LivesofGreatHungarianCitizens。HewasdeadbeforeIwasborn，butIfoundhisbook，whenIwasachild，inthesolitaryhomeofmyfather，whichstoodontheconfinesofapuszta，orwilderness，andthatbookIusedtodevourinwinternightswhenthewindswerewhistlingaroundthehouse。
OhIhowmybloodusedtoglowatthedescriptionsofMagyarvalour，andlikewiseofTurkish；forFlorentiushasalwaysdonejusticetotheTurk。ManyapassagesimilartothishaveIgotbyheart；itisconnectedwithabattleontheplainofRigo，whichHunyadilost：—\"Thenextday，whichwasFriday，asthetwoarmiesweredrawnupinbattlearray，aMagyarheroridingforth，gallopedupanddown，challengingtheTurkstosinglecombat。ThencameouttomeethimthesonofarenownedbashawofAsia；rushinguponeachother，bothbroketheirlances，buttheMagyarheroandhishorserolledoverupontheground，fortheTurkshadalwaysthebesthorses。\"OyoungmanofHorncastle！ifeveryoulearnHungarian—andlearnitassuredlyyouwillafterwhatIhavetoldyou—readthebookofFlorentiusofBuda，evenifyougotoHungarytogetit，foryouwillscarcelyfinditelsewhere，andeventherewithdifficulty，forthebookhasbeenlongoutofprint。ItdescribestheactionsofthegreatmenofHungarydowntothemiddleofthesixteenthcentury；andbesidesbeingwritteninthepurestHungarian，hasthemeritofhavingforitsauthoraprofessoroftheReformedCollegeofDebreczen。
MYSELF。IwillgotoHungaryratherthannotreadit。IamgladthattheTurkbeattheMagyar。WhenIusedtoreadtheballadsofSpainIalwayssidedwiththeMooragainsttheChristian。
HUNGARIAN。Itwasadrawnfightafterall，fortheterriblehorseoftheTurkpresentlyflunghisownmaster，whereuponthetwochampionsreturnedtotheirrespectivearmies；butinthegrandconflictwhichensued，theTurksbeattheMagyars，pursuingthemtillnight，andstrikingthemontheneckswiththeirscymetars。TheTurkisanoblefellow；IshouldwishtobeaTurk，wereInotaMagyar。
MYSELF。TheTurkalwayskeepshisword，Iamtold。
HUNGARIAN。WhichtheChristianveryseldomdoes，andeventheHungariandoesnotalways。In1444Ulaszlomade，atSzeged，peacewithAmurathfortenyears，whichhesworewithanoathtokeep，butattheinstigationofthePopeJulianhebrokeit，andinducedhisgreatcaptain，HunyadiJohn，toshareintheperjury。TheconsequencewasthebattleofVarna，ofthe10thofNovember，inwhichHunyadiwasrouted，andUlaszloslain。Didyoueverhearhisepitaph？itisbothsolemnandedifying：—
RomulidaeCannasegoVarnamcladenotavi；
Disciternortalesnontemerarefidem：
MenisiPontificesjussissentrumperefoedusNonferretScythicumPannonisorajugum。\"
\"Halloo！\"saidthejockey，startingupfromadozeinwhichhehadbeenindulgingforthelasthour，hisheadleaninguponhisbreast，\"whatisthat？That’snothighDutch；I
bargainedforhighDutch，andIleftyouspeakinghighDutch，asitsoundedverymuchlikethelanguageofhorses，asI
havebeentoldhighDutchdoes；butasforwhatyouarespeakingnow，whateveryoumaycallit，itsoundsmorelikethelanguageofanotherkindofanimal。Isupposeyouwanttoinsultme，becauseIwasonceadicky—boy。\"
\"Nothingofthekind，\"saidI；\"thegentlemanwasmakingaquotationinLatin。\"
\"Latin，wasit？\"saidthejockey；\"thataltersthecase。
Latinisgenteel，andIhavesentmyeldestboytoanacademytolearnit。Come，letushearyoufireawayinLatin，\"hecontinued，proceedingtore—lighthispipe，which，beforegoingtosleep，hehadlaidonthetable。
\"IfyouwishtofollowthediscourseinLatin，\"saidtheHungarian，inverybadEnglish，\"Icanobligeyou；IlearnedtospeakverygoodLatininthecollegeofDebreczen。\"
\"That’smore，\"saidI，\"thanIhavedoneinthecollegeswhereIhavebeen；inanylittleconversationwhichwemayyethave，IwishyouwoulduseGerman。\"
\"Well，\"saidthejockey，takingawhiff，\"makeyourconversationasshortaspossible，whetherinLatinorDutch，for，totellyouthetruth，Iamrathertiredofmerelyplayinglistener。\"
\"YouweresayingyouhadbeeninRussia，\"saidI；\"IbelievetheRussiansarepartoftheSclavonianrace。\"
HUNGARIAN。Yes，partofthegreatSclavonianfamily；oneofthemostnumerousracesintheworld。TheRussiansthemselvesareverynumerous；wouldthattheMagyarscouldboastofthefifthpartoftheirnumber！
MYSELF。WhatisthenumberoftheMagyars？
HUNGARIAN。Barelyfourmillions。WecameatribeofTartarsintoEurope，andsettleddownamongstSclavonians，whomweconquered，butwhonevercoalescedwithus。TheAustrianatpresentplaysinPannoniatheSclavonianagainstus，andusagainsttheSclavonian；butthedownfalloftheAustrianisathand；they，likeus，arenotanumerouspeople。
MYSELF。Whowillbringabouthisdownfall？
HUNGARIAN。TheRussians。TheRysckieTsarwillleadhispeopleforth，alltheSclavonianswilljoinhim，hewillconquerallbeforehim。
MYSELF。AretheRussiansgoodsoldiers？
HUNGARIAN。Theyarestubbornandunflinchingtoanastonishingdegree，andtheirfidelitytotheirTsarisquiteadmirable。SeehowtheRussiansbehavedatPlescova，inLivonia，intheoldtime，againstourgreatBatoryStephen；
theydefendedtheplacetillitwasaheapofrubbish，andmarkhowtheybehavedaftertheyhadbeenmadeprisoners。
Stephenofferedthemtwoalternatives：—toenterintohisservice，inwhichtheywouldhavegoodpay，clothing，andfairtreatment；ortobeallowedtoreturntoRussia。
Withouttheslightesthesitationthey，toaman，chosethelatter，thoughwellawarethattheirbelovedTsar，thecruelIvanBasilowits，wouldputthemalltodeath，amidsttorturesthemosthorrible，fornotdoingwhatwasimpossible—
preservingthetown。
MYSELF。YouspeakRussian？
HUNGARIAN。Alittle。IwasborninthevicinityofaSclavoniantribe；theservantsofourhousewereSclavonians，andIearlyacquiredsomethingoftheirlanguage，whichdiffersnotmuchfromthatofRussia；wheninthatcountryI
quicklyunderstoodwhatwassaid。
MYSELF。HavetheRussiansanyliterature？
HUNGARIAN。Doubtless；butIamnotacquaintedwithit，asI
donotreadtheirlanguage；butIknowsomethingoftheirpopulartales，towhichIusedtolistenintheirizbushkas；
aprincipalpersonageintheseisacreationquiteoriginal—
calledBabaYaga。
MYSELF。WhoistheBabaYaga？
HUNGARIAN。Afemalephantom，whoisdescribedashurryingalongthepuszta，orsteppe，inamortar，poundingwithapestleatatremendousrate，andleavingalongtraceonthegroundbehindherwithhertongue，whichisthreeyardslong，andwithwhichsheseizesanymenandhorsescominginherway，swallowingthemdownintohercapaciousbelly。Shehasseveraldaughters，veryhandsome，andwithplentyofmoney；
happytheyoungMujikwhocatchesandmarriesoneofthem，fortheymakeexcellentwives。
\"Manythanks，\"saidI，\"fortheinformationyouhaveaffordedme：thisisratherpoorwine，\"Iobserved，asIpouredoutaglass—\"IsupposeyouhavebetterwineinHungary？\"
\"Yes，wehavebetterwineinHungary。FirstofallthereisTokay，themostcelebratedintheworld，thoughIconfessI
preferthewineofEger—Tokayistoosweet。\"
\"HaveyoueverbeenatTokay？\"
\"Ihave，\"saidtheHungarian。
\"WhatkindofplaceisTokay？\"
\"AsmalltownsituatedontheTyzza，arapidriverdescendingfromthenorth；theTokayMountainisjustbehindthetown，whichstandsontherightbank。ThetopofthemountainiscalledKopacsTeto，orthebaldtip；thehillissosteepthatduringthunder—stormspiecesfrequentlyfalldownupontheroofsofthehouses。ItwasplantedwithvinesbyKingLajos，whoascendedthethronein1342。ThebestwinecalledTokayis，however，notmadeatTokay，butatKassau，twoleaguesfartherintotheCarpathians，ofwhichTokayisaspur。IfyouwishtodrinkthebestTokay，youmustgotoVienna，towhichplacealltheprimeissent。ForthethirdtimeIaskyou，OyoungmanofHorncastle！whydoesyourGovernmentalwayssendfoolstorepresentitatVienna？\"
\"AndforthethirdtimeItellyou，OsonofAlmus！thatI
cannotsay；perhaps，however，todrinkthesweetTokaywine；
fools，youknow，alwayslikesweetthings。\"
\"Good，\"saidtheHungarian；\"itmustbeso，andwhenIreturntoHungary，Iwillstatetomycountrymenyourexplanationofacircumstancewhichhasfrequentlycausedthemgreatperplexity。Oh！theEnglishareacleverpeople，andhaveadeepmeaninginalltheydo。Whatavisionofdeeppolicyopensitselftomyview！theydonotsendtheirfooltoViennainordertogapeatprocessions，andtobowandscrapeatabasePapistcourt，buttodrinkatthegreatdinnersthecelebratedTokayofHungary，whichtheHungarians，thoughtheydonotdrinkit，areveryproudof，andbydoingsotointimatethesympathywhichtheEnglishentertainfortheirfellowreligionistsofHungary。Oh！theEnglishareadeeppeople。\"
CHAPTERXL
TheHorncastleWelcome—TzernebockandBielebock。
THEpipeoftheHungarianhad，forsometimepast，exhibitedconsiderablesymptomsofexhaustion，littleornoruttlinghavingbeenheardinthetube，andscarcelyaparticleofsmoke，drawnthroughthesyphon，havingbeenemittedfromthelipsofthepossessor。Henowrosefromhisseat，andgoingtoacorneroftheroom，placedhispipeagainstthewall，thenstridingupanddowntheroom，hecrackedhisfingersseveraltimes，exclaiming，inahalf—musingmanner，\"Oh，thedeepnation，which，inordertodisplayitssympathyforHungary，sendsitsfooltoVienna，todrinkthesweetwineofTokay！\"
Thejockey，havinglookedforsometimeatthetallfigurewithevidentapprobation，winkedatmewiththatbrillianteyeofhisonwhichtherewasnospeck，saying，\"’Didyoueverseeatallerfellow？\"
\"Never，\"saidI。
\"Orafiner？\"
\"That’sanotherquestion，\"saidI，\"whichIamnotsowillingtoanswer；however，asIamfondoftruth，andscorntoflatter，IwilltakethelibertyofsayingthatIhaveseenafiner。\"
\"Afiner！where？\"saidthejockey；whilsttheHungarian，whoappearedtounderstandwhatwesaid，stoodstill，andlookedfullatme。
\"Amongstastrangesetofpeople，\"saidI，\"whom，ifIweretoname，youwould，Idaresay，onlylaughatme。\"
\"Whobethey？\"saidthejockey。\"Come，don’tbeashamed；I
haveoccasionallykeptqueerishcompanymyself。\"
\"Thepeoplewhomwecallgypsies，\"saidI；\"whomtheGermanscallZigeuner，andwhocallthemselvesRomanychals。\"
\"Zigeuner！\"saidtheHungarian；\"byIsten！Idoknowthosepeople。\"
\"Romanychals！\"saidthejockey；\"whew！Ibegintosmellarat。\"
\"Whatdoyoumeanbysmellingarat？\"saidI。
\"I’llbetacrown，\"saidthejockey，\"thatyoubetheyoungchapwhatcertainfolkscall’theRomanyRye。’\"
\"Ah！\"saidI，\"howcameyoutoknowthatname？\"
\"Benotyouhe？\"saidthejockey。
\"Why，Icertainlyhavebeencalledbythatname。\"
\"Icouldhaveswornit，\"saidthejockey；thenrisingfromhischair，helaidhispipeonthetable，tookalargehand—
bellwhichstoodontheside—board，andgoingtothedoor，openedit，andcommencedringinginamosttremendousmanneronthestaircase。Thenoisepresentlybroughtupawaiter，towhomthejockeyvociferated，\"Gotoyourmaster，andtellhimtosendimmediatelythreebottlesofchampagne，ofthepinkkind，mindyou，whichistwelveguineasadozen；\"thewaiterhurriedaway，andthejockeyresumedhisseatandhispipe。Isatinsilentastonishmentuntilthewaiterreturnedwithabasketcontainingthewine，which，withthreelongglasses，heplacedonthetable。Thejockeythengotup，andgoingtoalargebow—windowattheendoftheroom，whichlookedintoacourt—yard，peepedout；thensaying，\"thecoastisclear，\"heshutdowntheprincipalsashwhichwasopenforthesakeoftheair，andtakingupabottleofchampagne，heplacedanotherinthehandsoftheHungarian，towhomhesaidsomethinginprivate。Thelatter，whoseemedtounderstandhim，answeredbyanod。Thetwothengoingtotheendofthetablefrontingthewindow，andabouteightpacesfromit，stoodbeforeit，holdingthebottlesbytheirnecks；suddenlythejockeylifteduphisarm。\"Surely，\"saidI，\"youarenotmadenoughtoflingthatbottlethroughthewindow？\"\"Here’stotheRomanyRye；here’stothesweetmaster，\"saidthejockey，dashingthebottlethroughthepaneinsoneatamannerthatscarcelyaparticleofglassfellintotheroom。
\"Eljenedescsiganyur—eljenguleray！\"saidtheHungarian，swingingroundhisbottle，anddischargingitatthewindow；
but，eithernotpossessingthejockey’saccuracyofaim，orrecklessoftheconsequences，heflunghisbottleso，thatitstruckagainstpartofthewoodensettingofthepanes，breakingalongwiththewoodanditselfthreeorfourpanestopieces。Thecrashwashorrid，andwineandparticlesofglassflewbackintotheroom，tothenosmalldangerofitsinmates。\"Whatdoyouthinkofthat？\"saidthejockey；\"wereyoueversohonouredbefore？\"\"Honoured！\"saidI。\"Godpreservemeinfuturefromsuchhonour；\"andIputmyfingertomycheek，whichwasslightlyhurtbyaparticleoftheglass。\"That’sthewayweofthecofradyhonourgreatmenatHorncastle，\"saidthejockey。\"What，youarehurt！nevermind；allthebetter；yourscratchshowsthatyouarethebodythecomplimentwaspaidto。\"\"Andwhatareyougoingtodowiththeotherbottle？\"saidI。\"Dowithit！\"saidthejockey，\"why，drinkit，cosilyandcomfortably，whilstholdingalittlequiettalk。TheRomanyRyeatHorncastle，whatanidea！\"
\"Andwhatwillthemasterofthehousesaytoallthisdamagewhichyouhavecausedhim！\"
\"Whatwillyourmastersay，William？\"saidthejockeytothewaiter，whohadwitnessedthesingularscenejustdescribedwithoutexhibitingtheslightestmarkofsurprise。Williamsmiled，andslightlyshrugginghisshoulders，replied，\"Verylittle，Idaresay，sir；thisa’n’tthefirsttimeyourhonourhasdoneathingofthiskind。\"\"NorwillitbethefirsttimethatIshallhavepaidforit，\"saidthejockey；
\"well，IshallneverhavepaidforacertainiteminthebillwithmorepleasurethanIshallpayforitnow。Come，William，drawthecork，andletustastethepinkchampagne。\"
Thewaiterdrewthecork，andfilledtheglasseswithapinkyliquor，whichbubbled，hissed，andfoamed。\"Howdoyoulikeit？\"saidthejockey，afterIhadimitatedtheexampleofmycompanions，bydespatchingmyportionatadraught。
\"Itiswonderfulwine，\"saidI；\"Ihavenevertastedchampagnebefore，thoughIhavefrequentlyhearditpraised；
itmorethananswersmyexpectations；but，Iconfess，I
shouldnotwishtobeobligedtodrinkiteveryday。\"
\"NorI，\"saidthejockey，\"forevery—daydrinkinggivemeaglassofoldport，or—\"
\"Ofhardoldale，\"Iinterposed，\"which，accordingtomymind，isbetterthanallthewineintheworld。\"
\"Wellsaid，RomanyRye，\"saidthejockey，\"justmyownopinion；now，William，makeyourselfscarce。\"
Thewaiterwithdrew，andIsaidtothejockey，\"HowdidyoubecomeacquaintedwiththeRomanychals？\"
\"Ifirstbecameacquaintedwiththem，\"saidthejockey，\"whenIlivedwitholdFulcherthebasketmaker，whotookmeupwhenIwasadriftupontheworld；IdonotmeanthepresentFulcher，whoislikewisecalledoldFulcher，buthisfather，whohasbeendeadthismanyayear；whilelivingwithhiminthecaravan，Ifrequentlymettheminthegreenlanes，andoflatteryearsIhavehadoccasionaldealingswiththeminthehorseline。\"
\"Andthegypsieshavementionedmetoyou？\"saidI。
\"Frequently，\"saidthejockey，\"andnotonlythoseoftheseparts；why，there’sscarcelyapartofEnglandinwhichI
havenotheardthenameoftheRomanyRyementionedbythesepeople。Thepoweryouhaveoverthemiswonderful；thatis，Ishouldhavethoughtitwonderful，hadtheynotmorethanoncetoldmethecause。\"
\"Andwhatisthecause？\"saidI，\"forIamsureIdonotknow。\"
\"Thecauseisthis，\"saidthejockey，\"theyneverheardabadwordproceedfromyourmouth，andneverknewyoudoabadthing。\"
\"Theyareasingularpeople，\"saidI。
\"Andwhatasingularlanguagetheyhavegot，\"saidthejockey。
\"Doyouknowit？\"saidI。
\"Onlyafewwords，\"saidthejockey，\"theywerealwayscharyinteachingmeany。\"
\"Theywerevarysherrytometoo，\"saidtheHungarian，speakinginbrokenEnglish；\"Ionlycouldlearnfromthemhalf—a—dozenwords，forexample，guleray，which，inthecziganyofmycountry，meanssweetgentleman；oredesurinmyownMagyar。\"
\"GudloRye，intheRomanyofmine，meansasugar’dgentleman，\"saidI；\"thentherearegypsiesinyourcountry？\"
\"Plenty，\"saidtheHungarian，speakingGerman，\"andinRussiaandTurkeytoo；andwherevertheyarefound，theyarealikeintheirwaysandlanguage。Oh，theyareastrangerace，andhowlittleknown！Iknowlittleofthem，butenoughtosay，thatonehorse—loadofnonsensehasbeenwrittenaboutthem；
thereisoneValterScott—\"
\"Mindwhatyousayabouthim，\"saidI；\"heisourgrandauthorityinmattersofphilologyandhistory。\"
\"Aprettyphilologist，\"saidtheHungarian，\"whomakesthegypsiesspeakRoth—Welsch，thedialectofthieves；aprettyhistorian，whocouplestogetherThorandTzernebock。\"
\"Wheredoeshedothat？\"saidI。
\"Inhisconceitedromanceof’Ivanhoe，’hecouplesThorandTzernebocktogether，andcallsthemgodsoftheheathenSaxons。\"
\"Well，\"saidI，\"ThurorThorwascertainlyagodoftheheathenSaxons。\"
\"True，\"saidtheHungarian；\"butwhycouplehimwithTzernebock？TzernebockwasawordwhichyourValterhadpickedupsomewherewithoutknowingthemeaning。TzernebockwasnogodoftheSaxons，butoneofthegodsoftheSclaves，onthesouthernsideoftheBaltic。TheSclaveshadtwograndgodstowhomtheysacrificed，TzernebockandBielebock；
thatis，theblackandwhitegods，whorepresentedthepowersofdarkandlight。TheywereoverturnedbyWaldemar，theDane，thegreatenemyoftheSclaves；theaccountofwhosewarsyouwillfindinonefineoldbook，writtenbySaxoGramaticus，whichIreadinthelibraryofthecollegeofDebreczen。TheSclaves，atonetime，weremastersofallthesouthernshoreoftheBaltic，wheretheirdescendantsarestilltobefound，thoughtheyhavelosttheirlanguage，andcallthemselvesGermans；butthewordZernevitznearDantzic，stillatteststhattheSclaviclanguagewasoncecommoninthoseparts。Zernevitzmeansthethingofblackness，asTzernebockmeansthegodofblackness。Prussiaitselfmerelymeans，inSclavish，LowerRussia。ThereisscarcelyaraceorlanguageintheworldmoreextendedthantheSclavic。OntheothersideoftheDunauyouwillfindtheSclavesandtheirlanguage。CzernavodaisSclavic，andmeansblackwater；inTurkish，karasu；evenasTzernebockmeansblackgod；andBelgrade，orBelograd，meansthewhitetown；evenasBielebock，orBielebog，meansthewhitegod。Oh！heisonegreatignorant，thatValter。Heisgoing，theysay，towriteonehistoryaboutNapoleon。IdohopethatinhishistoryhewillcouplehisThorandTzernebocktogether。BymyGod！itwouldbegooddiversionthat。\"
\"WalterScottappearstobenoparticularfavouriteofyours，\"saidI。
\"Heisnot，\"saidtheHungarian；\"Ihatehimforhisslavishprinciples。Hewishestoseeabsolutepowerrestoredinthiscountry，andPoperyalso—andIhatehimbecause—whatdoyouthink？Inoneofhisnovels，publishedafewmonthsago，hehastheinsolencetoinsultHungaryinthepresenceofoneofhersons。Hemakeshisgreatbraggart，CoeurdeLion，flingaMagyaroverhishead。Ha！itwaswellforRichardthatheneverfeltthegripeofaHungarian。Iwishthebraggartcouldhavefeltthegripeofme，whoam’a’magyarokkoztlegkissebb，’theleastamongtheMagyars。IdohatethatScott，andallhisvilegangofLowlandersandHighlanders。Theblackcorps，thefeketeregimentofMatyjasHunyadi，wasworthalltheScots，highorlow，thateverpretendedtobesoldiers；andwouldhavesentthemallheadlongintotheBlackSea，hadtheydaredtoconfrontitonitsshores；butwhybeangrywithanignorant，whocouplestogetherThorandTzernebock？Ha！Ha！\"
\"Youhavereadhisnovels？\"saidI。
\"Yes，Ireadthemnowandthen。IdonotspeakmuchEnglish，butIcanreaditwell，andIhavereadsomeofhisromances，andmeantoreadhis’Napoleon，’inthehopeoffindingThorandTzernebockcoupledtogetherinit，asinhishigh—flying’Ivanhoe。’\"
\"Come，\"saidthejockey，\"nomoreDutch，whetherhighorlow。
Iamtiredofit；unlesswecanhavesomeEnglish，Iamofftobed。\"
\"IshouldbeverygladtohearsomeEnglish，\"saidI；
\"especiallyfromyourmouth。Severalthingswhichyouhavementioned，haveawakenedmycuriosity。Supposeyougiveusyourhistory？\"
\"Myhistory？\"saidthejockey。\"Arumidea！however，lestconversationshouldlag，I’llgiveityou。Firstofall，however，aglassofchampagnetoeach。\"
Afterwehadeachtakenaglassofchampagne，thejockeycommencedhishistory。
CHAPTERXLI
TheJockey’sTale—Thieves’Latin—LibertieswithCoin—
TheSmasherinPrison—OldFulcher—EveryOnehasHisGift—FashionoftheEnglish。
\"MYgrandfatherwasashorter，andmyfatherwasasmasher；
theonewasscragg’d，andtheotherlagg’d。\"
Ihereinterruptedthejockeybyobservingthathisdiscoursewas，forthegreaterpart，unintelligibletome。
\"IdonotunderstandmuchEnglish，\"saidtheHungarian，who，havingreplenishedandresumedhismightypipe，wasnowsmokingaway；\"but，byIsten，IbelieveitisthegibberishwhichthatgreatignorantValtherScottputsintothemouthsofthefolkshecallsgypsies。\"
\"Somethinglikeit，Iconfess，\"saidI，\"thoughthissoundsmoregenuinethanhisdialect，whichhepickedupoutofthecantingvocabularyattheendofthe’EnglishRogue，’abookwhich，howeverdespised，waswrittenbyaremarkablegenius。
Whatdoyoucallthespeechyouwereusing？\"saidI，addressingmyselftothejockey。
\"Latin，\"saidthejockey，verycoolly，\"thatis，thatdialectofitwhichisusedbythelight—fingeredgentry。\"
\"Heisright，\"saidtheHungarian；\"itiswhattheGermanscallRoth—Welsch：theycallitsobecausethereareagreatmanyLatinwordsinit，introducedbythepriests，who，atthetimeoftheReformation，beingtoolazytoworkandtoostupidtopreach，joinedthebandsofthievesandrobberswhoprowledaboutthecountry。Italy，asyouareaware，iscalledbytheGermansWelschland，orthelandoftheWelschers；andImayaddthatWallachiaderivesitsnamefromacolonyofWelscherswhichTrajansentthere。WelschandWallackbeingoneandthesameword，andtantamounttoLatin。\"
\"Idaresayyouareright，\"saidI；\"butwhywasItalytermedWelschland？\"
\"Idonotknow，\"saidtheHungarian。
\"ThenIthinkIcantellyou，\"saidI；\"itwascalledsobecausetheoriginalinhabitantswereaCimbrictribe，whowerecalledGwyltiad，thatis，araceofwildpeople，livingincoverts，whowereofthesameblood，andspokethesamelanguageasthepresentinhabitantsofWales。WelshseemsmerelyamodificationofGwyltiad。Praycontinueyourhistory，\"saidItothejockey，\"onlypleasetodosoinalanguagewhichwecanunderstand，andfirstofallinterpretthesentencewithwhichyoubeganit。\"
\"Itoldyouthatmygrandfatherwasashorter，\"saidthejockey，\"bywhichismeantagentlemanwhoshortensorreducesthecurrentcoinoftheserealms，forwhichpracticehewasscragged，thatis，hungbythescragoftheneck。AndwhenIsaidthatmyfatherwasasmasher，Imeantonewhopassesforgednotes，therebydoinghisbesttosmashtheBankofEngland；bybeinglagged，Imeanthewaslaidfast，thatis，hadachainputroundhislegandthentransported。\"
\"Yourexplanationsarequitesatisfactory，\"saidI；\"thethreefirstwordsaremetaphorical，andthefourth，lagged，istheoldgenuineNorseterm，lagda，whichsignifieslaid，whetherindurance，orinbed，hasnothingtodowiththematter。WhatyouhavetoldmeconfirmsmeinanopinionwhichIhavelongentertained，thatthieves’Latinisastrangemysteriousspeech，formedofmetaphoricalterms，andwordsderivedfromthevariousancientlanguages。Praytellme，now，howthegentleman，yourgrandfather，contrivedtoshortenthecoinoftheserealms？\"
\"Youshallhear，\"saidthejockey；\"butIhaveonethingtobegofyou，whichis，thatwhenIhaveoncebegunmyhistoryyouwillnotinterruptmewithquestions，Idon’tlikethem，theystopsone，andputsoneoutofone’stale，andarenotwanted；foranythingwhichIthinkcan’tbeunderstood，I
shouldmyselfexplain，withoutbeingasked。Mygrandfatherreducedorshortenedthecoinofthiscountrybythreeprocesses。Byaquafortis，byclipping，andbyfiling。
Filingandclippingheemployedinreducingallsortsofcoin，whethergoldorsilver；butaquafortisheusedmerelyinreducinggoldcoin，whetherguineas，jacobuses，orPortugalpieces，otherwisecalledmoidores，whichwereatonetimeascurrentasguineas。Bylayingaguineainaquafortisfortwelvehours，hecouldfilchfromittothevalueofninepence，andbylettingitremaintherefortwenty—fourtothevalueofeighteenpence，theaquafortiseatingthegoldaway，andleavingitlikeasedimentinthevessel。Hewasgenerallysatisfiedwithtakingthevalueofninepencefromaguinea，ofeighteenpencefromajacobusormoidore，orhalf—
a—crownfromabroadSpanishpiece，whetherhereducedthembyaquafortis，filing，orclipping。Fromafive—shillingpiece，whichiscalledabullinLatinbecauseitisroundlikeabull’shead，hewouldfileorcliptothevalueoffivepence，andfromlessercoininproportion。Hewasconnectedwithanumerousgang，orset，ofpeople，whohadgivenuptheirmindsandtalentsentirelytoshortening。\"
