Again，itiscorruptedwhenmeanandabjectsoulsgrowvainofthepompattendingtheirservitude，andimaginethatthemotivewhichinducesthemtobeentirelydevotedtotheirprinceexemptsthemfromalldutytotheircountry。
Butifitbetrue（andindeedtheexperienceofallageshasshownit）
thatinproportionasthepowerofthemonarchbecomesboundlessandimmense，hissecuritydiminishes，isthecorruptingofthispower，andthealteringofitsverynature，alesscrimethanthatofhightreasonagainsttheprince？
8。DangeroftheCorruptionofthePrincipleofmonarchicalGovernment。
Thedangerisnotwhenthestatepassesfromonemoderatetoanothermoderategovernment，asfromarepublictoamonarchy，orfromamonarchytoarepublic；butwhenitisprecipitatedfromamoderatetoadespoticgovernment。
MostoftheEuropeannationsarestillgovernedbytheprinciplesofmorality。Butiffromalongabuseofpowerorthefuryofconquest，despoticswayshouldprevailtoacertaindegree，neithermoralsnorclimatewouldbeabletowithstanditsbalefulinfluence：andthenhumannaturewouldbeexposed，forsometimeatleast，eveninthisbeautifulpartoftheworld，totheinsultswithwhichshehasbeenabusedintheotherthree。
9。HowreadytheNobilityaretodefendtheThrone。TheEnglishnobilityburiedthemselveswithCharlestheFirstundertheruinsofthethrone；
andbeforethattime，whenPhiliptheSecondendeavouredtotempttheFrenchwiththeallurementofliberty，thecrownwasconstantlysupportedbyanobilitywhothinkitanhonourtoobeyaking，butconsideritasthelowestdisgracetosharethepowerwiththepeople。
ThehouseofAustriahaseverusedherendeavourstooppresstheHungariannobility；littlethinkinghowserviceablethatverynobilitywouldbeonedaytoher。Shewouldfainhavedrainedtheircountryofmoney，ofwhichtheyhadnoplenty；buttooknonoticeofthemen，withwhomitabounded。Whenprincescombinedtodismemberherdominions，theseveralpartsofthatmonarchyfellmotionless，asitwereoneuponanother。Nolifewasthentobeseenbutinthoseverynobles，who，resentingtheaffrontsofferedtothesovereign，andforgettingtheinjuriesdonetothemselves，tookuparmstoavengehercause，andconsidereditthehighestglorybravelytodieandtoforgive。
10。OftheCorruptionofthePrincipleofdespoticGovernment。Theprincipleofdespoticgovernmentissubjecttoacontinualcorruption，becauseitiseveninitsnaturecorrupt。Othergovernmentsaredestroyedbyparticularaccidents，whichdoviolencetotheprinciplesofeachconstitution；thisisruinedbyitsownintrinsicimperfections，whensomeaccidentalcausesdonotpreventthecorruptingofitsprinciples。Itmaintainsitselfthereforeonlywhencircumstances，drawnfromtheclimate，religion，situation，orgeniusofthepeople，obligeittoconformtoorder，andtoadmitofsomerule。Bythesethingsitsnatureisforcedwithoutbeingchanged；itsferocityremains；anditismadetameandtractableonlyforatime。
11。NaturalEffectsoftheGoodnessandCorruptionofthePrinciplesofGovernment。Whenoncetheprinciplesofgovernmentarecorrupted，theverybestlawsbecomebad，andturnagainstthestate：butwhentheprinciplesaresound，evenbadlawshavethesameeffectasgood；theforceoftheprincipledrawseverythingtoit。
TheinhabitantsofCreteusedaverysingularmethodtokeeptheprincipalmagistratesdependentonthelaws，whichwasthatofInsurrection。Partofthecitizensroseupinarms，[13]putthemagistratestoflight，andobligedthemtoreturntoaprivatelife。
Thiswassupposedtobedoneinconsequenceofthelaw。Onewouldhaveimaginedthataninstitutionofthisnature，whichestablishedseditiontohindertheabuseofpower，wouldhavesubvertedanyrepublicwhatsoever；andyetitdidnotsubvertthatofCrete。Thereasonisthis。[14]
Whentheancientswouldciteapeoplethathadthestrongestaffectionfortheircountry，theyweresuretomentiontheinhabitantsofCrete：
\"OurCountry，\"saidPlato，[15]\"anamesodeartotheCretans。\"Theycalleditbyanamewhichsignifiestheloveofamotherforherchildren。[16]Nowtheloveofourcountrysetseverythingright。
ThelawsofPolandhavelikewisetheirInsurrection：buttheinconveniencesthencearisingplainlyshowthatthepeopleofCretealonewerecapableofusingsucharemedywithsuccess。
ThegymnicexercisesestablishedamongtheGreekshadthesamedependenceonthegoodnessoftheprincipleofgovernment。\"ItwastheLaced？moniansandCretans，\"saidPlato，[17]\"thatopenedthosecelebratedacademieswhichgavethemsoeminentarankintheworld。
Modestyatfirstwasalarmed；butityieldedtothepublicutility。\"InPlato’stimetheseinstitutionswereadmirable：[18]astheyborearelationtoaveryimportantobject，whichwasthemilitaryart。ButwhenvirtuefledfromGreece，themilitaryartwasdestroyedbytheseinstitutions；peopleappearedthenonthearena，notforimprovement，butfordebauch。[19]Plutarchinformsus[20]thattheRomansinhistimewereofopinionthatthosegameshadbeentheprincipalcauseoftheslaveryintowhichtheGreekshadfallen。Onthecontrary，itwastheslaveryoftheGreeksthatcorruptedthoseexercises。InPlutarch’stime，[21]theirfightingnakedintheparks，andtheirwrestling，infectedtheyoungpeoplewithaspiritofcowardice，inclinedthemtoinfamouspassions，andmadethemmeredancers。ButunderEpaminondastheexerciseofwrestlingmadetheThebanswinthefamousbattleofLeuctra。[22]
Thereareveryfewlawswhicharenotgood，whilethestateretainsitsprinciples：hereImayapplywhatEpicurussaidofriches。\"Itisnottheliquor，butthevesselthatiscorrupted。\"
12。ThesameSubjectcontinued。InRomethejudgeswerechosenatfirstfromtheorderofsenators。ThisprivilegetheGracchitransferredtotheknights；Drususgaveittothesenatorsandknights；Sullatothesenatorsonly：Cottatothesenators，knights，andpublictreasurers；
C？sarexcludedthelatter；Antonymadedecuriesofsenators，knights，andcenturions。
Whenoncearepubliciscorrupted，thereisnopossibilityofremedyinganyofthegrowingevils，butbyremovingthecorruptionandrestoringitslostprinciples；everyothercorrectioniseitheruselessoranewevil。WhileRomepreservedherprinciplesentire，thejudicialpowermightwithoutanyabusebelodgedinthehandsofsenators；butassoonasthiscitybecamecorrupt，towhatsoeverbodythatpowerwastransferred，whethertothesenate，totheknights，tothetreasurers，totwoofthosebodies，toallthreetogether，ortoanyother，mattersstillwentwrong。Theknightshadnomorevirtuethanthesenate，thetreasurersnomorethantheknights，andtheseaslittleasthecenturions。
AfterthepeopleofRomehadobtainedtheprivilegeofsharingthemagistracywiththepatricians，itwasnaturaltothinkthattheirflattererswouldimmediatelybecomearbitersofthegovernment。Butnosuchthingeverhappened。——Itwasobservablethattheverypeoplewhohadrenderedtheplebeianscapableofpublicofficeseverfixedtheirchoiceuponthepatricians。Becausetheywerevirtuous，theyweremagnanimous；andbecausetheywerefree，theyhadacontemptofpower。
Butwhentheirmoralswerecorrupted，themorepowertheywerepossessedof，thelessprudentwastheirconduct，tillatlength，uponbecomingtheirowntyrantsandslaves，theylostthestrengthoflibertytofallintotheweaknessandimpotencyoflicentiousness。
13。TheEffectofanOathamongvirtuousPeople。Thereisnonation，saysLivy，[23]thathasbeenlongeruncorruptedthantheRomans；nonationwheremoderationandpovertyhavebeenlongerrespected。
Suchwastheinfluenceofanoathamongthosepeoplethatnothingboundthemmorestronglytothelaws。Theyoftendidmorefortheobservanceofanoaththantheywouldeverhaveperformedforthethirstofgloryorfortheloveoftheircountry。
WhenQuintusCincinnatus，theconsul，wantedtoraiseanarmyinthecityagainstthe？quiandtheVolsci，thetribunesopposedhim。\"Well，\"
saidhe，\"letallthosewhohavetakenanoathtotheconsuloftheprecedingyearmarchundermybanner。\"[24]Invaindidthetribunescryoutthatthisoathwasnolongerbinding，andthatwhentheytookitQuintuswasbutaprivateperson：thepeopleweremorereligiousthanthosewhopretendedtodirectthem；theywouldnotlistentothedistinctionsorequivocationsofthetribunes。
WhenthesamepeoplethoughtofretiringtotheSacredMount，theyfeltsomeremorsefromtheoaththeyhadtakentotheconsuls，thattheywouldfollowthemintothefield。[25]Theyenteredthenintoadesignofkillingtheconsuls；butdroppeditwhentheyweregiventounderstandthattheiroathwouldstillbebinding。Nowitiseasytojudgeofthenotiontheyentertainedoftheviolationofanoathfromthecrimetheyintendedtocommit。
AfterthebattleofCann？，thepeoplewereseizedwithsuchapanicthattheywouldfainhaveretiredtoSicily。ButScipiohavingprevaileduponthemtosweartheywouldnotstirfromRome，thefearofviolatingthisoathsurpassedallotherapprehensions。Romewasashipheldbytwoanchors，religionandmorality，inthemidstofafurioustempest。
14。HowthesmallestChangeoftheConstitutionisattendedwiththeRuinofitsPrinciples。AristotlementionsthecityofCarthageasawell—regulatedrepublic。Polybiustellsus[26]thattherewasthisinconvenienceatCarthageinthesecondPunicwar，thatthesenatehadlostalmostallitsauthority。WeareinformedbyLivythatwhenHannibalreturnedtoCarthagehefoundthatthemagistratesandtheprincipalcitizenshadabusedtheirpower，andconvertedthepublicrevenuestotheirprivateemolument。Thevirtue，therefore，ofthemagistrates，andtheauthorityofthesenate，bothfellatthesametime；andallwasowingtothesamecause。
EveryoneknowsthewonderfuleffectsofthecensorshipamongtheRomans。Therewasatimewhenitgrewburdensome；butstillitwassupportedbecausetherewasmoreluxurythancorruption。Claudius[27]
weakeneditsauthority，bywhichmeansthecorruptionbecamegreaterthantheluxury，andthecensorshipdwindledawayofitself。[28]Aftervariousinterruptionsandresumptions，itwasentirelylaidaside，tillitbecamealtogetheruseless，thatis，tillthereignsofAugustusandClaudius。
15。SureMethodsofpreservingthethreePrinciples。Ishallnotbeabletomakemyselfrightlyunderstoodtillthereaderhasperusedthefourfollowingchapters。
16。DistinctivePropertiesofaRepublic。Itisnaturalforarepublictohaveonlyasmallterritory；otherwiseitcannotlongsubsist。Inanextensiverepublictherearemenoflargefortunes，andconsequentlyoflessmoderation；therearetruststooconsiderabletobeplacedinanysinglesubject；hehasinterestsofhisown；hesoonbeginstothinkthathemaybehappyandglorious，byoppressinghisfellow—citizens；
andthathemayraisehimselftograndeurontheruinsofhiscountry。
Inanextensiverepublicthepublicgoodissacrificedtoathousandprivateviews；itissubordinatetoexceptions，anddependsonaccidents。Inasmallone，theinterestofthepublicismoreobvious，betterunderstood，andmorewithinthereachofeverycitizen；abuseshavelessextent，andofcoursearelessprotected。
ThelongdurationoftherepublicofSpartawasowingtoherhavingcontinuedinthesameextentofterritoryafterallherwars。ThesoleaimofSpartawasliberty；andthesoleadvantageofherliberty，glory。
ItwasthespiritoftheGreekrepublicstobeascontentedwiththeirterritoriesaswiththeirlaws。AthenswasfirstfiredwithambitionandgaveittoLaced？mon；butitwasanambitionratherofcommandingafreepeoplethanofgoverningslaves；ratherofdirectingthanofbreakingtheunion。Allwaslostuponthestartingupofmonarchy——agovernmentwhosespiritismoreturnedtoincreaseofdominion。
Exceptingparticularcircumstances，[29]itisdifficultforanyotherthanarepublicangovernmenttosubsistlongerinasingletown。A
princeofsopettyastatewouldnaturallyendeavourtooppresshissubjects，becausehispowerwouldbegreat，whilethemeansofenjoyingitorofcausingittoberespectedwouldbeinconsiderable。Theconsequenceis，hewouldtrampleuponhispeople。Ontheotherhand，suchaprincemightbeeasilycrushedbyaforeignorevenadomesticforce；thepeoplemightanyinstantuniteandriseupagainsthim。Nowassoonasthesovereignofasingletownisexpelled，thequarrelisover；butifhehasmanytowns，itonlybegins。
17。DistinctivePropertiesofaMonarchy。Amonarchicalstateoughttobeofmoderateextent。Wereitsmall，itwouldformitselfintoarepublic；wereitverylarge，thenobility，possessedofgreatestates，farfromtheeyeoftheprince，withaprivatecourtoftheirown，andsecure，moreover，fromsuddenexecutionsbythelawsandmannersofthecountry——suchanobility，Isay，mightthrowofftheirallegiance，havingnothingtofearfromtooslowandtoodistantapunishment。
ThusCharlemagnehadscarcelyfoundedhisempirewhenhewasobligedtodivideit；whetherthegovernorsoftheprovincesrefusedtoobey；orwhether，inordertokeepthemmoreundersubjection，therewasanecessityofparcellingtheempireintoseveralkingdoms。
AfterthedeceaseofAlexanderhisempirewasdivided。HowwasitpossibleforthoseGreekandMacedonianchiefs，whowereeachofthemfreeandindependent，orcommandersatleastofthevictoriousbandsdispersedthroughoutthatvastextentofconqueredland——howwasitpossible，Isay，forthemtoobey？
Attila’sempirewasdissolvedsoonafterhisdeath；suchanumberofkings，whowerenolongerunderrestraint，couldnotresumetheirfetters。
Thesuddenestablishmentofunlimitedpowerisaremedy，whichinthosecasesmaypreventadissolution：buthowdreadfultheremedy，whichaftertheenlargementofdominionopensanewsceneofmisery！
Therivershastentomingletheirwaterswiththesea；andmonarchieslosethemselvesindespoticpower。
18。ParticularCaseoftheSpanishMonarchy。LetnottheexampleofSpainbeproducedagainstme，itratherproveswhatIaffirm。TopreserveAmericashedidwhatevendespoticpoweritselfdoesnotattempt：shedestroyedtheinhabitants。Topreservehercolony，shewasobligedtokeepitdependentevenforitssubsistence。
IntheNetherlands，sheessayedtorenderherselfarbitrary；andassoonassheabandonedtheattempt，herperplexityincreased。OntheonehandtheWalloonswouldnotbegovernedbySpaniards；andontheother，theSpanishsoldiersrefusedtosubmittoWalloonofficers。[30]
InItalyshemaintainedherground，merelybyexhaustingherselfandbyenrichingthatcountry。ForthosewhowouldhavebeenpleasedtohavegotridofthekingofSpainwerenotinahumourtorefusehisgold。
19。DistinctivePropertiesofadespoticGovernment。Alargeempiresupposesadespoticauthorityinthepersonwhogoverns。Itisnecessarythatthequicknessoftheprince’sresolutionsshouldsupplythedistanceoftheplacestheyaresentto；thatfearshouldpreventtheremissnessofthedistantgovernorormagistrate；thatthelawshouldbederivedfromasingleperson，andshouldshiftcontinually，accordingtotheaccidentswhichnecessarilymultiplyinastateinproportiontoitsextent。
20。ConsequenceoftheprecedingChapters。Ifitbe，therefore，thenaturalpropertyofsmallstatestobegovernedasarepublic，ofmiddlingonestobesubjecttoamonarch，andoflargeempirestobeswayedbyadespoticprince；theconsequenceis，thatinordertopreservetheprinciplesoftheestablishedgovernment，thestatemustbesupportedintheextentithasacquired，andthatthespiritofthisstatewillalterinproportionasitcontractsorextendsitslimits。
21。OftheEmpireofChina。BeforeIconcludethisbook，Ishallansweranobjectionthatmaybemadetotheforegoingdoctrine。
OurmissionariesinformusthatthegovernmentofthevastempireofChinaisadmirable，andthatithasapropermixtureoffear，honour，andvirtue。ConsequentlyImusthavegivenanidledistinctioninestablishingtheprinciplesofthethreegovernments。
ButIcannotconceivewhatthishonourcanbeamongapeoplewhoactonlythroughfearofbeingbastinadoed。[31]
Again，ourmerchantsarefarfromgivingusanysuchaccountsofthevirtuesomuchtalkedofbythemissionaries；weneedonlyconsulttheminrelationtotherobberiesandextortionsofthemandarins。[32]I
likewiseappealtoanotherunexceptionalwitness，thegreatLordAnson。
Besides，FatherPerennin’slettersconcerningtheemperor’sproceedingsagainstsomeoftheprincesoftheblood[33]whohadincurredhisdispleasurebytheirconversion，plainlyshowusasettledplanoftyranny，andbarbaritiescommittedbyrule，thatis，incoldblood。
WehavelikewiseMonsieurdeMairan’s，andthesameFatherPerennin’s，lettersonthegovernmentofChina。Ifindthereforethatafterafewproperquestionsandanswersthewholemysteryisunfolded。
Mightnotourmissionarieshavebeendeceivedbyanappearanceoforder？
Mightnottheyhavebeenstruckwiththatconstantexerciseofasingleperson’swill——anexercisebywhichtheythemselvesaregoverned，andwhichtheyaresopleasedtofindinthecourtsoftheIndianprinces；
becauseastheygothitheronlyinordertointroducegreatchanges，itismucheasiertopersuadethoseprincesthattherearenoboundstotheirpower，thantoconvincethepeoplethattherearenonetotheirsubmission。[34]
Infine，thereisfrequentlysomekindoftrutheveninerrorsthemselves。Itmaybeowingtoparticularand，perhaps，veryextraordinarycircumstancesthattheChinesegovernmentisnotsocorruptasonemightnaturallyexpect。Theclimateandsomeotherphysicalcausesmay，inthatcountry，havehadsostronganinfluenceontheirmoralsasinsomemeasuretoproducewonders。
TheclimateofChinaissurprisinglyfavourabletothepropagationofthehumanspecies。[35]Thewomenarethemostprolificinthewholeworld。Themostbarbaroustyrannycanputnostoptotheprogressofpropagation。TheprincecannotsaytherelikePharaoh，\"Letusdealwiselywiththem，lesttheymultiply。\"HewouldberatherreducedtoNero’swish，thatmankindhadallbutonehead。Inspiteoftyranny，Chinabytheforceofitsclimatewillbeeverpopulous，andtriumphoverthetyrannicaloppressor。
China，likeallothercountriesthatlivechieflyuponrice，issubjecttofrequentfamines。Whenthepeoplearereadytostarve，theydisperseinordertoseekfornourishment；inconsequenceofwhich，gangsofrobbersareformedoneveryside。Mostofthemareextirpatedintheirveryinfancy；othersswell，andarelikewisesuppressed。Andyetinsogreatanumberofsuchdistantprovinces，somebandorothermayhappentomeetwithsuccess。Inthatcasetheymaintaintheirground，strengthentheirparty，formthemselvesintoamilitarybody，marchuptothecapital，andplacetheirleaderonthethrone。
Fromtheverynatureofthings，abadadministrationishereimmediatelypunished。Thewantofsubsistenceinsopopulousacountryproducessuddendisorders。Thereasonwhytheredressofabusesinothercountriesisattendedwithsuchdifficultyisbecausetheireffectsarenotimmediatelyfelt；theprinceisnotinformedinsosuddenandsensibleamannerasinChina。
TheEmperorofChinaisnottaughtlikeourprincesthatifhegovernsillhewillbelesshappyintheotherlife，lesspowerfulandlessopulentinthis。Heknowsthatifhisgovernmentbenotjusthewillbestrippedbothofempireandlife。
AsChinagrowseverydaymorepopulous，notwithstandingtheexposingofchildren，[36]theinhabitantsareincessantlyemployedintillingthelandsfortheirsubsistence。Thisrequiresaveryextraordinaryattentioninthegovernment。Itistheirperpetualconcernthateverymanshouldhaveitinhispowertowork，withouttheapprehensionofbeingdeprivedofthefruitsofhislabour。Consequentlythisisnotsomuchacivilasadomesticgovernment。
Suchhasbeentheoriginofthoseregulationswhichhavebeensogreatlyextolled。Theywantedtomakethelawsreigninconjunctionwithdespoticpower；butwhateverisjoinedtothelatterlosesallitsforce。Invaindidthisarbitrarysway，labouringunderitsowninconveniences，desiretobefettered；itarmeditselfwithitschains，andhasbecomestillmoreterrible。
Chinaisthereforeadespoticstate，whoseprincipleisfear。Perhapsintheearliestdynasties，whentheempirehadnotsolargeanextent，thegovernmentmighthavedeviatedalittlefromthisspirit；butthecaseisotherwiseatpresent。
______
1。SeePlutarchinTimoleonandDion。
2。ItwasthatoftheSixHundred，ofwhommentionismadebyDiodorus，xix。5。
3。Upontheexpulsionsofthetyrants，theymadecitizensofstrangersandmercenarytroops，whichgaverisetocivilwars。——Aristotle，Politics，v。3。ThepeoplehavingbeenthecauseofthevictoryovertheAthenians，therepublicwaschanged。——Ibid。，4。Thepassionoftwoyoungmagistrates，oneofwhomcarriedofftheother’sboy，andinrevengetheotherdebauchedhiswife，wasattendedwithachangeintheformofthisrepublic。——Ibid。
4。Ibid。
5。Ibid。
6。Thearistocracyischangedintoanoligarchy。
7。Veniceisoneofthoserepublicsthathasenactedthebestlawsforcorrectingtheinconveniencesofanhereditaryaristocracy。
8。JustinattributestheextinctionofAthenianvirtuetothedeathofEpaminondas。Havingnofurtheremulation，theyspenttheirrevenuesinfeasts，frequentiuscoenam，quamcastravisentes。ThenitwasthattheMacedoniansemergedfromobscurity，9，1。6。
9。CompilationofworksmadeundertheMings，relatedbyFatherDuHalde，DescriptionofChina，ii，p。648。
10。DuringthereignofTiberiusstatueswereerectedto，andtriumphalornamentsconferredon，informers；whichdebasedthesehonourstosuchadegreethatthosewhohadreallymeritedthemdisdainedtoacceptthem。
Frag。ofDio，lviii。14，takenfromtheExtractofVirtuesandVices，byConstantinePorphyrogenitus。SeeinTacitusinwhatmannerNero，onthediscoveryandpunishmentofapretendedconspiracy，bestowedtriumphalornamentsonPetroniusTurpilianus，Nerva，andTigellinus。——Annals，xiv。72。Seelikewisehowthegeneralsrefusedtoserve，becausetheycondemnedthemilitaryhonours：pervulgatistriumphiinsignibus——
Ibid。，xiii。53。
11。Inthisstatetheprinceknewextremelywelltheprincipleofhisgovernment。
12。Herodian。
13。Aristotle，Politics，ii。10。
14。Theyalwaysunitedimmediatelyagainstforeignenemies，whichwascalledSyncretism。——PlutarchMoralia，p。88。
15。Republic，ix。
16。Plutarch，WhetheraManAdvancedinYearsOughttoMeddlewithPublicAffairs。
17。Republic，v。
18。TheGymnicartwasdividedintotwoparts，dancingandwrestling。InCretetheyhadthearmeddancesoftheCuretes；atSpartatheyhadthoseofCastorandPollux；atAthensthearmeddancesofPallas，whichwereextremelyproperforthosethatwerenotyetofageformilitaryservice。Wrestlingistheimageofwar，saidPlatoLaws，vii。Hecommendsantiquityforhavingestablishedonlytwodances，thepacificandthePyrrhic。Seehowthelatterdancewasappliedtothemilitaryart，Plato，ibid。
19。Autlibidinosce。Lad？asLacedamonispal？stras。——Mutual，iv，55。
20。Plutarch，inthetreatiseentitledQuestionsConcerningtheAffairsoftheRomans，question40。
21。Ibid。
22。Plutarch，TablePropositions，bookii，question5。
23。Booki，pref。
24。Livy，iii。20。
25。Ibid。，32。
26。Aboutahundredyearsafter。
27。Seexi，12。
28。SeeDio，xxxviii，CiceroinPlutarch，CicerotoAtticus，iv。10，15。
AsconiusonCicero，DeDivinatione。
29。Aswhenapettysovereignsupportshimselfbetweentwogreatpowersbymeansoftheirmutualjealousy；butthenhehasonlyaprecariousexistence。
30。SeeM。LeClerc，theHistoryoftheUnitedProvinces。
31。\"ItisthecudgelthatgovernsChina，\"saysFatherDuHalde，Disc。
delaChine，ii，p。134。
