andis，ifImaysoexpressmyself，thegeneralcalamityitself。Allthehospitalsintheworldcannotcurethisprivatepoverty；
onthecontrary，thespiritofindolence，whichitconstantlyinspires，increasesthegeneral，andconsequentlytheprivate，misery。
HenryVIII，[119]resolvingtoreformtheChurchofEngland，ruinedthemonks，ofthemselvesalazysetofpeople，thatencouragedlazinessinothers，because，astheypractisedhospitality，aninfinitenumberofidlepersons，gentlemenandcitizens，spenttheirlivesinrunningfromconventtoconvent。Hedemolishedeventhehospitals，inwhichthelowerpeoplefoundsubsistence，asthegentlemendidtheirsinthemonasteries。Sincethesechanges，thespiritoftradeandindustryhasbeenestablishedinEngland。
AtRome，thehospitalsplaceeveryoneathiseaseexceptthosewholabour，exceptthosewhoareindustrious，exceptthosewhohaveland，exceptthosewhoareengagedintrade。Ihaveobservedthatwealthynationshaveneedofhospitals，becausefortunesubjectsthemtoathousandaccidents；butitisplainthattransientassistancesaremuchbetterthanperpetualfoundations。Theevilismomentary；itisnecessary，therefore，thatthesuccourshouldbeofthesamenature，andthatitbeappliedtoparticularaccidents。
______
1。Dryden，Lucr。
2。TheGaramantes。
3。Booki。8。
4。Paterestquemnupti？demonstrant。
5。Forthisreason，amongnationsthathaveslaves，thechildalmostalwaysfollowsthestationorconditionofthemother。
6。FatherDuHalde，i，p。165。
7。Ibid，ii，p。121。
8。Aristotle，Politics，vi。4。
9。Ibid。，iii。5。
10。ThomasGage，ANewSurveyoftheWestIndies，p。345，3rded。
11。Ibid。，p。97，3rded。
12。Bookxvi。4。
13。SeeKempfer，whogivesacomputationofthepeopleofMeaco。
14。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，i，p。347。
15。Japaniscomposedofanumberofisles，wheretherearemanybanks，andtheseaisthereextremelyfulloffish。
16。Chinaaboundsinrivers。
17。SeeFatherDuHalde，ii，pp。139，142。ff。
18。Thegreatestnumberoftheproprietorsofland，saysBishopBurnet，findingmoreprofitinsellingtheirwoolthantheircorn，inclosedtheirestates；thecommons，readytoperishwithhunger，roseupinarms；theyinsistedonadivisionofthelands；theyoungkingevenwroteonthissubject。Andproclamationsweremadeagainstthosewhoinclosedtheirlands。——AbridgmentoftheHistoryoftheReformation，pp。44。83。
19。Dampier，Voyages，ii，p。41。
20。Ibid。，p。167。
21。SeetheCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，v，partI，pp。182，188。
22。Invalour，discipline，andmilitaryexercises。
23。TheGauls，whowereinthesamecircumstances，actedinthesamemanner。
24。Laws，v。
25。Republic，v。
26。Politics，vii。16。
27。Ibid。
28。Ibid。，iii。5。
29。Sixtypoundssterling。
30。Bookvi。12。
31。Bookvii，p。496。
32。IhavetreatedofthisintheConsiderationsontheCausesoftheRiseandDeclensionoftheRomanGrandeur，13。
33。Booklvi。
34。Bookii。
35。IntheyearofRome277。
36。SeewhatwasdoneinthisrespectinLivy，xlv；theEpitomeofLivy，lix；AulusGellius，i。6；ValeriusMaximus，ii。9。
37。ItisinAulusGellius，i。6。
38。SeewhatIhavesaidinBookv。19。
39。C？sar，aftertheCivilWar，havingmadeasurveyoftheRomancitizens，foundtherewerenomorethanonehundredandfiftythousandheadsoffamilies。——Florus，EpitomeofLivy，dec。12。
40。SeeDio，xliii。，andXiphilinusinAugust。
41。Dio，lib。xliii。；Suetonius，LifeofC？sar，22；Appian，OntheCivilWar，ii。
42。Eusebius，Chronicle。
43。Dio，liv。16。
44。IntheyearofRome736。
45。Juliasrogationes。——Annals，iii。25。
46。IntheyearofRome762。——Dio，lvi。i。
47。Ihaveabridgedthisspeech，whichisoftediouslength；itistobefoundinDio，lvi。
48。MarcusPapiusMutilusandQ。Popp？usSabinus。——Dio，lvi。
49。Ibid。
50。Ulpian，Fragment，tit。14，distinguishesveryrightlybetweentheJulianandthePapianlaw。
51。JamesGodfreyhasmadeacollectionofthese。
52。The35thiscitedinLeg。19，ff。deritunuptiarum。
53。Bookii。15。
54。DionysiusHalicarnassus。
55。ThedeputiesofRome，whoweresenttosearchintothelawsofGreece，wenttoAthens，andtothecitiesofItaly。
56。AulusGellius，ii。15。
57。Suetonius，LifeofAugustus，44。
58。Tacitus，ii。51：Utnumerusliberorumincandidatispr？polleret，quodlexjubebat。
59。AulusGellius，ii。15。
60。Tacitus，Annals，xv。19。
61。SeeLeg。6，§5，DeDecurion。
62。SeeLeg。2，ff。deminorib。
63。Leg。i，§3，Leg。2，ff。devacationeetexcusat。munerum。
64。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。29，§3。
65。Plutarch，Numa。
66。SeetheUlpian，Fragment。，tit。14，15，16，17，18，whichcomposeoneofthemostvaluablepiecesoftheancientcivillawoftheRomans。
67。Sozomenus，i。9。Theycouldreceivefromtheirrelatives。——Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§i。
68。Sozomenus，i。9；andLeg。unic。，Cod。Theod。deinfirm，poenisc？lib。etorbit。
69。OftheLoveofFatherstowardstheirChildren。
70。SeeamoreparticularaccountofthisinUlpian。Fragment。，tit。15，16。
71。Ibid。，tit。16，§1。
72。Ibid。，tit。14。ItseemsthefirstJulianlawsallowedthreeyears。
——SpeechofAugustus，inDio，lvi；Suetonius，LifeofAugustus，34。
OtherJulianlawsgrantedbutoneyear：thePapianlawgavetwo。——
Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。14。Theselawswerenotagreeabletothepeople；
Augustus，therefore，softenedorstrengthenedthemastheyweremoreorlessdisposedtocomplywiththem。
73。Thiswasthe35thheadofthePapianlaw。——Leg。19，ff。deritunuptiarum。
74。SeeDio，liv，year736；Suetonius，inOctavio，34。
75。Dio，liv；andinthesameDio，thespeechofAugustus，lvi。
76。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，andLeg。27，Cod。denuptiis。
77。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§3。
78。SeeSuetonius，LifeofClaudius，23。
79。Ibid。，23，andUlpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§3。
80。Dio，liv；Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。13。
81。Augustus’sspeech，inDio，lvi。
82。Ulpian，Fragment。，13，andtheLeg。44。ff。deritunuptiarum。
83。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。13and16。
84。SeeLeg。1，Cod。denat。lib。
85。Nov。117。
86。Leg。37。§7，ff。deoperib。libertorum，§7；Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§2。
87。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§2。
88。Seebookxxvi。13。
89。Exceptincertaincases。SeetheUlpian，Fragment。，tit。18，andtheonlylawinCod。deCaduc。tollend。
90。RelatumdemoderandaPapiaPopp？a。——Tacitus，Annals，iii。25。
91。Hereducedthemtothefourthpart。——Suetonius，LifeofNero，10。
92。SeePliny，Panegyric。
93。Severusextendedeventotwenty—fiveyearsforthemales，andtotwentyforthefemales，thetimefixedbythePapianlaw，asweseebycomparingUlpian，Fragment。，tit。16，withwhatTertulliansays，Apol。，4。
94。P。Scipio，thecensor，complains，inhisspeechtothepeople，oftheabuseswhichwerealreadyintroduced，thattheyreceivedthesameprivilegesforadoptedasfornaturalchildren。——AulusGellius，v。19。
95。SeetheLeg。31，ff。deritunuptiarum。
96。AugustusinthePapianlawgavethemtheprivilegeofmothers。SeeDio，lvi。Numahadgrantedthemtheancientprivilegeofwomenwhohadthreechildren，thatis，ofhavingnoguardian。——Plutarch，Numa。
97。ThiswasgrantedthembyClaudius。——Dio，lx。
98。Leg。apudeum，ff。demanumissionib。§1。
99。Dio，lvi。
100。See，inCicero，Offices，i，hissentimentsonthespiritofspeculation。
101。Nazarius，inpanegyricoConstantini，321。
102。SeeLeg。1，2，3，Cod。Theod。debonismaternis，materniquegeneris，&c。，andLeg。unic。，Cod。Theod。debonisqu？filiisfamil。
acquiruntur。
103。Sozomenus，i。9。
104。Leg。2，3，Cod。Theod。dejur。liber。
105。Leg。Sancimus，Cod。denuptiis。
106。Nov。127，cap。iii；Nov。118，cap。v。
107。Leg。54ff。decondit。etdemonst。
108。Leg。5，§4，dejurepatronatus。
109。Paulus，Sentences，iii。tit。4，§15。
110。AntiquitiesofRome，ii。
111。Ibid。
112。Bookix。
113。DeLeg。，iii。19。
114。DeMoribusGermanorum，19。
115。ThereisnotitleonthissubjectintheDigest；thetitleoftheCodesaysnothingofit，anymorethantheNovels。
116。Mahometancountriessurrounditalmostoneveryside。
117。Theedictof1666infavourofmarriages。
118。SeeSirJohnChardin，TravelsthroughPersia，viii。
119。SeeBurnet，HistoryoftheReformation。
BookXXIV。OfLawsinrelationtoReligionConsideredinItself，andinitsDoctrines1。OfReligioninGeneral。Asamidstseveraldegreesofdarknesswemayformajudgmentofthosewhicharetheleastthick，andamongprecipiceswhicharetheleastdeep，sowemaysearchamongfalsereligionsforthosethataremostconformabletothewelfareofsociety；forthosewhich，thoughtheyhavenottheeffectofleadingmentothefelicityofanotherlife，maycontributemosttotheirhappinessinthis。
Ishallexamine，therefore，theseveralreligionsoftheworld，inrelationonlytothegoodtheyproduceincivilsociety，whetherIspeakofthatwhichhasitsrootinheaven，orofthosewhichspringfromtheearth。
AsinthisworkIamnotadivinebutapoliticalwriter，Imayhereadvancethingswhicharenototherwisetruethanastheycorrespondwithaworldlymannerofthinking，notasconsideredintheirrelationtotruthsofamoresublimenature。
Withregardtothetruereligion，apersonoftheleastdegreeofimpartialitymustseethatIhaveneverpretendedtomakeitsinterestssubmittothoseofapoliticalnature，butrathertounitethem；now，inordertounite，itisnecessarythatweshouldknowthem。
TheChristianreligion，whichordainsthatmenshouldloveeachother，would，withoutdoubt，haveeverynationblestwiththebestcivil，thebestpoliticallaws；becausethese，nexttothisreligion，arethegreatestgoodthatmencangiveandreceive。
2。AParadoxofM。Bayle’s。M。Baylehaspretendedtoprove[1]thatitisbettertobeanAtheistthananIdolater；thatis，inotherwords，thatitislessdangeroustohavenoreligionatallthanabadone。\"I
hadrather，\"saidhe，\"itshouldbesaidofmethatIhadnoexistencethanthatIamavillain。\"Thisisonlyasophismfoundedonthis，thatitisofnoimportancetothehumanracetobelievethatacertainmanexists，whereasitisextremelyusefulforthemtobelievetheexistenceofaGod。Fromtheideaofhisnon—existenceimmediatelyfollowsthatofourindependence；or，ifwecannotconceivethisidea，thatofdisobedience。Tosaythatreligionisnotarestrainingmotive，becauseitdoesnotalwaysrestrain，isequallyabsurdastosaythatthecivillawsarenotarestrainingmotive。Itisafalsewayofreasoningagainstreligiontocollect，inalargework，alongdetailoftheevilsithasproducedifwedonotgiveatthesametimeanenumerationoftheadvantageswhichhaveflowedfromit。WereItorelatealltheevilsthathavearisenintheworldfromcivillaws，frommonarchy，andfromrepublicangovernment，Imighttelloffrightfulthings。Wereitofnoadvantageforsubjectstohavereligion，itwouldstillbeofsome，ifprinceshadit，andiftheywhitenedwithfoamtheonlyreinwhichcanrestrainthosewhofearnothumanlaws。
Aprincewholovesandfearsreligionisalion，whostoopstothehandthatstrokes，ortothevoicethatappeaseshim。Hewhofearsandhatesreligionislikethesavagebeastthatgrowlsandbitesthechainwhichpreventshisflyingonthepassenger。Hewhohasnoreligionatallisthatterribleanimalwhoperceiveshislibertyonlywhenhetearsinpiecesandwhenhedevours。
Thequestionisnottoknowwhetheritwouldbebetterthatacertainmanoracertainpeoplehadnoreligionthantoabusewhattheyhave，buttoknowwhatistheleastevil，thatreligionbesometimesabused，orthattherebenosuchrestraintasreligiononmankind。
TodiminishthehorrorofAtheism，theylaytoomuchtothechargeofidolatry。Itisfarfrombeingtruethatwhentheancientsraisedaltarstoaparticularvice，theyintendedtoshowthattheylovedthevice；
thissignified，onthecontrary，thattheyhatedit。WhentheLaced？monianserectedatempletoFear，itwasnottoshowthatthiswarlikenationdesiredthathewouldinthemidstofbattlepossesstheheartsoftheLaced？monians。Theyhaddeitiestowhomtheyprayednottoinspirethemwithguilt；andotherswhomtheybesoughttoshieldthemfromit。
3。ThatamoderateGovernmentismostagreeabletotheChristianReligion，andadespoticGovernmenttotheMahometan。TheChristianreligionisastrangertomeredespoticpower。ThemildnesssofrequentlyrecommendedintheGospelisincompatiblewiththedespoticragewithwhichaprincepunisheshissubjects，andexerciseshimselfincruelty。
Asthisreligionforbidsthepluralityofwives，itsprincesarelessconfined，lessconcealedfromtheirsubjects，andconsequentlyhavemorehumanity：theyaremoredisposedtobedirectedbylaws，andmorecapableofperceivingthattheycannotdowhatevertheyplease。
WhiletheMahometanprincesincessantlygiveorreceivedeath，thereligionoftheChristiansrenderstheirprinceslesstimid，andconsequentlylesscruel。Theprinceconfidesinhissubjects，andthesubjectsintheprince。Howadmirablethereligionwhich，whileitonlyseemstohaveinviewthefelicityoftheotherlife，continuesthehappinessofthis！
ItistheChristianreligionthat，inspiteoftheextentoftheempireandtheinfluenceoftheclimate，hashindereddespoticpowerfrombeingestablishedinEthiopia，andhascarriedintotheheartofAfricathemannersandlawsofEurope。
TheheirtotheempireofEthiopia[2]enjoysaprincipalityandgivestoothersubjectsanexampleofloveandobedience。NotfarthencemayweseetheMahometanshuttingupthechildrenoftheKingofSennar，atwhosedeaththecouncilsendstomurderthem，infavouroftheprincewhomountsthethrone。
Letussetbeforeoureyes，ontheonehand，thecontinualmassacresofthekingsandgeneralsoftheGreeksandRomans，and，ontheother，thedestructionofpeopleandcitiesbythosefamousconquerorsTimurBegandJenghizKhan，whoravagedAsia，andweshallseethatweowetoChristianity，ingovernment，acertainpoliticallaw；andinwar，acertainlawofnations——benefitswhichhumannaturecanneversufficientlyacknowledge。
Itisowingtothislawofnationsthatamongusvictoryleavesthesegreatadvantagestotheconquered，life，liberty，laws，wealth，andalwaysreligion，whentheconquerorisnotblindtohisowninterest。
WemaytrulysaythatthepeopleofEuropearenotatpresentmoredisunitedthanthepeopleandthearmies，oreventhearmiesamongthemselveswere，undertheRomanempirewhenithadbecomeadespoticandmilitarygovernment。Ontheonehand，thearmiesengagedinwaragainsteachother，and，ontheother，theypillagedthecities，anddividedorconfiscatedthelands。
4。ConsequencesfromtheCharacteroftheChristianReligion，andthatoftheMahometan。FromthecharactersoftheChristianandMahometanreligions，weought，withoutanyfurtherexamination，toembracetheoneandrejecttheother：foritismucheasiertoprovethatreligionoughttohumanisethemannersofmenthanthatanyparticularreligionistrue。
Itisamisfortunetohumannaturewhenreligionisgivenbyaconqueror。TheMahometanreligion，whichspeaksonlybythesword，actsstilluponmenwiththatdestructivespiritwithwhichitwasfounded。
ThehistoryofSabbaco，[3]oneofthepastoralkingsofEgypt，isveryextraordinary。ThetutelargodofThebes，appearingtohiminadream，orderedhimtoputtodeathallthepriestsofEgypt。Hejudgedthatthegodsweredispleasedathisbeingonthethrone，sincetheycommandedhimtocommitanactioncontrarytotheirordinarypleasure；andthereforeheretiredintoEthiopia。
5。ThattheCatholicReligionismostagreeabletoaMonarchy，andtheProtestanttoaRepublic。Whenareligionisintroducedandfixedinastate，itiscommonlysuchasismostsuitabletotheplanofgovernmentthereestablished；forthosewhoreceiveit，andthosewhoarethecauseofitsbeingreceived，havescarcelyanyotherideaofpolicythanthatofthestateinwhichtheywereborn。
WhentheChristianreligion，twocenturiesago，becameunhappilydividedintoCatholicandProtestant，thepeopleofthenorthembracedtheProtestant，andthoseofthesouthadheredstilltotheCatholic。
Thereasonisplain：thepeopleofthenorthhave，andwillforeverhave，aspiritoflibertyandindependence，whichthepeopleofthesouthhavenot；andthereforeareligionwhichhasnovisibleheadismoreagreeabletotheindependenceoftheclimatethanthatwhichhasone。
InthecountriesthemselveswheretheProtestantreligionbecameestablished，therevolutionsweremadepursuanttotheseveralplansofpoliticalgovernment。Lutherhavinggreatprincesonhissidewouldneverhavebeenabletomakethemrelishanecclesiasticalauthoritythathadnoexteriorpre—eminence；whileCalvin，havingtodowithpeoplewholivedunderrepublicangovernments，orwithobscurecitizensinmonarchies，mightverywellavoidestablishingdignitiesandpreferments。
Eachofthesetworeligionswasbelievedtobeperfect；theCalvinistjudginghismostconformabletowhatChristhadsaid，andtheLutherantowhattheApostleshadpractised。
6。AnotherofM。Bayle’sParadoxes。M。Bayle，afterhavingabusedallreligions，endeavourstosullyChristianity：heboldlyassertsthattrueChristianscannotformagovernmentofanyduration。Whynot？Citizensofthisprofessionbeinginfinitelyenlightenedwithrespecttothevariousdutiesoflife，andhavingthewarmestzealtofulfilthem，mustbeperfectlysensibleoftherightsofnaturaldefence。Themoretheybelievethemselvesindebtedtoreligion，themoretheywouldthinkduetotheircountry。TheprinciplesofChristianity，deeplyengravedontheheart，wouldbeinfinitelymorepowerfulthanthefalsehonourofmonarchies，thanthehumanevirtuesofrepublics，ortheservilefearofdespoticstates。
ItisastonishingthatthisgreatmanshouldnotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheordersfortheestablishmentofChristianityandChristianityitself；andthatheshouldbeliabletobechargedwithnotknowingthespiritofhisownreligion。Whenthelegislator，insteadoflaws，hasgivencounsels，thisisbecauseheknewthatifthesecounselswereordainedaslawstheywouldbecontrarytothespiritofthelawsthemselves。
7。OftheLawsofPerfectioninReligion。Humanlaws，madetodirectthewill，oughttogiveprecepts，andnotcounsels；religion，madetoinfluencetheheart，shouldgivemanycounsels，andfewprecepts。
When，forinstance，itgivesrules，notforwhatisgood，butforwhatisbetter；nottodirecttowhatisright，buttowhatisperfect，itisexpedientthattheseshouldbecounsels，andnotlaws：forperfectioncanhavenorelationtotheuniversalityofmenorthings。Besides，ifthesewerelaws，therewouldbeanecessityforaninfinitenumberofothers，tomakepeopleobservethefirst。CelibacywasadvisedbyChristianity；whentheymadeitalawinrespecttoacertainorderofmen，itbecamenecessarytomakenewoneseveryday，inordertoobligethosementoobserveit。[4]Thelegislatorweariedhimself，andheweariedsociety，tomakemenexecutebypreceptwhatthosewholoveperfectionwouldhaveexecutedascounsel。
8。OftheConnectionbetweenthemoralLawsandthoseofReligion。InacountrysounfortunateastohaveareligionthatGodhasnotrevealed，itisnecessaryforittobeagreeabletomorality；becauseevenafalsereligionisthebestsecuritywecanhaveoftheprobityofmen。
TheprincipalpointsofreligionoftheinhabitantsofPegu[5]are，nottocommitmurder，nottosteal，toavoiduncleanliness，nottogivetheleastuneasinesstotheirneighbour，buttodohim，onthecontrary，allthegoodintheirpower。Withtheserulestheythinktheyshouldbesavedinanyreligionwhatsoever。Henceitproceedsthatthosepeople，thoughpoorandproud，behavewithgentlenessandcompassiontotheunhappy。
9。OftheEssenes。TheEssenes[6]madeavowtoobservejusticetomankind，todonoilltoanyperson，uponwhatsoeveraccount，tokeepfaithwithalltheworld，tohateinjustice，tocommandwithmodesty，alwaystosidewithtruth，andtoflyfromallunlawfulgain。
10。OftheSectofStoics。Theseveralsectsofphilosophyamongtheancientswereaspeciesofreligion。Neverwereanyprinciplesmoreworthyofhumannature，andmorepropertoformthegoodman，thanthoseoftheStoics；andifIcouldforamomentceasetothinkthatIamaChristian，IshouldnotbeabletohindermyselffromrankingthedestructionofthesectofZenoamongthemisfortunesthathavebefallenthehumanrace。
Itcarriedtoexcessonlythosethingsinwhichthereistruegreatness——thecontemptofpleasureandofpain。
Itwasthissectalonethatmadecitizens；thisalonethatmadegreatmen；thisalonegreatemperors。
Layingasideforamomentrevealedtruths，letussearchthroughallnature，andweshallnotfindanoblerobjectthantheAntoninuses；evenJulianhimself——Julian（acommendationthuswrestedfrommewillnotrendermeanaccompliceofhisapostasy）——no，therehasnotbeenaprincesincehisreignmoreworthytogovernmankind。
