INTRODUCTION
Perhapsthesentimentscontainedinthefollowingpages，arenotYETsufficientlyfashionabletoprocurethemgeneralfavour；
alonghabitofnotthinkingathingWRONG，givesitasuperficialappearanceofbeingRIGHT，andraisesatfirstaformidableoutcryindefenseofcustom。Butthetumultsoonsubsides。
Timemakesmoreconvertsthanreason。
Asalongandviolentabuseofpower，isgenerallytheMeansofcallingtherightofitinquestion（andinMatterstoowhichmightneverhavebeenthoughtof，hadnottheSufferersbeenaggravatedintotheinquiry）andastheKingofEnglandhathundertakeninhisOWNRIGHT，tosupporttheParliamentinwhathecallsTHEIRS，andasthegoodpeopleofthiscountryaregrievouslyoppressedbythecombination，theyhaveanundoubtedprivilegetoinquireintothepretensionsofboth，andequallytorejecttheusurpationofeither。
Inthefollowingsheets，theauthorhathstudiouslyavoidedeverythingwhichispersonalamongourselves。Complimentsaswellascensuretoindividualsmakenopartthereof。Thewise，andtheworthy，neednotthetriumphofapamphlet；andthosewhosesentimentsareinjudicious，orunfriendly，willceaseofthemselvesunlesstoomuchpainsarebestowedupontheirconversion。
ThecauseofAmericaisinagreatmeasurethecauseofallmankind。
Manycircumstanceshath，andwillarise，whicharenotlocal，butuniversal，andthroughwhichtheprinciplesofallLoversofMankindareaffected，andintheEventofwhich，theirAffectionsareinterested。
ThelayingaCountrydesolatewithFireandSword，declaringWaragainstthenaturalrightsofallMankind，andextirpatingtheDefendersthereoffromtheFaceoftheEarth，istheConcernofeveryMantowhomNaturehathgiventhePoweroffeeling；
ofwhichClass，regardlessofPartyCensure，istheAUTHOR。
P。S。ThePublicationofthisnewEditionhathbeendelayed，withaViewoftakingnotice（haditbeennecessary）
ofanyAttempttorefutetheDoctrineofIndependance：
AsnoAnswerhathyetappeared，itisnowpresumedthatnonewill，theTimeneedfulforgettingsuchaPerformancereadyforthePublicbeingconsiderablypast。
WhotheAuthorofthisProductionis，iswhollyunnecessarytothePublic，astheObjectforAttentionistheDOCTRINEITSELF，nottheMAN。Yetitmaynotbeunnecessarytosay，ThatheisunconnectedwithanyParty，andundernosortofInfluencepublicorprivate，buttheinfluenceofreasonandprinciple。
Philadelphia，February14，1776
OFTHEORIGINANDDESIGNOFGOVERNMENTINGENERAL。
WITHCONCISEREMARKSONTHEENGLISHCONSTITUTION
Somewritershavesoconfoundedsocietywithgovernment，astoleavelittleornodistinctionbetweenthem；
whereastheyarenotonlydifferent，buthavedifferentorigins。
Societyisproducedbyourwants，andgovernmentbyourwickedness；
theformerpromotesourPOSITIVELYbyunitingouraffections，thelatterNEGATIVELYbyrestrainingourvices。Theoneencouragesintercourse，theothercreatesdistinctions。
Thefirstapatron，thelastapunisher。
Societyineverystateisablessing，butgovernmenteveninitsbeststateisbutanecessaryevil；initsworststateanintolerableone；
forwhenwesuffer，orareexposedtothesamemiseriesBYAGOVERNMENT，whichwemightexpectinacountryWITHOUTGOVERNMENT，ourcalamityisheightenedbyreflectingthatwefurnishthemeansbywhichwesuffer。
Government，likedress，isthebadgeoflostinnocence；thepalacesofkingsarebuiltontheruinsofthebowersofparadise。Forweretheimpulsesofconscienceclear，uniform，andirresistiblyobeyed，manwouldneednootherlawgiver；butthatnotbeingthecase，hefindsitnecessarytosurrenderupapartofhispropertytofurnishmeansfortheprotectionoftherest；andthisheisinducedtodobythesameprudencewhichineveryothercaseadviseshimoutoftwoevilstochoosetheleast。WHEREFORE，securitybeingthetruedesignandendofgovernment，itunanswerablyfollows，thatwhateverFORMthereofappearsmostlikelytoensureittous，withtheleastexpenseandgreatestbenefit，ispreferabletoallothers。
Inordertogainaclearandjustideaofthedesignandendofgovernment，letussupposeasmallnumberofpersonssettledinsomesequesteredpartoftheearth，unconnectedwiththerest，theywillthenrepresentthefirstpeoplingofanycountry，oroftheworld。
Inthisstateofnaturalliberty，societywillbetheirfirstthought。
Athousandmotiveswillexcitethemthereto，thestrengthofonemanissounequaltohiswants，andhismindsounfittedforperpetualsolitude，thatheissoonobligedtoseekassistanceandreliefofanother，whoinhisturnrequiresthesame。Fourorfiveunitedwouldbeabletoraiseatolerabledwellinginthemidstofawilderness，butonemanmightlabouroutofthecommonperiodoflifewithoutaccomplishinganything；whenhehadfelledhistimberhecouldnotremoveit，norerectitafteritwasremoved；hungerinthemeantimewouldurgehimfromhiswork，andeverydifferentwantcallhimadifferentway。Disease，nayevenmisfortunewouldbedeath，forthoughneithermightbemortal，yeteitherwoulddisablehimfromliving，andreducehimtoastateinwhichhemightratherbesaidtoperishthantodie。
Thusnecessity，likeagravitatingpower，wouldsoonformournewlyarrivedemigrantsintosociety，thereciprocalblessingsofwhich，wouldsupersede，andrendertheobligationsoflawandgovernmentunnecessarywhiletheyremainedperfectlyjusttoeachother；
butasnothingbutheavenisimpregnabletovice，itwillunavoidablyhappen，thatinproportionastheysurmountthefirstdifficultiesofemigration，whichboundthemtogetherinacommoncause，theywillbegintorelaxintheirdutyandattachmenttoeachother；
andthisremissnesswillpointoutthenecessityofestablishingsomeformofgovernmenttosupplythedefectofmoralvirtue。
SomeconvenienttreewillaffordthemaState-House，underthebranchesofwhich，thewholecolonymayassembletodeliberateonpublicmatters。
ItismorethanprobablethattheirfirstlawswillhavethetitleonlyofREGULATIONS，andbeenforcedbynootherpenaltythanpublicdisesteem。
Inthisfirstparliamenteveryman，bynaturalright，willhaveaseat。
Butasthecolonyincreases，thepublicconcernswillincreaselikewise，andthedistanceatwhichthemembersmaybeseparated，willrenderittooinconvenientforallofthemtomeetoneveryoccasionasatfirst，whentheirnumberwassmall，theirhabitationsnear，andthepublicconcernsfewandtrifling。
Thiswillpointouttheconvenienceoftheirconsentingtoleavethelegislativeparttobemanagedbyaselectnumberchosenfromthewholebody，whoaresupposedtohavethesameconcernsatstakewhichthosewhoappointedthem，andwhowillactinthesamemannerasthewholebodywouldact，weretheypresent。
Ifthecolonycontinuesincreasing，itwillbecomenecessarytoaugmentthenumberoftherepresentatives，andthattheinterestofeverypartofthecolonymaybeattendedto，itwillbefoundbesttodividethewholeintoconvenientparts，eachpartsendingitspropernumber；andthattheELECTEDmightneverformtothemselvesaninterestseparatefromtheELECTORS，prudencewillpointouttheproprietyofhavingelectionsoften；becauseastheELECTED
mightbythatmeansreturnandmixagainwiththegeneralbodyoftheELECTORSinafewmonths，theirfidelitytothepublicwillbesecuredbytheprudentreflectionofnotmakingarodforthemselves。Andasthisfrequentinterchangewillestablishacommoninterestwitheverypartofthecommunity，theywillmutuallyandnaturallysupporteachother，andonthis（notontheunmeaningnameofking）dependstheSTRENGTHOFGOVERNMENT，ANDTHEHAPPINESSOFTHEGOVERNED。
Herethenistheoriginandriseofgovernment；namely，amoderenderednecessarybytheinabilityofmoralvirtuetogoverntheworld；
heretooisthedesignandendofgovernment，viz。freedomandsecurity。
Andhoweveroureyesmaybedazzledwithshow，orourearsdeceivedbysound；
howeverprejudicemaywarpourwills，orinterestdarkenourunderstanding，thesimplevoiceofnatureandofreasonwillsay，itisright。
Idrawmyideaoftheformofgovernmentfromaprincipleinnature，whichnoartcanoverturn，viz。thatthemoresimpleanythingis，thelessliableitistobedisordered；andtheeasierrepairedwhendisordered；andwiththismaximinview，IofferafewremarksonthesomuchboastedconstitutionofEngland。Thatitwasnobleforthedarkandslavishtimesinwhichitwaserected，isgranted。
Whentheworldwasoverrunwithtyrannytheleastremovetherefromwasagloriousrescue。Butthatitisimperfect，subjecttoconvulsions，andincapableofproducingwhatitseemstopromise，iseasilydemonstrated。
Absolutegovernments（tho’thedisgraceofhumannature）havethisadvantagewiththem，thattheyaresimple；ifthepeoplesuffer，theyknowtheheadfromwhichtheirsufferingsprings，knowlikewisetheremedy，andarenotbewilderedbyavarietyofcausesandcures。
ButtheconstitutionofEnglandissoexceedinglycomplex，thatthenationmaysufferforyearstogetherwithoutbeingabletodiscoverinwhichpartthefaultlies；somewillsayinoneandsomeinanother，andeverypoliticalphysicianwilladviseadifferentmedicine。
Iknowitisdifficulttogetoverlocalorlongstandingprejudices，yetifwewillsufferourselvestoexaminethecomponentpartsoftheEnglishconstitution，weshallfindthemtobethebaseremainsoftwoancienttyrannies，compoundedwithsomenewrepublicanmaterials。
FIRST-Theremainsofmonarchialtyrannyinthepersonoftheking。
SECONDLY-Theremainsofaristocraticaltyrannyinthepersonsofthepeers。
THIRDLY-Thenewrepublicanmaterialsinthepersonsofthecommons，onwhosevirtuedependsthefreedomofEngland。
Thetwofirst，bybeinghereditary，areindependentofthepeople；
whereforeinaCONSTITUTIONALSENSEtheycontributenothingtowardsthefreedomofthestate。
TosaythattheconstitutionofEnglandisaUNIONofthreepowersreciprocallyCHECKINGeachother，isfarcical，eitherthewordshavenomeaning，ortheyareflatcontradictions。
Tosaythatthecommonsisacheckupontheking，presupposestwothings：
FIRST-Thatthekingisnottobetrustedwithoutbeinglookedafter，orinotherwords，thatathirstforabsolutepoweristhenaturaldiseaseofmonarchy。
SECONDLY-Thatthecommons，bybeingappointedforthatpurpose，areeitherwiserormoreworthyofconfidencethanthecrown。
Butasthesameconstitutionwhichgivesthecommonsapowertocheckthekingbywithholdingthesupplies，givesafterwardsthekingapowertocheckthecommons，byempoweringhimtorejecttheirotherbills；
itagainsupposesthatthekingiswiserthanthosewhomithasalreadysupposedtobewiserthanhim。Amereabsurdity！
Thereissomethingexceedinglyridiculousinthecompositionofmonarchy；
itfirstexcludesamanfromthemeansofinformation，yetempowershimtoactincaseswherethehighestjudgmentisrequired。Thestateofakingshutshimfromtheworld，yetthebusinessofakingrequireshimtoknowitthoroughly；whereforethedifferentparts，byunnaturallyopposinganddestroyingeachother，provethewholecharactertobeabsurdanduseless。
SomewritershaveexplainedtheEnglishconstitutionthus：Theking，saythey，isone，thepeopleanother；thepeersareahouseinbehalfoftheking，thecommonsinbehalfofthepeople；butthishathallthedistinctionsofahousedividedagainstitself；andthoughtheexpressionsbepleasantlyarranged，yetwhenexamined，theyappearidleandambiguous；anditwillalwayshappen，thatthenicestconstructionthatwordsarecapableof，whenappliedtothedescriptionofsomethingwhicheithercannotexist，oristooincomprehensibletobewithinthecompassofdescription，willbewordsofsoundonly，andthoughtheymayamusetheear，theycannotinformthemind，forthisexplanationincludesapreviousquestion，viz。
HOWCAMETHEKINGBYAPOWERWHICHTHEPEOPLEAREAFRAIDTOTRUST，ANDALWAYSOBLIGEDTOCHECK？Suchapowercouldnotbethegiftofawisepeople，neithercananypower，WHICHNEEDSCHECKING，befromGod；yettheprovision，whichtheconstitutionmakes，supposessuchapowertoexist。
Buttheprovisionisunequaltothetask；themeanseithercannotorwillnotaccomplishtheend，andthewholeaffairisafelodese；
forasthegreaterweightwillalwayscarryuptheless，andasallthewheelsofamachineareputinmotionbyone，itonlyremainstoknowwhichpowerintheconstitutionhasthemostweight，forthatwillgovern；
andthoughtheothers，orapartofthem，mayclog，or，asthephraseis，checktherapidityofitsmotion，yetsolongastheycannotstopit，theirendeavourswillbeineffectual；thefirstmovingpowerwillatlasthaveitsway，andwhatitwantsinspeed，issuppliedbytime。
ThatthecrownisthisoverbearingpartintheEnglishconstitution，needsnotbementioned，andthatitderivesitswholeconsequencemerelyfrombeingthegiverofplacesandpensions，isself-evident，wherefore，thoughwehavebeenwiseenoughtoshutandlockadooragainstabsolutemonarchy，weatthesametimehavebeenfoolishenoughtoputthecrowninpossessionofthekey。
TheprejudiceofEnglishmeninfavouroftheirowngovernmentbyking，lords，andcommons，arisesasmuchormorefromnationalpridethanreason。
IndividualsareundoubtedlysaferinEnglandthaninsomeothercountries，buttheWILLofthekingisasmuchtheLAWofthelandinBritainasinFrance，withthisdifference，thatinsteadofproceedingdirectlyfromhismouth，itishandedtothepeopleunderthemoreformidableshapeofanactofparliament。ForthefateofCharlestheFirsthathonlymadekingsmoresubtle-notmorejust。
Wherefore，layingasideallnationalprideandprejudiceinfavourofmodesandforms，theplaintruthis，thatITISWHOLLYOWINGTOTHECONSTITUTIONOFTHEPEOPLE，ANDNOTTOTHECONSTITUTIONOFTHEGOVERNMENT，thatthecrownisnotasoppressiveinEnglandasinTurkey。
AninquiryintotheCONSTITUTIONALERRORSintheEnglishformofgovernmentisatthistimehighlynecessary；forasweareneverinaproperconditionofdoingjusticetoothers，whilewecontinueundertheinfluenceofsomeleadingpartiality，soneitherarewecapableofdoingittoourselveswhileweremainfetteredbyanyobstinateprejudice。
Andasaman。whoisattachedtoaprostitute，isunfittedtochooseorjudgeawife，soanyprepossessioninfavourofarottenconstitutionofgovernmentwilldisableusfromdiscerningagoodone。
OFMONARCHYANDHEREDITARYSUCCESSION
Mankindbeingoriginallyequalsintheorderofcreation，theequalitycouldonlybedestroyedbysomesubsequentcircumstance；thedistinctionsofrich，andpoor，mayinagreatmeasurebeaccountedfor，andthatwithouthavingrecoursetotheharsh，ill-soundingnamesofoppressionandavarice。
OppressionisoftentheCONSEQUENCE，butseldomornevertheMEANSofriches；
andthoughavaricewillpreserveamanfrombeingnecessitouslypoor，itgenerallymakeshimtootimoroustobewealthy。
Butthereisanotherandgreaterdistinction，forwhichnotrulynaturalorreligiousreasoncanbeassigned，andthatis，thedistinctionofmenintoKINGSandSUBJECTS。Maleandfemalearethedistinctionsofnature，goodandbadthedistinctionsofheaven；buthowaraceofmencameintotheworldsoexaltedabovetherest，anddistinguishedlikesomenewspecies，isworthinquiringinto，andwhethertheyarethemeansofhappinessorofmiserytomankind。
Intheearlyagesoftheworld，accordingtothescripturechronology，therewerenokings；theconsequenceofwhichwas，therewerenowars；
itistheprideofkingswhichthrowmankindintoconfusion。HollandwithoutakinghathenjoyedmorepeaceforthislastcenturythananyofthemonarchialgovernmentsinEurope。Antiquityfavoursthesameremark；forthequietandrurallivesofthefirstpatriarchshathahappysomethinginthem，whichvanishesawaywhenwecometothehistoryofJewishroyalty。
GovernmentbykingswasfirstintroducedintotheworldbytheHeathens，fromwhomthechildrenofIsraelcopiedthecustom。
ItwasthemostprosperousinventiontheDevileversetonfootforthepromotionofidolatry。TheHeathenspaiddivinehonourstotheirdeceasedkings，andtheChristianworldhathimprovedontheplan，bydoingthesametotheirlivingones。Howimpiousisthetitleofsacredmajestyappliedtoaworm，whointhemidstofhissplendoriscrumblingintodust！
Astheexaltingonemansogreatlyabovetherestcannotbejustifiedontheequalrightsofnature，soneithercanitbedefendedontheauthorityofscripture；forthewilloftheAlmighty，asdeclaredbyGideonandtheprophetSamuel，expresslydisapprovesofgovernmentbykings。Allanti-monarchicalpartsofscripturehavebeenverysmoothlyglossedoverinmonarchicalgovernments，buttheyundoubtedlymerittheattentionofcountrieswhichhavetheirgovernmentsyettoform。
RENDERUNTOCAESARTHETHINGSWHICHARECAESAR’Sisthescripturedoctrineofcourts，yetitisnosupportofmonarchicalgovernment，fortheJewsatthattimewerewithoutaking，andinastateofvassalagetotheRomans。
NowthreethousandyearspassedawayfromtheMosaicaccountofthecreation，tilltheJewsunderanationaldelusionrequestedaking。
Tillthentheirformofgovernment（exceptinextraordinarycases，wheretheAlmightyinterposed）wasakindofrepublicadministeredbyajudgeandtheeldersofthetribes。Kingstheyhadnone，anditwasheldsinfultoacknowledgeanybeingunderthattitlebuttheLordofHosts。Andwhenamanseriouslyreflectsontheidolatroushomagewhichispaidtothepersonsofkings，heneednotwonderthattheAlmighty，everjealousofhishonour，shoulddisapproveofaformofgovernmentwhichsoimpiouslyinvadestheprerogativeofheaven。
MonarchyisrankedinscriptureasoneofthesinsoftheJews，forwhichacurseinreserveisdenouncedagainstthem。
Thehistoryofthattransactionisworthattendingto。
ThechildrenofIsraelbeingoppressedbytheMidianites，Gideonmarchedagainstthemwithasmallarmy，andvictory，throughthedivineinterposition，decidedinhisfavour。TheJews，elatewithsuccess，andattributingittothegeneralshipofGideon，proposedmakinghimaking，saying，RULETHOUOVERUS，THOUANDTHY
SONANDTHYSON’SSON。Herewastemptationinitsfullestextent；
notakingdomonly，butanhereditaryone，butGideoninthepietyofhissoulreplied，IWILLNOTRULEOVERYOU，NEITHERSHALLMYSONRULEOVERYOU_THELORDSHALLRULEOVERYOU。_
Wordsneednotbemoreexplicit；Gideondothnotdeclinethehonour，butdenieththeirrighttogiveit；neitherdothhecomplimentthemwithinventeddeclarationsofhisthanks，butinthepositivestyleofaprophetchargesthemwithdisaffectiontotheirproperSovereign，theKingofheaven。
Aboutonehundredandthirtyyearsafterthis，theyfellagainintothesameerror。ThehankeringwhichtheJewshadfortheidolatrouscustomsoftheHeathens，issomethingexceedinglyunaccountable；butsoitwas，thatlayingholdofthemisconductofSamuel’stwosons，whowereentrustedwithsomesecularconcerns，theycameinanabruptandclamorousmannertoSamuel，saying，BEHOLDTHOUARTOLD，ANDTHY
SONSWALKNOTINTHYWAYS，NOWMAKEUSAKINGTOJUDGEUS，LIKEALL
OTHERNATIONS。Andherewecannotbutobservethattheirmotiveswerebad，viz。thattheymightbeLIKEuntoothernations，i。e。theHeathens，whereastheirtrueglorylaidinbeingasmuchUNLIKEthemaspossible。BUTTHETHINGDISPLEASEDSAMUELWHENTHEYSAID，GIVEUS
AKINGTOJUDGEUS；ANDSAMUELPRAYEDUNTOTHELORD，ANDTHELORD
SAIDUNTOSAMUEL，HEARKENUNTOTHEVOICEOFTHEPEOPLEINALLTHAT
THEYSAYUNTOTHEE，FORTHEYHAVENOTREJECTEDTHEE，BUTTHEYHAVE
REJECTEDME，_THATISHOULDNOTREIGNOVERTHEM。_ACCORDINGTO
ALLTHEWORKSWHICHTHEYHAVESINCETHEDAYTHATIBROUGHTTHEM
UPOUTOFEGYPT，EVENUNTOTHISDAY；WHEREWITHTHEYHAVEFORSAKENME
ANDSERVEDOTHERGODS；SODOTHEYALSOUNTOTHEE。NOWTHEREFOREHEARKEN
UNTOTHEIRVOICE，HOWBEIT，PROTESTSOLEMNLYUNTOTHEMANDSHEWTHEM
THEMANNEROFTHEKINGTHATSHALLREIGNOVERTHEM，I。E。notofanyparticularking，butthegeneralmannerofthekingsoftheearth，whomIsraelwassoeagerlycopyingafter。Andnotwithstandingthegreatdistanceoftimeanddifferenceofmanners，thecharacterisstillinfashion。ANDSAMUELTOLDALLTHEWORDSOFTHELORDUNTO
THEPEOPLE，THATASKEDOFHIMAKING。ANDHESAID，THISSHALLBE
THEMANNEROFTHEKINGTHATSHALLREIGNOVERYOU；HEWILLTAKEYOUR
SONSANDAPPOINTTHEMFORHIMSELF，FORHISCHARIOTS，ANDTOBEHIS
HORSEMAN，ANDSOMESHALLRUNBEFOREHISCHARIOTS（thisdescriptionagreeswiththepresentmodeofimpressingmen）ANDHEWILLAPPOINT
HIMCAPTAINSOVERTHOUSANDSANDCAPTAINSOVERFIFTIES，ANDWILLSETTHEM
TOEARHISGROUNDANDREAPHISHARVEST，ANDTOMAKEHISINSTRUMENTSOFWAR，ANDINSTRUMENTSOFHISCHARIOTS；ANDHEWILLTAKEYOURDAUGHTERS
TOBECONFECTIONARIES，ANDTOBECOOKSANDTOBEBAKERS
（thisdescribestheexpenseandluxuryaswellastheoppressionofkings）ANDHEWILLTAKEYOURFIELDSANDYOUROLIVEYARDS，EVENTHEBESTOFTHEM，ANDGIVETHEMTOHISSERVANTS；
ANDHEWILLTAKETHETENTHOFYOURSEED，ANDOFYOURVINEYARDS，ANDGIVETHEMTOHISOFFICERSANDTOHISSERVANTS
（bywhichweseethatbribery，corruption，andfavouritismarethestandingvicesofkings）ANDHEWILLTAKETHETENTH
OFYOURMENSERVANTS，ANDYOURMAIDSERVANTS，ANDYOUR
GOODLIESTYOUNGMENANDYOURASSES，ANDPUTTHEMTOHISWORK；
ANDHEWILLTAKETHETENTHOFYOURSHEEP，ANDYESHALLBEHISSERVANTS，ANDYESHALLCRYOUTINTHATDAYBECAUSEOFYOURKINGWHICHYESHALLHAVE
CHOSEN，_ANDTHELORDWILLNOTHEARYOUINTHATDAY。_
Thisaccountsforthecontinuationofmonarchy；
neitherdothecharactersofthefewgoodkingswhichhavelivedsince，eithersanctifythetitle，orblotoutthesinfulnessoftheorigin；
thehighencomiumgivenofDavidtakesnonoticeofhimOFFICIALLYASAKING，butonlyasaMANafterGod’sownheart。
NEVERTHELESSTHEPEOPLEREFUSEDTOOBEYTHEVOICEOFSAMUEL，ANDTHEYSAID，NAY，BUTWEWILLHAVEAKINGOVERUS，THATWEMAYBELIKEALLTHENATIONS，ANDTHATOURKINGMAYJUDGEUS，ANDGOOUTBEFOREUS，ANDFIGHTOURBATTLES。
Samuelcontinuedtoreasonwiththem，buttonopurpose；hesetbeforethemtheiringratitude，butallwouldnotavail；andseeingthemfullybentontheirfolly，hecriedout，IWILLCALLUNTOTHELORD，ANDHESHALLSENDTHUNDERANDRAIN（whichthenwasapunishment，beinginthetimeofwheatharvest）THATYEMAYPERCEIVEANDSEE
THATYOURWICKEDNESSISGREATWHICHYEHAVEDONEINTHESIGHTOFTHELORD，ANDTHELORDSENTTHUNDERANDRAINTHATDAY，ANDALLTHEPEOPLEGREATLY
FEAREDTHELORDANDSAMUEL。ANDALLTHEPEOPLESAIDUNTOSAMUEL，PRAYFORTHYSERVANTSUNTOTHELORDTHYGODTHATWEDIENOT，FOR_WEHAVEADDEDUNTOOURSINSTHISEVIL，TOASKAKING。_
Theseportionsofscripturearedirectandpositive。
Theyadmitofnoequivocalconstruction。ThattheAlmightyhathhereenteredhisprotestagainstmonarchicalgovernment，istrue，orthescriptureisfalse。Andamanhathgoodreasontobelievethatthereisasmuchofkingcraft，aspriestcraft，inwithholdingthescripturefromthepublicinPopishcountries。
FormonarchyineveryinstanceisthePoperyofgovernment。
Totheevilofmonarchywehaveaddedthatofhereditarysuccession；
andasthefirstisadegradationandlesseningofourselves，sothesecond，claimedasamatterofright，isaninsultandanimpositiononposterity。Forallmenbeingoriginallyequals，noONEbyBIRTHcouldhavearighttosetuphisownfamilyinperpetualpreferencetoallothersforever，andthoughhimselfmightdeserveSOME
decentdegreeofhonoursofhiscontemporaries，yethisdescendantsmightbefartoounworthytoinheritthem。OneofthestrongestNATURALproofsofthefollyofhereditaryrightinkings，is，thatnaturedisapprovesit，otherwiseshewouldnotsofrequentlyturnitintoridiculebygivingmankindanASSFORALION。
Secondly，asnomanatfirstcouldpossessanyotherpublichonoursthanwerebestoweduponhim，sothegiversofthosehonourscouldhavenopowertogiveawaytherightofposterity。Andthoughtheymightsay，\"WechoosesyouforOURhead，\"theycouldnot，withoutmanifestinjusticetotheirchildren，say，\"thatyourchildrenandyourchildren’schildrenshallreignoverOURSforever。\"Becausesuchanunwise，unjust，unnaturalcompactmight（perhaps）inthenextsuccessionputthemunderthegovernmentofarogueorafool。
Mostwisemen，intheirprivatesentiments，haveevertreatedhereditaryrightwithcontempt；yetitisoneofthoseevils，whichwhenonceestablishedisnoteasilyremoved；
manysubmitfromfear，othersfromsuperstition，andthemorepowerfulpartshareswiththekingtheplunderoftherest。
Thisissupposingthepresentraceofkingsintheworldtohavehadanhonourableorigin；whereasitismorethanprobable，thatcouldwetakeoffthedarkcoveringofantiquities，andtracethemtotheirfirstrise，thatweshouldfindthefirstofthemnothingbetterthantheprincipalruffianofsomerestlessgang，whosesavagemannersorpreeminenceinsubtletyobtainedthetitleofchiefamongplunderers；
andwhobyincreasinginpower，andextendinghisdepredations，overawedthequietanddefenselesstopurchasetheirsafetybyfrequentcontributions。Yethiselectorscouldhavenoideaofgivinghereditaryrighttohisdescendants，becausesuchaperpetualexclusionofthemselveswasincompatiblewiththefreeandunrestrainedprinciplestheyprofessedtoliveby。Wherefore，hereditarysuccessionintheearlyagesofmonarchycouldnottakeplaceasamatterofclaim，butassomethingcasualorcomplemental；butasfewornorecordswereextantinthosedays，andtraditionalhistorystuffedwithfables，itwasveryeasy，afterthelapseofafewgenerations，totrumpupsomesuperstitioustale，convenientlytimed，Mahometlike，tocramhereditaryrightdownthethroatsofthevulgar。Perhapsthedisorderswhichthreatened，orseemedtothreaten，onthedeceaseofaleaderandthechoiceofanewone（forelectionsamongruffianscouldnotbeveryorderly）inducedmanyatfirsttofavourhereditarypretensions；bywhichmeansithappened，asithathhappenedsince，thatwhatatfirstwassubmittedtoasaconvenience，wasafterwardsclaimedasaright。
England，sincetheconquest，hathknownsomefewgoodmonarchs，butgroanedbeneathamuchlargernumberofbadones；yetnomaninhissensescansaythattheirclaimunderWilliamtheConquerorisaveryhonourableone。AFrenchbastardlandingwithanarmedbanditti，andestablishinghimselfkingofEnglandagainsttheconsentofthenatives，isinplaintermsaverypaltryrascallyoriginal。Itcertainlyhathnodivinityinit。However，itisneedlesstospendmuchtimeinexposingthefollyofhereditaryright；ifthereareanysoweakastobelieveit，letthempromiscuouslyworshiptheassandlion，andwelcome。
Ishallneithercopytheirhumility，nordisturbtheirdevotion。
YetIshouldbegladtoaskhowtheysupposekingscameatfirst？Thequestionadmitsbutofthreeanswers，viz。eitherbylot，byelection，orbyusurpation。Ifthefirstkingwastakenbylot，itestablishesaprecedentforthenext，whichexcludeshereditarysuccession。Saulwasbylot，yetthesuccessionwasnothereditary，neitherdoesitappearfromthattransactiontherewasanyintentionitevershouldbe。Ifthefirstkingofanycountrywasbyelection，thatlikewiseestablishesaprecedentforthenext；fortosay，thattheRIGHTofallfuturegenerationsistakenaway，bytheactofthefirstelectors，intheirchoicenotonlyofaking，butofafamilyofkingsforever，hathnoparallelinoroutofscripturebutthedoctrineoforiginalsin，whichsupposesthefreewillofallmenlostinAdam；
andfromsuchcomparison，anditwilladmitofnoother，hereditarysuccessioncanderivenoglory。ForasinAdamallsinned，andasinthefirstelectorsallmenobeyed；asintheoneallmankindweresubjectedtoSatan，andintheothertoSovereignty；asourinnocencewaslostinthefirst，andourauthorityinthelast；andasbothdisableusfromreassumingsomeformerstateandprivilege，itunanswerablyfollowsthatoriginalsinandhereditarysuccessionareparallels。
Dishonourablerank！Ingloriousconnection！Yetthemostsubtlesophistcannotproduceajustersimile。
Astousurpation，nomanwillbesohardyastodefendit；andthatWilliamtheConquerorwasanusurperisafactnottobecontradicted。
Theplaintruthis，thattheantiquityofEnglishmonarchywillnotbearlookinginto。
Butitisnotsomuchtheabsurdityastheevilofhereditarysuccessionwhichconcernsmankind。Diditensurearaceofgoodandwisemenitwouldhavethesealofdivineauthority，butasitopensadoortotheFOOLISH，theWICKED，andtheIMPROPER，ithathinitthenatureofoppression。Menwholookuponthemselvesborntoreign，andotherstoobey，soongrowinsolent；selectedfromtherestofmankindtheirmindsareearlypoisonedbyimportance；
andtheworldtheyactindifferssomateriallyfromtheworldatlarge，thattheyhavebutlittleopportunityofknowingitstrueinterests，andwhentheysucceedtothegovernmentarefrequentlythemostignorantandunfitofanythroughoutthedominions。
Anotherevilwhichattendshereditarysuccessionis，thatthethroneissubjecttobepossessedbyaminoratanyage；allwhichtimetheregency，actingunderthecoveraking，haveeveryopportunityandinducementtobetraytheirtrust。Thesamenationalmisfortunehappens，whenaking，wornoutwithageandinfirmity，entersthelaststageofhumanweakness。Inboththesecasesthepublicbecomesapreytoeverymiscreant，whocantampersuccessfullywiththefollieseitherofageorinfancy。
Themostplausibleplea，whichhatheverbeenofferedinfavourofhereditarysuccession，is，thatitpreservesanationfromcivilwars；
andwerethistrue，itwouldbeweighty；whereas，itisthemostbarefacedfalsityeverimposeduponmankind。ThewholehistoryofEnglanddisownsthefact。Thirtykingsandtwominorshavereignedinthatdistractedkingdomsincetheconquest，inwhichtimetherehavebeen（includingtheRevolution）nolessthaneightcivilwarsandnineteenrebellions。Whereforeinsteadofmakingforpeace，itmakesagainstit，anddestroystheveryfoundationitseemstostandon。
Thecontestformonarchyandsuccession，betweenthehousesofYorkandLancaster，laidEnglandinasceneofbloodformanyyears。
Twelvepitchedbattles，besidesskirmishesandsieges，werefoughtbetweenHenryandEdward。TwicewasHenryprisonertoEdward，whoinhisturnwasprisonertoHenry。Andsouncertainisthefateofwarandthetemperofanation，whennothingbutpersonalmattersarethegroundofaquarrel，thatHenrywastakenintriumphfromaprisontoapalace，andEdwardobligedtoflyfromapalacetoaforeignland；yet，assuddentransitionsoftemperareseldomlasting，Henryinhisturnwasdrivenfromthethrone，andEdwardrecalledtosucceedhim。
Theparliamentalwaysfollowingthestrongestside。
ThiscontestbeganinthereignofHenrytheSixth，andwasnotentirelyextinguishedtillHenrytheSeventh，inwhomthefamilieswereunited。
Includingaperiodof67years，viz。from1422to1489。
Inshort，monarchyandsuccessionhavelaid（notthisorthatkingdomonly）
buttheworldinbloodandashes。TisaformofgovernmentwhichthewordofGodbearstestimonyagainst，andbloodwillattendit。
Ifweinquireintothebusinessofaking，weshallfindthatinsomecountriestheyhavenone；andaftersaunteringawaytheirliveswithoutpleasuretothemselvesoradvantagetothenation，withdrawfromthescene，andleavetheirsuccessorstotreadthesameidleground。Inabsolutemonarchiesthewholeweightofbusiness，civilandmilitary，liesontheking；thechildrenofIsraelintheirrequestforaking，urgedthisplea\"thathemayjudgeus，andgooutbeforeusandfightourbattles。\"Butincountrieswhereheisneitherajudgenorageneral，asinEngland，amanwouldbepuzzledtoknowwhatIShisbusiness。
Theneareranygovernmentapproachestoarepublicthelessbusinessthereisforaking。ItissomewhatdifficulttofindapropernameforthegovernmentofEngland。SirWilliamMeredithcallsitarepublic；
butinitspresentstateitisunworthyofthename，becausethecorruptinfluenceofthecrown，byhavingalltheplacesinitsdisposal，hathsoeffectuallyswallowedupthepower，andeatenoutthevirtueofthehouseofcommons（therepublicanpartintheconstitution）
thatthegovernmentofEnglandisnearlyasmonarchicalasthatofFranceorSpain。Menfalloutwithnameswithoutunderstandingthem。
ForitistherepublicanandnotthemonarchicalpartoftheconstitutionofEnglandwhichEnglishmengloryin，viz。thelibertyofchoosinganhouseofcommonsfromoutoftheirownbody-anditiseasytoseethatwhenrepublicanvirtuefails，slaveryensues。WhyistheconstitutionofEnglandsickly，butbecausemonarchyhathpoisonedtherepublic，thecrownhathengrossedthecommons？
InEnglandakinghathlittlemoretodothantomakewarandgiveawayplaces；whichinplainterms，istoimpoverishthenationandsetittogetherbytheears。Aprettybusinessindeedforamantobeallowedeighthundredthousandsterlingayearfor，andworshippedintothebargain！OfmoreworthisonehonestmantosocietyandinthesightofGod，thanallthecrownedruffiansthateverlived。
THOUGHTSONTHEPRESENTSTATEOFAMERICANAFFAIRS
InthefollowingpagesIoffernothingmorethansimplefacts，plainarguments，andcommonsense；andhavenootherPreliminariestosettlewiththereader，thanthathewilldivesthimselfofprejudiceandprepossession，andsufferhisreasonandhisfeelingstodetermineforthemselves；thathewillputON，orratherthathewillnotputOFF
thetruecharacterofaman，andgenerouslyenlargehisviewsbeyondthepresentday。
VolumeshavebeenwrittenonthesubjectofthestrugglebetweenEnglandandAmerica。Menofallrankshaveembarkedinthecontroversy，fromdifferentmotives，andwithvariousdesigns；butallhavebeenineffectual，andtheperiodofdebateisclosed。Arms，asthelastresource，decidethiscontest；theappealwasthechoiceoftheking，andthecontinenthathacceptedthechallenge。
IthathbeenreportedofthelateMr。Pelham（whotho’anableministerwasnotwithouthisfaults）thatonhisbeingattackedinthehouseofcommons，onthescore，thathismeasureswereonlyofatemporarykind，replied\"THEYWILLLASTMYTIME。\"
Shouldathoughtsofatalandunmanlypossessthecoloniesinthepresentcontest，thenameofancestorswillberememberedbyfuturegenerationswithdetestation。
Thesunnevershinedonacauseofgreaterworth。’Tisnottheaffairofacity，acounty，aprovince，orakingdom，butofacontinent-ofatleastoneeighthpartofthehabitableglobe。
’Tisnottheconcernofaday，ayear，oranage；posterityarevirtuallyinvolvedinthecontest，andwillbemoreorlessaffected，eventotheendoftime，bytheproceedingsnow。
Nowistheseed-timeofcontinentalunion，faithandhonour。
Theleastfracturenowwillbelikeanameengravedwiththepointofapinonthetenderrindofayoungoak；thewoundwillenlargewiththetree，andposterityreaditinfullgrowncharacters。
