第3章

Thisistheirnotionofvirtueandofpleasure;theythinkthatno man’sreasoncancarryhimtoatruerideaofthem，unlesssome discoveryfromheavenshouldinspirehimwithsublimernotions。I havenotnowtheleisuretoexaminewhethertheythinkrightor wronginthismatter：nordoIjudgeitnecessary，forIhaveonly undertakentogiveyouanaccountoftheirconstitution，butnot todefendalltheirprinciples。Iamsure，thatwhatsoevermaybe saidoftheirnotions，thereisnotinthewholeworldeithera betterpeopleorahappiergovernment：theirbodiesarevigorous andlively;andthoughtheyarebutofamiddlestature，andhave neitherthefruitfullestsoilnorthepurestairintheworld，yet theyfortifythemselvessowellbytheirtemperatecourseoflife， againsttheunhealthinessoftheirair，andbytheirindustrythey socultivatetheirsoil，thatthereisnowheretobeseena greaterincreasebothofcornandcattle，norarethereanywhere healthiermenandfreerfromdiseases：foronemaytheresee reducedtopractice，notonlyalltheartsthatthehusbandman employsinmanuringandimprovinganillsoil，butwholewoods pluckedupbytheroots，andinotherplacesnewonesplanted， wheretherewerenonebefore。 Theirprincipalmotiveforthisistheconvenienceofcarriage， thattheirtimbermaybeeitherneartheirtownsorgrowingonthe banksoftheseaorofsomerivers，soastobefloatedtothem; foritisaharderworktocarrywoodatanydistanceoverland， thancorn。Thepeopleareindustrious，apttolearn，aswellas cheerfulandpleasant;andnonecanenduremorelabor，whenitis necessary;butexceptinthatcasetheylovetheirease。Theyare unweariedpursuersofknowledge;forwhenwehadgiventhemsome hintsofthelearninganddisciplineoftheGreeks，concerning whomweonlyinstructedthem（forweknowthattherewasnothing amongtheRomans，excepttheirhistoriansandtheirpoets，that theywouldvaluemuch），itwasstrangetoseehoweagerlythey weresetonlearningthatlanguage。Webegantoreadalittleof ittothem，ratherincompliancewiththeirimportunity，thanout ofanyhopesoftheirreapingfromitanygreatadvantage。But afteraveryshorttrial，wefoundtheymadesuchprogress，that wesawourlaborwasliketobemoresuccessfulthanwecouldhave expected。Theylearnedtowritetheircharactersandtopronounce theirlanguagesoexactly，hadsoquickanapprehension，they remembereditsofaithfully，andbecamesoreadyandcorrectin theuseofit，thatitwouldhavelookedlikeamiracleifthe greaterpartofthosewhomwetaughthadnotbeenmenbothof extraordinarycapacityandofafitageforinstruction。Theywere forthegreatestpartchosenfromamongtheirlearnedmen，by theirchiefCouncil，thoughsomestudieditoftheirownaccord。 Inthreeyears’timetheybecamemastersofthewholelanguage，so thattheyreadthebestoftheGreekauthorsveryexactly。Iam indeedapttothinkthattheylearnedthatlanguagethemore easily，fromitshavingsomerelationtotheirown。Ibelievethat theywereacolonyoftheGreeks;forthoughtheirlanguagecomes nearerthePersian，yettheyretainmanynames，bothfortheir townsandmagistrates，thatareofGreekderivation。 Ihappenedtocarryagreatmanybookswithme，insteadof merchandise，whenIsailedmyfourthvoyage;forIwassofarfrom thinkingofsooncomingback，thatIratherthoughtnevertohave returnedatall，andIgavethemallmybooks，amongwhichwere manyofPlato’sandsomeofAristotle’sworks。Ihadalso Theophrastus\"OnPlants，\"which，tomygreatregret，was imperfect;forhavinglaiditcarelesslyby，whilewewereatsea， amonkeyhadseizeduponit，andinmanyplacestornoutthe leaves。TheyhavenobooksofgrammarbutLascares，forIdidnot carryTheodoruswithme;norhavetheyanydictionariesbut HesichiusandDioscorides。TheyesteemPlutarchhighly，andwere muchtakenwithLucian’switandwithhispleasantwayofwriting。 Asforthepoets，theyhaveAristophanes，Homer，Euripides，and SophoclesofAldus’sedition;andforhistoriansThucydides， Herodotus，andHerodian。Oneofmycompanions，ThriciusApinatus， happenedtocarrywithhimsomeofHippocrates’sworks，and Galen’s\"Microtechne，\"whichtheyholdingreatestimation;for thoughthereisnonationintheworldthatneedsphysicsolittle astheydo，yetthereisnotanythathonorsitsomuch：they reckontheknowledgeofitoneofthepleasantestandmost profitablepartsofphilosophy，bywhich，astheysearchintothe secretsofnature，sotheynotonlyfindthisstudyhighly agreeable，butthinkthatsuchinquiriesareveryacceptableto theAuthorofnature;andimaginethatasHe，liketheinventors ofcuriousenginesamongmankind，hasexposedthisgreatmachine oftheuniversetotheviewoftheonlycreaturescapableof contemplatingit，soanexactandcuriousobserver，whoadmires Hisworkmanship，ismuchmoreacceptabletoHimthanoneofthe herd，who，likeabeastincapableofreason，looksonthis gloriousscenewiththeeyesofadullandunconcernedspectator。 ThemindsoftheUtopians，whenfencedwithaloveforlearning， areveryingeniousindiscoveringallsuchartsasarenecessary tocarryittoperfection。Twothingstheyowetous，the manufactureofpaperandtheartofprinting：yettheyarenotso entirelyindebtedtousforthesediscoveriesbutthatagreat partoftheinventionwastheirown。Weshowedthemsomebooks printedbyAldus，weexplainedtothemthewayofmakingpaper， andthemysteryofprinting;butaswehadneverpractisedthese arts，wedescribedtheminacrudeandsuperficialmanner。They seizedthehintswegavethem，andthoughatfirsttheycouldnot arriveatperfection，yetbymakingmanyessaystheyatlastfound outandcorrectedalltheirerrors，andconqueredevery difficulty。Beforethistheyonlywroteonparchment，onreeds，or onthebarkoftrees;butnowtheyhaveestablishedthe manufactureofpaper，andsetupprinting-presses，sothatifthey hadbutagoodnumberofGreekauthorstheywouldbequickly suppliedwithmanycopiesofthem：atpresent，thoughtheyhaveno morethanthoseIhavementioned，yetbyseveralimpressionsthey havemultipliedthemintomanythousands。 Ifanymanwastogoamongthemthathadsomeextraordinary talent，orthatbymuchtravellinghadobservedthecustomsof manynations（whichmadeustobesowellreceived），hewould receiveaheartywelcome;fortheyareverydesiroustoknowthe stateofthewholeworld。Veryfewgoamongthemontheaccountof traffic，forwhatcanamancarrytothembutironorgoldor silver，whichmerchantsdesirerathertoexportthanimporttoa strangecountry：andasfortheirexportation，theythinkit bettertomanagethatthemselvesthantoleaveittoforeigners， forbythismeans，astheyunderstandthestateoftheneighboring countriesbetter，sotheykeepuptheartofnavigation，which cannotbemaintainedbutbymuchpractice。 BOOKII：OFTHEIRSLAVES，ANDOFTHEIRMARRIAGES THEYdonotmakeslavesofprisonersofwar，exceptthosethatare takeninbattle;norofthesonsoftheirslaves，norofthoseof othernations：theslavesamongthemareonlysuchasare condemnedtothatstateoflifeforthecommissionofsomecrime， or，whichismorecommon，suchastheirmerchantsfindcondemned todieinthosepartstowhichtheytrade，whomtheysometimes redeematlowrates;andinotherplaceshavethemfornothing。 Theyarekeptatperpetuallabor，andarealwayschained，butwith thisdifference，thattheirownnativesaretreatedmuchworse thanothers;theyareconsideredasmoreprofligatethantherest， andsincetheycouldnotberestrainedbytheadvantagesofso excellentaneducation，arejudgedworthyofharderusage。Another sortofslavesarethepooroftheneighboringcountries，who offeroftheirownaccordtocomeandservethem;theytreatthese better，andusetheminallotherrespectsaswellastheirown countrymen，excepttheirimposingmorelaboruponthem，whichis nohardtasktothosethathavebeenaccustomedtoit;andifany ofthesehaveamindtogobacktotheirowncountry，whichindeed fallsoutbutseldom，astheydonotforcethemtostay，sothey donotsendthemawayempty-handed。 Ihavealreadytoldyouwithwhatcaretheylookaftertheirsick， sothatnothingisleftundonethatcancontributeeithertotheir easeorhealth：andforthosewhoaretakenwithfixedand incurablediseases，theyuseallpossiblewaystocherishthem， andtomaketheirlivesascomfortableaspossible。Theyvisit themoften，andtakegreatpainstomaketheirtimepassoff easily：butwhenanyistakenwithatorturingandlingeringpain， sothatthereisnohope，eitherofrecoveryorease，thepriests andmagistratescomeandexhortthem，thatsincetheyarenow unabletogoonwiththebusinessoflife，arebecomeaburdento themselvesandtoallaboutthem，andtheyhavereallyoutlived themselves，theyshouldnolongernourishsucharooteddistemper， butchooserathertodie，sincetheycannotlivebutinmuch misery：beingassured，thatiftheythusdeliverthemselvesfrom torture，orarewillingthatothersshoulddoit，theyshallbe happyafterdeath。Sincebytheiractingthus，theylosenoneof thepleasuresbutonlythetroublesoflife，theythinkthey behavenotonlyreasonably，butinamannerconsistentwith religionandpiety;becausetheyfollowtheadvicegiventhemby theirpriests，whoaretheexpoundersofthewillofGod。Suchas arewroughtonbythesepersuasions，eitherstarvethemselvesof theirownaccord，ortakeopium，andbythatmeansdiewithout pain。Butnomanisforcedonthiswayofendinghislife;andif theycannotbepersuadedtoit，thisdoesnotinducethemtofail intheirattendanceandcareofthem;butastheybelievethata voluntarydeath，whenitischosenuponsuchanauthority，isvery honorable，soifanymantakesawayhisownlifewithoutthe approbationofthepriestsandtheSenate，theygivehimnoneof thehonorsofadecentfuneral，butthrowhisbodyintoaditch。 Theirwomenarenotmarriedbeforeeighteen，northeirmenbefore two-and-twenty，andifanyofthemrunintoforbiddenembraces beforemarriagetheyareseverelypunished，andtheprivilegeof marriageisdeniedthem，unlesstheycanobtainaspecialwarrant fromthePrince。Suchdisorderscastagreatreproachuponthe masterandmistressofthefamilyinwhichtheyhappen，foritis supposedthattheyhavefailedintheirduty。Thereasonof punishingthissoseverelyis，becausetheythinkthatifthey werenotstrictlyrestrainedfromallvagrantappetites，veryfew wouldengageinastateinwhichtheyventurethequietoftheir wholelives，bybeingconfinedtooneperson，andareobligedto endurealltheinconvenienceswithwhichitisaccompanied。 Inchoosingtheirwivestheyuseamethodthatwouldappeartous veryabsurdandridiculous，butitisconstantlyobservedamong them，andisaccountedperfectlyconsistentwithwisdom。Before marriagesomegravematronpresentsthebridenaked，whethershe isavirginorawidow，tothebridegroom;andafterthatsome gravemanpresentsthebridegroomnakedtothebride。Weindeed bothlaughedatthis，andcondemneditasveryindecent。Butthey， ontheotherhand，wonderedatthefollyofthemenofallother nations，who，iftheyarebuttobuyahorseofasmallvalue，are socautiousthattheywillseeeverypartofhim，andtakeoff bothhissaddleandallhisothertackle，thattheremaybeno secretulcerhidunderanyofthem;andthatyetinthechoiceof awife，onwhichdependsthehappinessorunhappinessoftherest ofhislife，amanshouldventureupontrust，andonlyseeabouta hand’s-breadthoftheface，alltherestofthebodybeing covered，underwhichtheremayliehidwhatmaybecontagiousas wellasloathsome。Allmenarenotsowiseastochooseawoman onlyforhergoodqualities;andevenwisemenconsiderthebody asthatwhichaddsnotalittletothemind：anditiscertain theremaybesomesuchdeformitycoveredwiththeclothesasmay totallyalienateamanfromhiswifewhenitistoolatetopart fromher。Ifsuchathingisdiscoveredaftermarriage，amanhas noremedybutpatience。Theythereforethinkitisreasonablethat thereshouldbegoodprovisionmadeagainstsuchmischievous frauds。 Therewassomuchthemorereasonforthemtomakearegulationin thismatter，becausetheyaretheonlypeopleofthosepartsthat neitherallowofpolygamynorofdivorces，exceptinthecaseof adulteryorinsufferableperverseness;forinthesecasesthe Senatedissolvesthemarriage，andgrantstheinjuredpersonleave tomarryagain;buttheguiltyaremadeinfamous，andarenever allowedtheprivilegeofasecondmarriage。Nonearesufferedto putawaytheirwivesagainsttheirwills，fromanygreatcalamity thatmayhavefallenontheirpersons;fortheylookonitasthe heightofcrueltyandtreacherytoabandoneitherofthemarried personswhentheyneedmostthetendercareoftheircomfort，and thatchieflyinthecaseofoldage，whichasitcarriesmany diseasesalongwithit，soitisadiseaseofitself。Butit frequentlyfallsoutthatwhenamarriedcoupledonotwellagree， theybymutualconsentseparate，andfindoutotherpersonswith whomtheyhopetheymaylivemorehappily。Yetthisisnotdone withoutobtainingleaveoftheSenate，whichneveradmitsofa divorcebutuponastrictinquirymade，bothbytheSenatorsand theirwives，intothegroundsuponwhichitisdesired;andeven whentheyaresatisfiedconcerningthereasonsofit，theygoon butslowly，fortheyimaginethattoogreateasinessingranting leavefornewmarriageswouldverymuchshakethekindnessof marriedpeople。Theypunishseverelythosethatdefilethe marriage-bed。Ifbothpartiesaremarriedtheyaredivorced，and theinjuredpersonsmaymarryoneanother，orwhomtheyplease; buttheadultererandtheadulteressarecondemnedtoslavery。Yet ifeitheroftheinjuredpersonscannotshakeofftheloveofthe marriedperson，theymaylivewiththemstillinthatstate，but theymustfollowthemtothatlabortowhichtheslavesare condemned;andsometimestherepentanceofthecondemned，together withtheunshakenkindnessoftheinnocentandinjuredperson，has prevailedsofarwiththePrincethathehastakenoffthe sentence;butthosethatrelapseaftertheyareoncepardonedare punishedwithdeath。 Theirlawdoesnotdeterminethepunishmentforothercrimes;but thatislefttotheSenate，totemperitaccordingtothe circumstancesofthefact。Husbandshavepowertocorrecttheir wives，andparentstochastisetheirchildren，unlessthefaultis sogreatthatapublicpunishmentisthoughtnecessaryfor strikingterrorintoothers。Forthemostpart，slaveryisthe punishmentevenofthegreatestcrimes;forasthatisnoless terribletothecriminalsthemselvesthandeath，sotheythinkthe preservingtheminastateofservitudeismorefortheinterest ofthecommonwealththankillingthem;sinceastheirlaborisa greaterbenefittothepublicthantheirdeathcouldbe，sothe sightoftheirmiseryisamorelastingterrortoothermenthan thatwhichwouldbegivenbytheirdeath。Iftheirslavesrebel， andwillnotbeartheiryokeandsubmittothelaborthatis enjoinedthem，theyaretreatedaswildbeaststhatcannotbekept inorder，neitherbyaprisonnorbytheirchains，andareatlast puttodeath。Butthosewhobeartheirpunishmentpatiently，and aresomuchwroughtonbythatpressurethatliessohardonthem thatitappearstheyarereallymoretroubledforthecrimesthey havecommittedthanforthemiseriestheysuffer，arenotoutof hopebutthatatlasteitherthePrincewill，byhisprerogative， orthepeoplebytheirintercession，restorethemagaintotheir liberty，oratleastverymuchmitigatetheirslavery。Hethat temptsamarriedwomantoadulteryisnolessseverelypunished thanhethatcommitsit;fortheybelievethatadeliberatedesign tocommitacrimeisequaltothefactitself：sinceitsnot takingeffectdoesnotmakethepersonthatmiscarriedinhis attemptatallthelessguilty。 Theytakegreatpleasureinfools，andasitisthoughtabaseand unbecomingthingtousethemill，sotheydonotthinkitamiss forpeopletodivertthemselveswiththeirfolly：and，intheir opinion，thisisagreatadvantagetothefoolsthemselves：forif menweresosullenandsevereasnotatalltopleasethemselves withtheirridiculousbehaviorandfoolishsayings，whichisall thattheycandotorecommendthemselvestoothers，itcouldnot beexpectedthattheywouldbesowellprovidedfor，norso tenderlyusedastheymustotherwisebe。Ifanymanshould reproachanotherforhisbeingmisshapedorimperfectinanypart ofhisbody，itwouldnotatallbethoughtareflectiononthe personsotreated，butitwouldbeaccountedscandalousinhim thathadupbraidedanotherwithwhathecouldnothelp。Itis thoughtasignofasluggishandsordidmindnottopreserve carefullyone’snaturalbeauty;butitislikewiseinfamousamong themtousepaint。Theyallseethatnobeautyrecommendsawife somuchtoherhusbandastheprobityofherlife，andher obedience：forassomefewarecaughtandheldonlybybeauty，so allareattractedbytheotherexcellenceswhichcharmallthe world。 Astheyfrightmenfromcommittingcrimesbypunishments，sothey invitethemtotheloveofvirtuebypublichonors：thereforethey erectstatuestothememoriesofsuchworthymenashavedeserved welloftheircountry，andsettheseintheirmarket-places，both toperpetuatetheremembranceoftheiractions，andtobean incitementtotheirposteritytofollowtheirexample。 Ifanymanaspirestoanyoffice，heissurenevertocompassit： theyallliveeasilytogether，fornoneofthemagistratesare eitherinsolentorcrueltothepeople：theyaffectrathertobe calledfathers，andbybeingreallyso，theywelldeservethe name;andthepeoplepaythemallthemarksofhonorthemore freely，becausenoneareexactedfromthem。ThePrincehimselfhas nodistinction，eitherofgarmentsorofacrown;butisonly distinguishedbyasheafofcorncarriedbeforehim;asthehigh- priestisalsoknownbyhisbeingprecededbyapersoncarryinga waxlight。 Theyhavebutfewlaws，andsuchistheirconstitutionthatthey neednotmany。Theyverymuchcondemnothernations，whoselaws， togetherwiththecommentariesonthem，swelluptosomany volumes;fortheythinkitanunreasonablethingtoobligemento obeyabodyoflawsthatarebothofsuchabulkandsodarkas nottobereadandunderstoodbyeveryoneofthesubjects。 Theyhavenolawyersamongthem，fortheyconsiderthemasasort ofpeoplewhoseprofessionitistodisguisemattersandtowrest thelaws;andthereforetheythinkitismuchbetterthatevery manshouldpleadhisowncause，andtrustittothejudge，asin otherplacestheclienttrustsittoacounsellor。Bythismeans theybothcutoffmanydelays，andfindouttruthmorecertainly： forafterthepartieshavelaidopenthemeritsofthecause， withoutthoseartificeswhichlawyersareapttosuggest，the judgeexaminesthewholematter，andsupportsthesimplicityof suchwell-meaningpersons，whomotherwisecraftymenwouldbesure torundown：andthustheyavoidthoseevilswhichappearvery remarkablyamongallthosenationsthatlaborunderavastloadof laws。Everyoneofthemisskilledintheirlaw，forasitisa veryshortstudy，sotheplainestmeaningofwhichwordsare capableisalwaysthesenseoftheirlaws。Andtheyarguethus： alllawsarepromulgatedforthisend，thateverymanmayknowhis duty;andthereforetheplainestandmostobvioussenseofthe wordsisthatwhichoughttobeputuponthem;sinceamore refinedexpositioncannotbeeasilycomprehended，andwouldonly servetomakethelawsbecomeuselesstothegreaterpartof mankind，andespeciallytothosewhoneedmostthedirectionof them：foritisallone，nottomakealawatall，ortocouchit insuchtermsthatwithoutaquickapprehension，andmuchstudy，a mancannotfindoutthetruemeaningofit;sincethegenerality ofmankindarebothsodullandsomuchemployedintheirseveral tradesthattheyhaveneithertheleisurenorthecapacity requisiteforsuchaninquiry。 Someoftheirneighbors，whoaremastersoftheirownliberties， havinglongago，bytheassistanceoftheUtopians，shakenoffthe yokeoftyranny，andbeingmuchtakenwiththosevirtueswhich theyobserveamongthem，havecometodesirethattheywouldsend magistratestogovernthem;somechangingthemeveryyear，and otherseveryfiveyears。Attheendoftheirgovernmenttheybring thembacktoUtopia，withgreatexpressionsofhonorandesteem， andcarryawayotherstogovernintheirstead。Inthistheyseem tohavefallenuponaverygoodexpedientfortheirownhappiness andsafety;forsincethegoodorillconditionofanation dependssomuchupontheirmagistrates，theycouldnothavemadea betterchoicethanbypitchingonmenwhomnoadvantagescanbias; forwealthisofnousetothem，sincetheymustsosoongoback totheirowncountry;andtheybeingstrangersamongthem，arenot engagedinanyoftheirheatsoranimosities;anditiscertain thatwhenpublicjudicatoriesareswayed，eitherbyavariceor partialaffections，theremustfollowadissolutionofjustice， thechiefsinewofsociety。 TheUtopianscallthosenationsthatcomeandaskmagistratesfrom them，neighbors;butthosetowhomtheyhavebeenofmore particularservice，friends。Andasallothernationsare perpetuallyeithermakingleaguesorbreakingthem，theynever enterintoanalliancewithanyState。Theythinkleaguesare uselessthings，andbelievethatifthecommontiesofhumanitydo notknitmentogether，thefaithofpromiseswillhavenogreat effect;andtheyarethemoreconfirmedinthisbywhattheysee amongthenationsroundaboutthem，whoarenostrictobserversof leaguesandtreaties。Weknowhowreligiouslytheyareobservedin Europe，moreparticularlywheretheChristiandoctrineis received，amongwhomtheyaresacredandinviolable;whichis partlyowingtothejusticeandgoodnessoftheprinces themselves，andpartlytothereverencetheypaytothepopes;who astheyaremostreligiousobserversoftheirownpromises，so theyexhortallotherprincestoperformtheirs;andwhenfainter methodsdonotprevail，theycompelthemtoitbytheseverityof thepastoralcensure，andthinkthatitwouldbethemostindecent thingpossibleifmenwhoareparticularlydistinguishedbythe titleofthe\"faithful\"shouldnotreligiouslykeepthefaithof theirtreaties。Butinthatnewfoundworld，whichisnotmore distantfromusinsituationthanthepeopleareintheirmanners andcourseoflife，thereisnotrustingtoleagues，eventhough theyweremadewithallthepompofthemostsacredceremonies;on thecontrary，theyareonthisaccountthesoonerbroken，some slightpretencebeingfoundinthewordsofthetreaties，which arepurposelycouchedinsuchambiguoustermsthattheycannever besostrictlyboundbuttheywillalwaysfindsomeloopholeto escapeat;andthustheybreakboththeirleaguesandtheirfaith。 Andthisisdonewithsuchimpudence，thatthoseverymenwho valuethemselvesonhavingsuggestedtheseexpedientstotheir princes，wouldwithahaughtyscorndeclaimagainstsuchcraft， or，tospeakplainer，suchfraudanddeceit，iftheyfoundprivate menmakeuseofitintheirbargains，andwouldreadilysaythat theydeservedtobehanged。 Bythismeansitis，thatallsortsofjusticepassesintheworld foralow-spiritedandvulgarvirtue，farbelowthedignityof royalgreatness。Oratleast，therearesetuptwosortsof justice;theoneismean，andcreepsontheground，andtherefore becomesnonebutthelowerpartofmankind，andsomustbekeptin severelybymanyrestraintsthatitmaynotbreakoutbeyondthe boundsthataresettoit。Theotheristhepeculiarvirtueof princes，whichasitismoremajesticthanthatwhichbecomesthe rabble，sotakesafreercompass;andthuslawfulandunlawfulare onlymeasuredbypleasureandinterest。Thesepracticesofthe princesthatlieaboutUtopia，whomakesolittleaccountoftheir faith，seemtobethereasonsthatdeterminethemtoengageinno confederacies;perhapstheywouldchangetheirmindiftheylived amongus;butyetthoughtreatiesweremorereligiouslyobserved， theywouldstilldislikethecustomofmakingthem;sincethe worldhastakenupafalsemaximuponit，asiftherewerenotie ofnatureunitingonenationtoanother，onlyseparatedperhapsby amountainorariver，andthatallwereborninastateof hostility，andsomightlawfullydoallthatmischieftotheir neighborsagainstwhichthereisnoprovisionmadebytreaties; andthatwhentreatiesaremade，theydonotcutofftheenmity， orrestrainthelicenseofpreyinguponeachother，ifbythe unskilfulnessofwordingthemtherearenoteffectualprovisos madeagainstthem。They，ontheotherhand，judgethatnomanis tobeesteemedourenemythathasneverinjuredus;andthatthe partnershipofthehumannatureisinsteadofaleague。Andthat kindnessandgood-natureunitemenmoreeffectuallyandwith greaterstrengththananyagreementswhatsoever;sincetherebythe engagementsofmen’sheartsbecomestrongerthanthebondand obligationofwords。 BOOKII：OFTHEIRMILITARYDISCIPLINE THEYdetestwarasaverybrutalthing;andwhich，tothereproach ofhumannature，ismorepractisedbymenthanbyanysortof beasts。They，inoppositiontothesentimentsofalmostallother nations，thinkthatthereisnothingmoreingloriousthanthat glorythatisgainedbywar。Andthereforethoughtheyaccustom themselvesdailytomilitaryexercisesandthedisciplineofwar—— inwhichnotonlytheirmenbuttheirwomenlikewisearetrained up，thatincasesofnecessitytheymaynotbequiteuseless——yet theydonotrashlyengageinwar，unlessitbeeithertodefend themselves，ortheirfriends，fromanyunjustaggressors;orout ofgood-natureorincompassionassistanoppressednationin shakingofftheyokeoftyranny。Theyindeedhelptheirfriends， notonlyindefensive，butalsoinoffensivewars;buttheynever dothatunlesstheyhadbeenconsultedbeforethebreachwasmade， andbeingsatisfiedwiththegroundsonwhichtheywent，theyhad foundthatalldemandsofreparationwererejected，sothatawar wasunavoidable。Thistheythinktobenotonlyjust，whenone neighbormakesaninroadonanother，bypublicorder，andcarry awaythespoils;butwhenthemerchantsofonecountryare oppressedinanother，eitherunderpretenceofsomeunjustlaws， orbytheperversewrestingofgoodones。Thistheycountajuster causeofwarthantheother，becausethoseinjuriesaredoneunder somecoloroflaws。 Thiswastheonlygroundofthatwarinwhichtheyengagedwith theNephelogetesagainsttheAleopolitanes，alittlebeforeour time;forthemerchantsoftheformerhaving，astheythought，met withgreatinjusticeamongthelatter，which，whetheritwasin itselfrightorwrong，drewonaterriblewar，inwhichmanyof theirneighborswereengaged;andtheirkeennessincarryingiton beingsupportedbytheirstrengthinmaintainingit，itnotonly shooksomeveryflourishingStates，andverymuchafflicted others，butafteraseriesofmuchmischiefendedintheentire conquestandslaveryoftheAleopolitanes，whothoughbeforethe wartheywereinallrespectsmuchsuperiortotheNephelogetes， wereyetsubdued;butthoughtheUtopianshadassistedtheminthe war，yettheypretendedtonoshareofthespoil。 Butthoughtheysovigorouslyassisttheirfriendsinobtaining reparationfortheinjuriestheyhavereceivedinaffairsofthis nature，yetifanysuchfraudswerecommittedagainstthemselves， providednoviolencewasdonetotheirpersons，theywouldonlyon theirbeingrefusedsatisfactionforbeartradingwithsucha people。Thisisnotbecausetheyconsidertheirneighborsmore thantheirowncitizens;butsincetheirneighborstradeeveryone uponhisownstock，fraudisamoresensibleinjurytothemthan itistotheUtopians，amongwhomthepublicinsuchacaseonly suffers。Astheyexpectnothinginreturnforthemerchandisethey exportbutthatinwhichtheysomuchabound，andisoflittleuse tothem，thelossdoesnotmuchaffectthem;theythinktherefore itwouldbetooseveretorevengealossattendedwithsolittle inconvenience，eithertotheirlivesortheirsubsistence，with thedeathofmanypersons;butifanyoftheirpeopleiseither killedorwoundedwrongfully，whetheritbedonebypublic authorityoronlybyprivatemen，assoonastheyhearofitthey sendambassadors，anddemandthattheguiltypersonsmaybe delivereduptothem;andifthatisdenied，theydeclarewar;but ifitbecompliedwith，theoffendersarecondemnedeitherto deathorslavery。 Theywouldbebothtroubledandashamedofabloodyvictoryover theirenemies，andthinkitwouldbeasfoolishapurchaseasto buythemostvaluablegoodsattoohigharate。Andinnovictory dotheyglorysomuchasinthatwhichisgainedbydexterityand goodconduct，withoutbloodshed。Insuchcasestheyappointpublic triumphs，anderecttrophiestothehonorofthosewhohave succeeded;forthendotheyreckonthatamanactssuitablytohis naturewhenheconquershisenemyinsuchawayasthatnoother creaturebutamancouldbecapableof，andthatisbythe strengthofhisunderstanding。Bears，lions，boars，wolves，and dogs，andallotheranimalsemploytheirbodilyforceoneagainst another，inwhichasmanyofthemaresuperiortomen，bothin strengthandfierceness，sotheyareallsubduedbyhisreasonand understanding。 TheonlydesignoftheUtopiansinwaristoobtainthatbyforce， whichifithadbeengrantedthemintimewouldhavepreventedthe war;orifthatcannotbedone，totakesoseverearevengeon thosethathaveinjuredthemthattheymaybeterrifiedfromdoing thelikeforthetimetocome。Bytheseendstheymeasureall theirdesigns，andmanagethemsothatitisvisiblethatthe appetiteoffameorvainglorydoesnotworksomuchonthemasa justcareoftheirownsecurity。 Assoonastheydeclarewar，theytakecaretohaveagreatmany schedules，thataresealedwiththeircommonseal，affixedinthe mostconspicuousplacesoftheirenemies’country。Thisiscarried secretly，anddoneinmanyplacesallatonce。Inthesethey promisegreatrewardstosuchasshallkilltheprince，andlesser inproportiontosuchasshallkillanyotherpersons，whoare thoseonwhom，nexttotheprincehimself，theycastthechief balanceofthewar。Andtheydoublethesumtohimthat，instead ofkillingthepersonsomarkedout，shalltakehimaliveandput himintheirhands。Theyoffernotonlyindemnity，butrewards，to suchofthepersonsthemselvesthataresomarked，iftheywill actagainsttheircountrymen;bythismeansthosethatarenamed intheirschedulesbecomenotonlydistrustfuloftheirfellow- citizensbutarejealousofoneanother，andaremuchdistracted byfearanddanger;forithasoftenfallenoutthatmanyofthem， andeventhePrincehimself，havebeenbetrayedbythoseinwhom theyhavetrustedmost;fortherewardsthattheUtopiansoffer aresounmeasurablygreat，thatthereisnosortofcrimetowhich mencannotbedrawnbythem。Theyconsidertheriskthatthoserun whoundertakesuchservices，andofferarecompenseproportioned tothedanger;notonlyavastdealofgold，butgreatrevenuesin lands，thatlieamongothernationsthataretheirfriends，where theymaygoandenjoythemverysecurely;andtheyobservethe promisestheymakeofthiskindmostreligiously。 Theyverymuchapproveofthiswayofcorruptingtheirenemies， thoughitappearstootherstobebaseandcruel;buttheylookon itasawisecourse，tomakeanendofwhatwouldbeotherwisea longwar，withoutsomuchashazardingonebattletodecideit。 Theythinkitlikewiseanactofmercyandlovetomankindto preventthegreatslaughterofthosethatmustotherwisebekilled intheprogressofthewar，bothontheirownsideandonthatof theirenemies，bythedeathofafewthataremostguilty;and thatinsodoingtheyarekindeventotheirenemies，andpity themnolessthantheirownpeople，asknowingthatthegreater partofthemdonotengageinthe，waroftheirownaccord，but aredrivenintoitbythepassionsoftheirprince。 Ifthismethoddoesnotsucceedwiththem，thentheysowseedsof contentionamongtheirenemies，andanimatetheprince’sbrother， orsomeofthenobility，toaspiretothecrown。Iftheycannot disunitethembydomesticbroils，thentheyengagetheirneighbors againstthem，andmakethemsetonfootsomeoldpretensions， whichareneverwantingtoprinceswhentheyhaveoccasionfor them。Thesetheyplentifullysupplywithmoney，thoughbutvery sparinglywithanyauxiliarytroops：fortheyaresotenderof theirownpeople，thattheywouldnotwillinglyexchangeoneof them，evenwiththeprinceoftheirenemies’country。 Butastheykeeptheirgoldandsilveronlyforsuchanoccasion， sowhenthatoffersitselftheyeasilypartwithit，sinceit wouldbenoinconveniencetothemthoughtheyshouldreserve nothingofittothemselves。Forbesidesthewealththattheyhave amongthemathome，theyhaveavasttreasureabroad，manynations roundaboutthembeingdeepintheirdebt：sothattheyhire soldiersfromallplacesforcarryingontheirwars，butchiefly fromtheZapolets，wholive500mileseastofUtopia。Theyarea rude，wild，andfiercenation，whodelightinthewoodsandrocks， amongwhichtheywerebornandbredup。Theyarehardenedboth againstheat，cold，andlabor，andknownothingofthedelicacies oflife。Theydonotapplythemselvestoagriculture，nordothey careeitherfortheirhousesortheirclothes。Cattleisallthat theylookafter;andforthegreatestparttheyliveeitherby hunting，oruponrapine;andaremade，asitwere，onlyforwar。 Theywatchallopportunitiesofengaginginit，andveryreadily embracesuchasareofferedthem。Greatnumbersofthemwill frequentlygoout，andofferthemselvesforaverylowpay，to serveanythatwillemploythem：theyknownoneoftheartsof life，butthosethatleadtothetakingitaway;theyservethose thathirethem，bothwithmuchcourageandgreatfidelity;but willnotengagetoserveforanydeterminedtime，andagreeupon suchterms，thatthenextdaytheymaygoovertotheenemiesof thosewhomtheyserve，iftheyofferthemagreaterencouragement： andwillperhapsreturntothemthedayafterthat，uponahigher advanceoftheirpay。 Therearefewwarsinwhichtheymakenotaconsiderablepartof thearmiesofbothsides：soitoftenfallsoutthattheywhoare related，andwerehiredinthesamecountry，andsohavelived longandfamiliarlytogether，forgettingboththeirrelationsand formerfriendship，killoneanotheruponnootherconsideration thanthatofbeinghiredtoitforalittlemoney，byprincesof differentinterests;andsucharegardhavetheyformoney，that theyareeasilywroughtonbythedifferenceofonepennyadayto changesides。Soentirelydoestheiravariceinfluencethem;and yetthismoney，whichtheyvaluesohighly，isoflittleuseto them;forwhattheypurchasethuswiththeirblood，theyquickly wasteonluxury，whichamongthemisbutofapoorandmiserable form。 ThisnationservestheUtopiansagainstallpeoplewhatsoever，for theypayhigherthananyother。TheUtopiansholdthisfora maxim，thatastheyseekoutthebestsortofmenfortheirown useathome，sotheymakeuseofthisworstsortofmenforthe consumptionofwar，andthereforetheyhirethemwiththeoffers ofvastrewards，toexposethemselvestoallsortsofhazards，out ofwhichthegreaterpartneverreturnstoclaimtheirpromises。 Yettheymakethemgoodmostreligiouslytosuchasescape。This animatesthemtoadventureagain，wheneverthereisoccasionfor it;fortheUtopiansarenotatalltroubledhowmanyofthese happentobekilled，andreckonitaservicedonetomankindif theycouldbeameanstodelivertheworldfromsuchalewdand vicioussortofpeople;thatseemtohaveruntogetherastothe drainofhumannature。Nexttothesetheyareservedintheirwars withthoseuponwhoseaccounttheyundertakethem，andwiththe auxiliarytroopsoftheirotherfriends，towhomtheyjoinafew oftheirownpeople，andsendsomemenofeminentandapproved virtuetocommandinchief。Therearetwosentwithhim，who duringhiscommandarebutprivatemen，butthefirstisto succeedhimifheshouldhappentobeeitherkilledortaken;and incaseofthelikemisfortunetohim，thethirdcomesinhis place;andthustheyprovideagainstillevents，thatsuch accidentsasmaybefalltheirgeneralsmaynotendangertheir armies。 Whentheydrawouttroopsoftheirownpeople，theytakesuchout ofeverycityasfreelyofferthemselves，fornoneareforcedto goagainsttheirwills，sincetheythinkthatifanymanis pressedthatwantscourage，hewillnotonlyactfaintly，butby hiscowardicedisheartenothers。Butifaninvasionismadeon theircountrytheymakeuseofsuchmen，iftheyhavegoodbodies， thoughtheyarenotbrave;andeitherputthemaboardtheirships orplacethemonthewallsoftheirtowns，thatbeingsoposted theymayfindnoopportunityofflyingaway;andthuseither shame，theheatofaction，ortheimpossibilityofflying，bears downtheircowardice;theyoftenmakeavirtueofnecessityand behavethemselveswell，becausenothingelseisleftthem。Butas theyforcenomantogointoanyforeignwaragainsthiswill，so theydonothinderthosewomenwhoarewillingtogoalongwith theirhusbands;onthecontrary，theyencourageandpraisethem， andtheystandoftennexttheirhusbandsinthefrontofthearmy。 Theyalsoplacetogetherthosewhoarerelated，parentsand children，kindred，andthosethataremutuallyallied，nearone another;thatthosewhomnaturehasinspiredwiththegreatest zealforassistingoneanother，maybethenearestandreadiestto doit;anditismatterofgreatreproachifhusbandorwife surviveoneanother，orifachildsurviveshisparents，and thereforewhentheycometobeengagedinactiontheycontinueto fighttothelastman，iftheirenemiesstandbeforethem。 Andastheyuseallprudentmethodstoavoidtheendangeringtheir ownmen，andifitispossibleletalltheactionanddangerfall uponthetroopsthattheyhire，soifitbecomesnecessaryfor themselvestoengage，theythenchargewithasmuchcourageas theyavoideditbeforewithprudence：norisitafiercechargeat first，butitincreasesbydegrees;andastheycontinuein action，theygrowmoreobstinateandpressharderupontheenemy， insomuchthattheywillmuchsoonerdiethangiveground;forthe certaintythattheirchildrenwillbewelllookedafterwhenthey aredead，freesthemfromallthatanxietyconcerningthemwhich oftenmastersmenofgreatcourage;andthustheyareanimatedby anobleandinvincibleresolution。Theirskillinmilitaryaffairs increasestheircourage;andthewisesentimentswhich，according tothelawsoftheircountry，areinstilledintothemintheir education，giveadditionalvigortotheirminds：forastheydo notundervaluelifesoasprodigallytothrowitaway，theyare notsoindecentlyfondofitastopreserveitbybaseand unbecomingmethods。Inthegreatestheatofaction，thebravestof theiryouth，whohavedevotedthemselvestothatservice，single outthegeneraloftheirenemies，setonhimeitheropenlyorby ambuscade，pursuehimeverywhere，andwhenspentandweariedout， arerelievedbyothers，whonevergiveoverthepursuit;either attackinghimwithcloseweaponswhentheycangetnearhim，or withthosewhichwoundatadistance，whenothersgetinbetween them;sothatunlesshesecureshimselfbyflight，theyseldom failatlasttokillortotakehimprisoner。 Whentheyhaveobtainedavictory，theykillasfewaspossible， andaremuchmorebentontakingmanyprisonersthanonkilling thosethatflybeforethem;nordotheyeverlettheirmenso looseinthepursuitoftheirenemies，asnottoretainanentire bodystillinorder;sothatiftheyhavebeenforcedtoengage thelastoftheirbattalionsbeforetheycouldgaintheday，they willratherlettheirenemiesallescapethanpursuethem，when theirownarmyisindisorder;rememberingwellwhathasoften fallenouttothemselves，thatwhenthemainbodyoftheirarmy hasbeenquitedefeatedandbroken，whentheirenemiesimagining thevictoryobtained，haveletthemselveslooseintoanirregular pursuit，afewofthemthatlayforareserve，waitingafit opportunity，havefallenonthemintheirchase，andwhen stragglingindisorderandapprehensiveofnodanger，butcounting thedaytheirown，haveturnedthewholeaction，andwrestlingout oftheirhandsavictorythatseemedcertainandundoubted，while thevanquishedhavesuddenlybecomevictorious。 Itishardtotellwhethertheyaremoredexterousinlayingor avoidingambushes。Theysometimesseemtoflywhenitisfarfrom theirthoughts;andwhentheyintendtogiveground，theydoitso thatitisveryhardtofindouttheirdesign。Iftheyseethey areillposted，orareliketobeoverpoweredbynumbers，they theneithermarchoffinthenightwithgreatsilence，orbysome stratagemdeludetheirenemies：iftheyretireinthedaytime， theydoitinsuchorder，thatitisnolessdangeroustofall upontheminaretreatthaninamarch。Theyfortifytheircamps withadeepandlargetrench，andthrowuptheearththatisdug outofitforawall;nordotheyemployonlytheirslavesin this，butthewholearmyworksatit，exceptthosethatarethen upontheguard;sothatwhensomanyhandsareatwork，agreat lineandastrongfortificationarefinishedinsoshortatime thatitisscarcecredible。Theirarmorisverystrongfor defence，andyetisnotsoheavyastomakethemuneasyintheir marches;theycanevenswimwithit。Allthataretrainedupto warpracticeswimming。Bothhorseandfootmakegreatuseof arrows，andareveryexpert。Theyhavenoswords，butfightwitha pole-axethatisbothsharpandheavy，bywhichtheythrustor strikedownanenemy。Theyareverygoodatfindingoutwarlike machines，anddisguisethemsowell，thattheenemydoesnot perceivethemtillhefeelstheuseofthem;sothathecannot preparesuchadefenceaswouldrenderthemuseless;thechief considerationhadinthemakingthemisthattheymaybeeasily carriedandmanaged。 Iftheyagreetoatruce，theyobserveitsoreligiouslythatno provocationswillmakethembreakit。Theyneverlaytheir enemies’countrywastenorburntheircorn，andevenintheir marchestheytakeallpossiblecarethatneitherhorsenorfoot maytreaditdown，fortheydonotknowbutthattheymayhaveuse forit-themselves。Theyhurtnomanwhomtheyfinddisarmed， unlessheisaspy。Whenatownissurrenderedtothem，theytake itintotheirprotection;andwhentheycarryaplacebystorm， theyneverplunderit，butputthoseonlytotheswordthat opposedtherenderingofitup，andmaketherestofthegarrison slaves，butfortheotherinhabitants，theydothemnohurt;and ifanyofthemhadadvisedasurrender，theygivethemgood rewardsoutoftheestatesofthosethattheycondemn，and distributetherestamongtheirauxiliarytroops，butthey themselvestakenoshareofthespoil。 Whenawarisended，theydonotobligetheirfriendstoreimburse theirexpenses;buttheyobtainthemoftheconquered，eitherin money，whichtheykeepforthenextoccasion，orinlands，outof whichaconstantrevenueistobepaidthem;bymanyincreases， therevenuewhichtheydrawoutfromseveralcountriesonsuch occasions，isnowrisentoabove700，000ducatsayear。Theysend someoftheirownpeopletoreceivetheserevenues，whohave orderstolivemagnificently，andlikeprinces，bywhichmeans theyconsumemuchofitupontheplace;andeitherbringoverthe resttoUtopia，orlendittothatnationinwhichitlies。This theymostcommonlydo，unlesssomegreatoccasion，whichfallsout butveryseldom，shouldobligethemtocallforitall。Itisout oftheselandsthattheyassignrewardstosuchastheyencourage toadventureondesperateattempts。Ifanyprincethatengagesin warwiththemismakingpreparationsforinvadingtheircountry， theypreventhim，andmakehiscountrytheseatofthewar;for theydonotwillinglysufferanywartobreakinupontheir island;andifthatshouldhappen，theywouldonlydefend themselvesbytheirownpeople，butwouldnotcallforauxiliary troopstotheirassistance。