第2章

Astotheirclothes，observehowlittleworkisspentinthem： whiletheyareatlabor，theyareclothedwithleatherandskins。 castcarelesslyaboutthem，whichwilllastsevenyears;andwhen theyappearinpublictheyputonanuppergarment，whichhides theother;andtheseareallofonecolor，andthatisthenatural colorofthewool。Astheyneedlesswoollencloththanisused anywhereelse，sothatwhichtheymakeuseofismuchlesscostly。 Theyuselinenclothmore;butthatispreparedwithlesslabor， andtheyvalueclothonlybythewhitenessofthelinenorthe cleannessofthewool，withoutmuchregardtothefinenessofthe thread：whileinotherplaces，fourorfiveuppergarmentsof woollencloth，ofdifferentcolors，andasmanyvestsofsilk， willscarceserveoneman;andwhilethosethatarenicerthink tenaretoofew，everymanthereiscontentwithone，whichvery oftenserveshimtwoyears。Noristhereanythingthatcantempta mantodesiremore;forifhehadthem，hewouldneitherbethe warmernorwouldhemakeonejotthebetterappearanceforit。And thus，sincetheyareallemployedinsomeusefullabor，andsince theycontentthemselveswithfewerthings，itfallsoutthatthere isagreatabundanceofallthingsamongthem：sothatit frequentlyhappensthat，forwantofotherwork，vastnumbersare sentouttomendthehighways。Butwhennopublicundertakingis tobeperformed，thehoursofworkingarelessened。The magistratesneverengagethepeopleinunnecessarylabor，since thechiefendoftheconstitutionistoregulatelaborbythe necessitiesofthepublic，andtoallowallthepeopleasmuch timeasisnecessaryfortheimprovementoftheirminds，inwhich theythinkthehappinessoflifeconsists。 BOOKII：OFTHEIRTRAFFIC BUTitisnowtimetoexplaintoyouthemutualintercourseof thispeople，theircommerce，andtherulesbywhichallthingsare distributedamongthem。 Astheircitiesarecomposedoffamilies，sotheirfamiliesare madeupofthosethatarenearlyrelatedtooneanother。Their women，whentheygrowup，aremarriedout;butallthemales，both childrenandgrandchildren，livestillinthesamehouse，ingreat obediencetotheircommonparent，unlessagehasweakenedhis understanding：andinthatcase，hethatisnexttohiminage comesinhisroom。Butlestanycityshouldbecomeeithertoo great，orbyanyaccidentbedispeopled，provisionismadethat noneoftheircitiesmaycontainabove6，000families，besides thoseofthecountryroundit。Nofamilymayhavelessthanten andmorethansixteenpersonsinit;buttherecanbeno determinednumberforthechildrenunderage。Thisruleiseasily observed，byremovingsomeofthechildrenofamorefruitful coupletoanyotherfamilythatdoesnotaboundsomuchinthem。 Bythesamerule，theysupplycitiesthatdonotincreasesofast， fromothersthatbreedfaster;andifthereisanyincreaseover thewholeisland，thentheydrawoutanumberoftheircitizens outoftheseveraltowns，andsendthemovertotheneighboring continent;where，iftheyfindthattheinhabitantshavemoresoil thantheycanwellcultivate，theyfixacolony，takingthe inhabitantsintotheirsociety，iftheyarewillingtolivewith them;andwheretheydothatoftheirownaccord，theyquickly enterintotheirmethodoflife，andconformtotheirrules，and thisprovesahappinesstobothnations;foraccordingtotheir constitution，suchcareistakenofthesoilthatitbecomes fruitfulenoughforboth，thoughitmightbeotherwisetoonarrow andbarrenforanyoneofthem。Butifthenativesrefuseto conformthemselvestotheirlaws，theydrivethemoutofthose boundswhichtheymarkoutforthemselves，anduseforceifthey resist。Fortheyaccountitaveryjustcauseofwar，foranation tohinderothersfrompossessingapartofthatsoilofwhichthey makenouse，butwhichissufferedtolieidleanduncultivated; sinceeverymanhasbythelawofnaturearighttosuchawaste portionoftheearthasisnecessaryforhissubsistence。Ifan accidenthassolessenedthenumberoftheinhabitantsofanyof theirtownsthatitcannotbemadeupfromtheothertownsofthe island，withoutdiminishingthemtoomuch，whichissaidtohave fallenoutbuttwicesincetheywerefirstapeople，whengreat numberswerecarriedoffbytheplague，thelossisthensupplied byrecallingasmanyasarewantedfromtheircolonies;forthey willabandonthese，ratherthansufferthetownsintheislandto sinktoolow。 Buttoreturntotheirmanneroflivinginsociety，theoldestman ofeveryfamily，ashasbeenalreadysaid，isitsgovernor。Wives servetheirhusbands，andchildrentheirparents，andalwaysthe youngerservestheelder。Everycityisdividedintofourequal parts，andinthemiddleofeachthereisamarketplace：whatis broughtthither，andmanufacturedbytheseveralfamilies，is carriedfromthencetohousesappointedforthatpurpose，inwhich allthingsofasortarelaidbythemselves;andthitherevery fathergoesandtakeswhatsoeverheorhisfamilystandinneed of，withouteitherpayingforitorleavinganythinginexchange。 Thereisnoreasonforgivingadenialtoanyperson，sincethere issuchplentyofeverythingamongthem;andthereisnodangerof aman’saskingformorethanheneeds;theyhavenoinducementsto dothis，sincetheyaresurethattheyshallalwaysbesupplied。 Itisthefearofwantthatmakesanyofthewholeraceofanimals eithergreedyorravenous;butbesidesfear，thereisinmana pridethatmakeshimfancyitaparticularglorytoexcelothers inpompandexcess。ButbythelawsoftheUtopians，thereisno roomforthis。Nearthesemarketsthereareothersforallsorts ofprovisions，wheretherearenotonlyherbs，fruits，andbread， butalsofish，fowl，andcattle。 Therearealso，withouttheirtowns，placesappointednearsome runningwater，forkillingtheirbeasts，andforwashingaway theirfilth，whichisdonebytheirslaves：fortheysuffernone oftheircitizenstokilltheircattle，becausetheythinkthat pityandgood-nature，whichareamongthebestofthoseaffections thatarebornwithus，aremuchimpairedbythebutcheringof animals：nordotheysufferanythingthatisfouloruncleantobe broughtwithintheirtowns，lesttheairshouldbeinfectedby ill-smellswhichmightprejudicetheirhealth。Ineverystreet therearegreathallsthatlieatanequaldistancefromeach other，distinguishedbyparticularnames。Thesyphograntsdwellin thosethataresetoverthirtyfamilies，fifteenlyingononeside ofit，andasmanyontheother。Inthesehallstheyallmeetand havetheirrepasts。Thestewardsofeveryoneofthemcometothe market-placeatanappointedhour;andaccordingtothenumberof thosethatbelongtothehall，theycarryhomeprovisions。But theytakemorecareoftheirsickthanofanyothers：theseare lodgedandprovidedforinpublichospitalstheyhavebelongingto everytownfourhospitals，thatarebuiltwithouttheirwalls，and aresolargethattheymaypassforlittletowns：bythismeans， iftheyhadeversuchanumberofsickpersons，theycouldlodge themconveniently，andatsuchadistance，thatsuchofthemas aresickofinfectiousdiseasesmaybekeptsofarfromtherest thattherecanbenodangerofcontagion。Thehospitalsare furnishedandstoredwithallthingsthatareconvenientforthe easeandrecoveryofthesick;andthosethatareputinthemare lookedafterwithsuchtenderandwatchfulcare，andareso constantlyattendedbytheirskilfulphysicians，thatasnoneis senttothemagainsttheirwill，sothereisscarceoneinawhole townthat，ifheshouldfallill，wouldnotchooserathertogo thitherthanliesickathome。 Afterthestewardofthehospitalshastakenforthesick whatsoeverthephysicianprescribes，thenthebestthingsthatare leftinthemarketaredistributedequallyamongthehalls，in proportiontotheirnumbers，only，inthefirstplace，theyserve thePrince，thechiefpriest，thetranibors，theambassadors，and strangers，ifthereareany，whichindeedfallsoutbutseldom， andforwhomtherearehouseswellfurnished，particularly appointedfortheirreceptionwhentheycomeamongthem。Atthe hoursofdinnerandsupper，thewholesyphograntybeingcalled togetherbysoundoftrumpet，theymeetandeattogether，except onlysuchasareinthehospitalsorliesickathome。Yetafter thehallsareserved，nomanishinderedtocarryprovisionshome fromthemarket-place;fortheyknowthatnonedoesthatbutfor somegoodreason;forthoughanythatwillmayeatathome，yet nonedoesitwillingly，sinceitisbothridiculousandfoolish foranytogivethemselvesthetroubletomakereadyanilldinner athome，whenthereisamuchmoreplentifulonemadereadyfor himsonearathand。Alltheuneasyandsordidservicesabout thesehallsareperformedbytheirslaves;butthedressingand cookingtheirmeat，andtheorderingtheirtables，belongonlyto thewomen，allthoseofeveryfamilytakingitbyturns。Theysit atthreeormoretables，accordingtotheirnumber;themensit towardthewall，andthewomensitontheotherside，thatifany ofthemshouldbetakensuddenlyill，whichisnouncommoncase amongwomenwithchild，shemay，withoutdisturbingtherest，rise andgotothenurses’room，whoaretherewiththesucking children，wherethereisalwayscleanwaterathand，andcradles inwhichtheymaylaytheyoungchildren，ifthereisoccasionfor it，andafirethattheymayshiftanddressthembeforeit。 Everychildisnursedbyitsownmother，ifdeathorsicknessdoes notintervene;andinthatcasethesyphogrants’wivesfindouta nursequickly，whichisnohardmatter;foranyonethatcandoit offersherselfcheerfully;forastheyaremuchinclinedtothat pieceofmercy，sothechildwhomthenurseconsidersthenurseas itsmother。Allthechildrenunderfiveyearsoldsitamongthe nurses，therestoftheyoungersortofbothsexes，tilltheyare fitformarriage，eitherservethosethatsitattableor，ifthey arenotstrongenoughforthat，standbythemingreatsilence， andeatwhatisgiventhem;norhavetheyanyotherformalityof dining。Inthemiddleofthefirsttable，whichstandsacrossthe upperendofthehall，sitthesyphograntandhiswife;forthat isthechiefandmostconspicuousplace：nexttohimsittwoof themostancient，fortheregoalwaysfourtoamess。Ifthereis atemplewithinthatsyphogranty，thepriestandhiswifesitwith thesyphograntabovealltherest：nextthemthereisamixtureof oldandyoung，whoaresoplaced，thatastheyoungaresetnear others，sotheyaremixedwiththemoreancient;whichtheysay wasappointedonthisaccount，thatthegravityoftheoldpeople， andthereverencethatisduetothem，mightrestraintheyounger fromallindecentwordsandgestures。Dishesarenotservedupto thewholetableatfirst，butthebestarefirstsetbeforethe old，whoseseatsaredistinguishedfromtheyoung，andafterthem alltherestareservedalike。Theoldmendistributetothe youngeranycuriousmeatsthathappentobesetbeforethem，if thereisnotsuchanabundanceofthemthatthewholecompanymay beservedalike。 Thusoldmenarehonoredwithaparticularrespect;yetallthe restfareaswellasthey。Bothdinnerandsupperarebegunwith somelectureofmoralitythatisreadtothem;butitissoshort， thatitisnottediousnoruneasytothemtohearit：fromhence theoldmentakeoccasiontoentertainthoseaboutthemwithsome usefulandpleasantenlargements;buttheydonotengrossthe wholediscoursesotothemselves，duringtheirmeals，thatthe youngermaynotputinforashare：onthecontrary，theyengage themtotalk，thatsotheymayinthatfreewayofconversation findouttheforceofeveryone’sspiritandobservehistemper。 Theydespatchtheirdinnersquickly，butsitlongatsupper; becausetheygotoworkaftertheone，andaretosleepafterthe other，duringwhichtheythinkthestomachcarriesonthe concoctionmorevigorously。Theyneversupwithoutmusic;and thereisalwaysfruitservedupaftermeat;whiletheyareat table，someburnperfumesandsprinkleaboutfragrantointments andsweetwaters：inshort，theywantnothingthatmaycheerup theirspirits：theygivethemselvesalargeallowancethatway， andindulgethemselvesinallsuchpleasuresasareattendedwith noinconvenience。Thusdothosethatareinthetownslive together;butinthecountry，wheretheyliveatgreatdistance， everyoneeatsathome，andnofamilywantsanynecessarysortof provision，foritisfromthemthatprovisionsaresentuntothose thatliveinthetowns。 BOOKII：OFTHETRAVELLINGOFTHEUTOPIANS IFanymanhasamindtovisithisfriendsthatliveinsomeother town，ordesirestotravelandseetherestofthecountry，he obtainsleaveveryeasilyfromthesyphograntandtraniborswhen thereisnoparticularoccasionforhimathome：suchastravel， carrywiththemapassportfromthePrince，whichbothcertifies thelicensethatisgrantedfortravelling，andlimitsthetimeof theirreturn。Theyarefurnishedwithawagon，andaslavewho drivestheoxenandlooksafterthem;butunlesstherearewomen inthecompany，thewagonissentbackattheendofthejourney asaneedlessencumbrance。Whiletheyareontheroad，theycarry noprovisionswiththem;yettheywantnothing，butareeverywhere treatedasiftheywereathome。Iftheystayinanyplacelonger thananight，everyonefollowshisproperoccupation，andisvery wellusedbythoseofhisowntrade;butifanymangoesoutof thecitytowhichhebelongs，withoutleave，andisfoundrambling withoutapassport，heisseverelytreated，heispunishedasa fugitive，andsenthomedisgracefully;andifhefallsagaininto thelikefault，iscondemnedtoslavery。Ifanymanhasamindto travelonlyovertheprecinctofhisowncity，hemayfreelydo it，withhisfather’spermissionandhiswife’sconsent;butwhen hecomesintoanyofthecountryhouses，ifheexpectstobe entertainedbythem，hemustlaborwiththemandconformtotheir rules：andifhedoesthis，hemayfreelygooverthewhole precinct;beingthusasusefultothecitytowhichhebelongs，as ifhewerestillwithinit。Thusyouseethattherearenoidle personsamongthem，norpretencesofexcusinganyfromlabor。 Therearenotaverns，noalehousesnorstewsamongthem;norany otheroccasionsofcorruptingeachother，ofgettingintocorners， orformingthemselvesintoparties：allmenliveinfullview，so thatallareobliged，bothtoperformtheirordinarytasks，andto employthemselveswellintheirsparehours。Anditiscertain thatapeoplethusorderedmustliveingreatabundanceofall things;andthesebeingequallydistributedamongthem，nomancan want，orbeobligedtobeg。 IntheirgreatCouncilatAmaurot，towhichtherearethreesent fromeverytownonceayear，theyexaminewhattownsaboundin provisionsandwhatareunderanyscarcity，thatsotheonemaybe furnishedfromtheother;andthisisdonefreely，withoutany sortofexchange;foraccordingtotheirplentyorscarcitythey supplyoraresuppliedfromoneanother;sothatindeedthewhole islandis，asitwere，onefamily。Whentheyhavethustakencare oftheirwholecountry，andlaidupstoresfortwoyears，which theydotopreventtheill-consequencesofanunfavorableseason， theyorderanexportationoftheoverplus，ofcorn，honey，wool， flax，wood，wax，tallow，leather，andcattle;whichtheysendout commonlyingreatquantitiestoothernations。Theyordera seventhpartofallthesegoodstobefreelygiventothepoorof thecountriestowhichtheysendthem，andselltherestat moderaterates。Andbythisexchange，theynotonlybringback thosefewthingsthattheyneedathome（forindeedtheyscarce needanythingbutiron），butlikewiseagreatdealofgoldand silver;andbytheirdrivingthistradesolong，itisnottobe imaginedhowvastatreasuretheyhavegotamongthem：sothatnow theydonotmuchcarewhethertheysellofftheirmerchandisefor moneyinhand，orupontrust。 Agreatpartoftheirtreasureisnowinbonds;butinalltheir contractsnoprivatemanstandsbound，butthewritingrunsinthe nameofthetown;andthetownsthatowethemmoneyraiseitfrom thoseprivatehandsthatoweittothem，layitUpintheirpublic chamber，orenjoytheprofitofittilltheUtopianscallforit; andtheychooserathertoletthegreatestpartofitlieintheir handswhomakeadvantagebyit，thantocallforitthemselves： butiftheyseethatanyoftheirotherneighborsstandmorein needofit，thentheycallitinandlendittothem：whenever theyareengagedinwar，whichistheonlyoccasioninwhichtheir treasurecanbeusefullyemployed，theymakeuseofitthemselves。 Ingreatextremitiesorsuddenaccidentstheyemployitinhiring foreigntroops，whomtheymorewillinglyexposetodangerthan theirownpeople：theygivethemgreatpay，knowingwellthatthis willworkevenontheirenemies，thatitwillengagethemeither tobetraytheirownside，oratleasttodesertit，andthatitis thebestmeansofraisingmutualjealousiesamongthem：forthis endtheyhaveanincredibletreasure;buttheydonotkeepitasa treasure，butinsuchamannerasIamalmostafraidtotell，lest youthinkitsoextravagant，astobehardlycredible。ThisIhave themorereasontoapprehend，becauseifIhadnotseenitmyself， Icouldnothavebeeneasilypersuadedtohavebelieveditupon anyman’sreport。 Itiscertainthatallthingsappearincredibletous，in proportionastheydifferfromourowncustoms。Butonewhocan judgearightwillnotwondertofindthat，sincetheir constitutiondifferssomuchfromours，theirvalueofgoldand silvershouldbemeasuredbyaverydifferentstandard;forsince theyhavenouseformoneyamongthemselves，butkeepitasa provisionagainsteventswhichseldomhappen，andbetweenwhich therearegenerallylonginterveningintervals，theyvalueitno fartherthanitdeserves，thatis，inproportiontoitsuse。So thatitisplaintheymustpreferironeithertogoldorsilver; formencannomorelivewithoutironthanwithoutfireorwater， butnaturehasmarkedoutnousefortheothermetals，so essentialasnoteasilytobedispensedwith。Thefollyofmenhas enhancedthevalueofgoldandsilver，becauseoftheirscarcity。 Whereas，onthecontrary，itistheiropinionthatnature，asan indulgentparent，hasfreelygivenusallthebestthingsingreat abundance，suchaswaterandearth，buthaslaidupandhidfrom usthethingsthatarevainanduseless。 Ifthesemetalswerelaidupinanytowerinthekingdom，itwould raiseajealousyofthePrinceandSenate，andgivebirthtothat foolishmistrustintowhichthepeopleareapttofall，ajealousy oftheirintendingtosacrificetheinterestofthepublicto theirownprivateadvantage。Iftheyshouldworkitintovessels oranysortofplate，theyfearthatthepeoplemightgrowtoo fondofit，andsobeunwillingtolettheplateberundownifa warmadeitnecessarytoemployitinpayingtheirsoldiers。To preventalltheseinconveniences，theyhavefallenuponan expedient，which，asitagreeswiththeirotherpolicy，soisit verydifferentfromours，andwillscarcegainbeliefamongus， whovaluegoldsomuchandlayitupsocarefully。Theyeatand drinkoutofvesselsofearth，orglass，whichmakeanagreeable appearancethoughformedofbrittlematerials：whiletheymake theirchamber-potsandclose-stoolsofgoldandsilver;andthat notonlyintheirpublichalls，butintheirprivatehouses：of thesamemetalstheylikewisemakechainsandfettersfortheir slaves;tosomeofwhich，asabadgeofinfamy，theyhanganear- ringofgold，andmakeotherswearachainorcoronetofthesame metal;andthustheytakecare，byallpossiblemeans，torender goldandsilverofnoesteem。Andfromhenceitisthatwhile othernationspartwiththeirgoldandsilverasunwillinglyasif onetoreouttheirbowels，thoseofUtopiawouldlookontheir givinginalltheypossessofthose（metals，whentherewasany useforthem）butasthepartingwithatrifle，oraswewould esteemthelossofapenny。Theyfindpearlsontheircoast，and diamondsandcarbunclesontheirrocks;theydonotlookafter them，but，iftheyfindthembychance，theypolishthem，andwith themtheyadorntheirchildren，whoaredelightedwiththem，and gloryinthemduringtheirchildhood;butwhentheygrowtoyears， andseethatnonebutchildrenusesuchbaubles，theyoftheirown accord，withoutbeingbidbytheirparents，laythemaside;and wouldbeasmuchashamedtousethemafterwardaschildrenamong us，whentheycometoyears，areoftheirpuppetsandothertoys。 Ineversawaclearerinstanceoftheoppositeimpressionsthat differentcustomsmakeonpeople，thanIobservedinthe ambassadorsoftheAnemolians，whocametoAmaurotwhenIwas there。Astheycametotreatofaffairsofgreatconsequence，the deputiesfromseveraltownsmettogethertowaitfortheircoming。 TheambassadorsofthenationsthatlienearUtopia，knowingtheir customs，andthatfineclothesareinnoesteemamongthem，that silkisdespised，andgoldisabadgeofinfamy，usedtocomevery modestlyclothed;buttheAnemolians，lyingmoreremote，and havinghadlittlecommercewiththem，understandingthattheywere coarselyclothed，andallinthesamemanner，tookitforgranted thattheyhadnoneofthosefinethingsamongthemofwhichthey madenouse;andtheybeingavaingloriousratherthanawise people，resolvedtosetthemselvesoutwithsomuchpomp，that theyshouldlooklikegods，andstriketheeyesofthepoor Utopianswiththeirsplendor。Thusthreeambassadorsmadetheir entrywith100attendants，allcladingarmentsofdifferent colors，andthegreaterpartinsilk;theambassadorsthemselves， whowereofthenobilityoftheircountry，wereincloth-of-gold， andadornedwithmassychains，ear-rings，andringsofgold：their capswerecoveredwithbraceletssetfullofpearlsandother gems：inaword，theyweresetoutwithallthosethingsthat， amongtheUtopians，werethebadgesofslavery，themarksof infamy，ortheplaythingsofchildren。 Itwasnotunpleasanttosee，ontheoneside，howtheylooked big，whentheycomparedtheirrichhabitswiththeplainclothes oftheUtopians，whowerecomeoutingreatnumberstoseethem maketheirentry：and，ontheother，toobservehowmuchtheywere mistakenintheimpressionwhichtheyhopedthispompwouldhave madeonthem。Itappearedsoridiculousashowtoallthathad neverstirredoutoftheircountry，andhadnotseenthecustoms ofothernations，thatthoughtheypaidsomereverencetothose thatwerethemostmeanlyclad，asiftheyhadbeenthe ambassadors，yetwhentheysawtheambassadorsthemselves，sofull ofgoldandchains，theylookeduponthemasslaves，andforbore totreatthemwithreverence。Youmighthaveseenthechildren， whoweregrownbigenoughtodespisetheirplaythings，andwhohad thrownawaytheirjewels，calltotheirmothers，pushthemgently， andcryout，\"Seethatgreatfoolthatwearspearlsandgems，as ifhewereyetachild。\"Whiletheirmothersveryinnocently replied，\"Holdyourpeace;this，Ibelieve，isoneofthe ambassador’sfools。\"Otherscensuredthefashionoftheirchains， andobservedthattheywereofnouse;fortheyweretooslightto bindtheirslaves，whocouldeasilybreakthem;andbesideshung solooseaboutthemthattheythoughtiteasytothrowthemaway， andsogetfromthem。 Butaftertheambassadorshadstayedadayamongthem，andsawso vastaquantityofgoldintheirhouses，whichwasasmuch despisedbythemasitwasesteemedinothernations，andbeheld moregoldandsilverinthechainsandfettersofoneslavethan alltheirornamentsamountedto，theirplumesfell，andtheywere ashamedofallthatgloryforwhichtheyhadformerlyvalued themselves，andaccordinglylaiditaside;aresolutionthatthey immediatelytook，whenontheirengaginginsomefreediscourse withtheUtopians，theydiscoveredtheirsenseofsuchthingsand theirothercustoms。TheUtopianswonderhowanymanshouldbeso muchtakenwiththeglaringdoubtfullustreofajewelorastone， thatcanlookuptoastarortothesunhimself;orhowany shouldvaluehimselfbecausehisclothismadeofafinerthread： forhowfinesoeverthatthreadmaybe，itwasoncenobetterthan thefleeceofasheep，andthatsheepwasasheepstillforall itswearingit。Theywondermuchtohearthatgoldwhichinitself issouselessathing，shouldbeeverywheresomuchesteemed，that evenmenforwhomitwasmade，andbywhomithasitsvalue， shouldyetbethoughtoflessvaluethanthismetal。Thatamanof lead，whohasnomoresensethanalogofwood，andisasbadas heisfoolish，shouldhavemanywiseandgoodmentoservehim， onlybecausehehasagreatheapofthatmetal;andthatifit shouldhappenthatbysomeaccidentortrickoflaw（which sometimesproducesasgreatchangesaschanceitself）allthis wealthshouldpassfromthemastertothemeanestvarletofhis wholefamily，hehimselfwouldverysoonbecomeoneofhis servants，asifhewereathingthatbelongedtohiswealth，and sowereboundtofollowitsfortune。Buttheymuchmoreadmireand detestthefollyofthosewho，whentheyseearichman，though theyneitherowehimanythingnorareinanysortdependentonhis bounty，yetmerelybecauseheisrichgivehimlittlelessthan divinehonors，eventhoughtheyknowhimtobesocovetousand base-mindedthatnotwithstandingallhiswealthhewillnotpart withonefarthingofittothemaslongashelives。 Theseandsuchlikenotionshasthatpeopleimbibed，partlyfrom theireducation，beingbredinacountrywhosecustomsandlaws areoppositetoallsuchfoolishmaxims，andpartlyfromtheir learningandstudies;forthoughtherearebutfewinanytown thataresowhollyexcusedfromlaborastogivethemselves entirelyuptotheirstudies，thesebeingonlysuchpersonsas discoverfromtheirchildhoodanextraordinarycapacityand dispositionforletters;yettheirchildren，andagreatpartof thenation，bothmenandwomen，aretaughttospendthosehoursin whichtheyarenotobligedtowork，inreading：andthistheydo throughthewholeprogressoflife。Theyhavealltheirlearning intheirowntongue，whichisbothacopiousandpleasant language，andinwhichamancanfullyexpresshismind。Itruns overagreattractofmanycountries，butitisnotequallypure inallplaces。Theyhadneversomuchasheardofthenamesofany ofthosephilosophersthataresofamousinthesepartsofthe world，beforewewentamongthem;andyettheyhadmadethesame discoveriesastheGreeks，inmusic，logic，arithmetic，and geometry。Butastheyarealmostineverythingequaltothe ancientphilosophers，sotheyfarexceedourmodernlogicians;for theyhaveneveryetfallenuponthebarbarousnicetiesthatour youthareforcedtolearninthosetriflinglogicalschoolsthat areamongus;theyaresofarfrommindingchimeras，and fantasticalimagesmadeinthemind，thatnoneofthemcould comprehendwhatwemeantwhenwetalkedtothemofmaninthe abstract，ascommontoallmeninparticular（sothatthoughwe spokeofhimasathingthatwecouldpointatwithourfingers， yetnoneofthemcouldperceivehim），andyetdistinctfrom everyone，asifheweresomemonstrousColossusorgiant。 Yetforallthisignoranceoftheseemptynotions，theyknew astronomy，andwereperfectlyacquaintedwiththemotionsofthe heavenlybodies，andhavemanyinstruments，wellcontrivedand divided，bywhichtheyveryaccuratelycomputethecourseand positionsofthesun，moon，andstars。Butforthecheat，of diviningbythestarsbytheiroppositionsorconjunctions，ithas notsomuchasenteredintotheirthoughts。Theyhaveaparticular sagacity，foundeduponmuchobservation，injudgingofthe weather，bywhichtheyknowwhentheymaylookforrain，wind，or otheralterationsintheair;butastothephilosophyofthese things，thecausesofthesaltnessofthesea，ofitsebbingand flowing，andoftheoriginandnaturebothoftheheavensandthe earth;theydisputeofthem，partlyasourancientphilosophers havedone，andpartlyuponsomenewhypothesis，inwhich，asthey differfromthem，sotheydonotinallthingsagreeamong themselves。 Astomoralphilosophy，theyhavethesamedisputesamongthemas wehavehere：theyexaminewhatareproperlygoodbothforthe bodyandthemind，andwhetheranyoutwardthingcanbecalled trulygood，orifthattermbelongonlytotheendowmentsofthe soul。Theyinquirelikewiseintothenatureofvirtueand pleasure;buttheirchiefdisputeisconcerningthehappinessofa man，andwhereinitconsists？Whetherinsomeonething，orina greatmany？Theyseem，indeed，moreinclinabletothatopinion thatplaces，ifnotthewhole，yetthechiefpartofaman’s happinessinpleasure;and，whatmayseemmorestrange，theymake useofargumentsevenfromreligion，notwithstandingitsseverity androughness，forthesupportofthatopinionsoindulgentto pleasure;fortheyneverdisputeconcerninghappinesswithout fetchingsomeargumentsfromtheprinciplesofreligion，aswell asfromnaturalreason，sincewithouttheformertheyreckonthat allourinquiriesafterhappinessmustbebutconjecturaland defective。 Thesearetheirreligiousprinciples，thatthesoulofmanis immortal，andthatGodofhisgoodnesshasdesignedthatitshould behappy;andthathehasthereforeappointedrewardsforgoodand virtuousactions，andpunishmentsforvice，tobedistributed afterthislife。Thoughtheseprinciplesofreligionareconveyed downamongthembytradition，theythinkthatevenreasonitself determinesamantobelieveandacknowledgethem，andfreely confessthatiftheseweretakenawaynomanwouldbeso insensibleasnottoseekafterpleasurebyallpossiblemeans， lawfulorunlawful;usingonlythiscaution，thatalesser pleasuremightnotstandinthewayofagreater，andthatno pleasureoughttobepursuedthatshoulddrawagreatdealofpain afterit;fortheythinkitthemaddestthingintheworldto pursuevirtue，thatisasouranddifficultthing;andnotonlyto renouncethepleasuresoflife，butwillinglytoundergomuchpain andtrouble，ifamanhasnoprospectofareward。Andwhatreward cantherebeforonethathaspassedhiswholelife，notonly withoutpleasure，butinpain，ifthereisnothingtobeexpected afterdeath？Yettheydonotplacehappinessinallsortsof pleasures，butonlyinthosethatinthemselvesaregoodand honest。 Thereisapartyamongthemwhoplacehappinessinbarevirtue; othersthinkthatournaturesareconductedbyvirtueto happiness，asthatwhichisthechiefgoodofman。Theydefine virtuethus，thatitisalivingaccordingtonature，andthink thatwearemadebyGodforthatend;theybelievethatamanthen followsthedictatesofnaturewhenhepursuesoravoidsthings accordingtothedirectionofreason;theysaythatthefirst dictateofreasonisthekindlinginusofaloveandreverence fortheDivineMajesty，towhomweowebothallthatwehaveand allthatwecaneverhopefor。Inthenextplace，reasondirects ustokeepourmindsasfreefrompassionandascheerfulaswe can，andthatweshouldconsiderourselvesasboundbythetiesof good-natureandhumanitytouseourutmostendeavorstohelp forwardthehappinessofallotherpersons;forthereneverwas anymansuchamoroseandseverepursuerofvirtue，suchanenemy topleasure，thatthoughhesethardrulesformentoundergomuch pain，manywatchings，andotherrigors，yetdidnotatthesame timeadvisethemtodoalltheycould，inordertorelieveand easethemiserable，andwhodidnotrepresentgentlenessandgood- natureasamiabledispositions。Andfromthencetheyinferthatif amanoughttoadvancethewelfareandcomfortoftherestof mankind，therebeingnovirtuemoreproperandpeculiartoour nature，thantoeasethemiseriesofothers，tofreefromtrouble andanxiety，infurnishingthemwiththecomfortsoflife，in whichpleasureconsists，naturemuchmorevigorouslyleadsthemto doallthisforhimself。 Alifeofpleasureiseitherarealevil，andinthatcasewe oughtnottoassistothersintheirpursuitofit，butonthe contrary，tokeepthemfromitallwecan，asfromthatwhichis mosthurtfulanddeadly;orifitisagoodthing，sothatwenot onlymay，butoughttohelpotherstoit，why，then，oughtnota mantobeginwithhimself？Sincenomancanbemoreboundtolook afterthegoodofanotherthanafterhisown;fornaturecannot directustobegoodandkindtoothers，andyetatthesametime tobeunmercifulandcrueltoourselves。Thus，astheydefine virtuetobelivingaccordingtonature，sotheyimaginethat naturepromptsallpeopleontoseekafterpleasure，astheendof alltheydo。Theyalsoobservethatinordertooursupportingthe pleasuresoflife，natureinclinesustoenterintosociety;for thereisnomansomuchraisedabovetherestofmankindastobe theonlyfavoriteofnaturewho，onthecontrary，seemstohave placedonalevelallthosethatbelongtothesamespecies。Upon thistheyinferthatnomanoughttoseekhisownconveniencesso eagerlyastoprejudiceothers;andthereforetheythinkthatnot onlyallagreementsbetweenprivatepersonsoughttobeobserved， butlikewisethatallthoselawsoughttobekept，whicheithera goodprincehaspublishedindueform，ortowhichapeoplethat isneitheroppressedwithtyrannynorcircumventedbyfraud，has consented，fordistributingthoseconveniencesoflifewhich affordusallourpleasures。 Theythinkitisanevidenceoftruewisdomforamantopursue hisownadvantagesasfarasthelawsallowit。Theyaccountit pietytopreferthepublicgoodtoone’sprivateconcerns;but theythinkitunjustforamantoseekforpleasurebysnatching anotherman’spleasuresfromhim。Andonthecontrary，theythink itasignofagentleandgoodsoul，foramantodispensewith hisownadvantageforthegoodofothers;andthatbythismeansa goodmanfindsasmuchpleasureonewayashepartswithanother; forashemayexpectthelikefromotherswhenhemaycometoneed it，soifthatshouldfailhim，yetthesenseofagoodaction， andthereflectionsthathemakesontheloveandgratitudeof thosewhomhehassoobliged，givesthemindmorepleasurethan thebodycouldhavefoundinthatfromwhichithadrestrained itself。TheyarealsopersuadedthatGodwillmakeupthelossof thosesmallpleasures，withavastandendlessjoy，ofwhich religioneasilyconvincesagoodsoul。 Thus，uponaninquiryintothewholematter，theyreckonthatall ouractions，andevenallourvirtues，terminateinpleasure，as inourchiefendandgreatesthappiness;andtheycallevery motionorstate，eitherofbodyormind，inwhichnatureteaches ustodelight，apleasure。Thustheycautiouslylimitpleasure onlytothoseappetitestowhichnatureleadsus;fortheysay thatnatureleadsusonlytothosedelightstowhichreasonas wellassensecarriesus，andbywhichweneitherinjureanyother personnorlosethepossessionofgreaterpleasures，andofsuch asdrawnotroublesafterthem;buttheylookuponthosedelights whichmenbyafoolishthoughcommonmistakecallpleasure，asif theycouldchangeaseasilythenatureofthingsastheuseof words;asthingsthatgreatlyobstructtheirrealhappiness insteadofadvancingit，becausetheysoentirelypossessthe mindsofthosethatareoncecaptivatedbythemwithafalse notionofpleasure，thatthereisnoroomleftforpleasuresofa truerorpurerkind。 Therearemanythingsthatinthemselveshavenothingthatis trulydelightful;onthecontrary，theyhaveagooddealof bitternessinthem;andyetfromourperverseappetitesafter forbiddenobjects，arenotonlyrankedamongthepleasures，but aremadeeventhegreatestdesignsoflife。Amongthosewhopursue thesesophisticatedpleasures，theyreckonsuchasImentioned before，whothinkthemselvesreallythebetterforhavingfine clothes;inwhichtheythinktheyaredoublymistaken，bothinthe opinionthattheyhaveoftheirclothes，andinthattheyhaveof themselves;forifyouconsidertheuseofclothes，whyshoulda finethreadbethoughtbetterthanacoarseone？Andyetthese men，asiftheyhadsomerealadvantagesbeyondothers，anddid notowethemwhollytotheirmistakes，lookbig，seemtofancy themselvestobemorevaluable，andimaginethatarespectisdue tothemforthesakeofarichgarment，towhichtheywouldnot havepretendediftheyhadbeenmoremeanlyclothed;andeven resentitasanaffront，ifthatrespectisnotpaidthem。Itis alsoagreatfollytobetakenwithoutwardmarksofrespect， whichsignifynothing：forwhattrueorrealpleasurecanoneman findinanother’sstandingbare，ormakinglegstohim？Willthe bendinganotherman’skneesgiveeasetoyours？Andwillthe head’sbeingbarecurethemadnessofyours？Andyetitis wonderfultoseehowthisfalsenotionofpleasurebewitchesmany whodelightthemselveswiththefancyoftheirnobility，andare pleasedwiththisconceit，thattheyaredescendedfromancestors whohavebeenheldforsomesuccessionsrich，andwhohavehad greatpossessions;forthisisallthatmakesnobilityatpresent; yettheydonotthinkthemselvesawhitthelessnoble，though theirimmediateparentshaveleftnoneofthiswealthtothem，or thoughtheythemselveshavesquandereditaway。 TheUtopianshavenobetteropinionofthosewhoaremuchtaken withgemsandpreciousstones，andwhoaccountitadegreeof happiness，nexttoadivineone，iftheycanpurchaseonethatis veryextraordinary;especiallyifitbeofthatsortofstones thatistheningreatestrequest;forthesamesortisnotatall timesuniversallyofthesamevalue;norwillmenbuyitunlessit bedismountedandtakenoutofthegold;thejewelleristhenmade togivegoodsecurity，andrequiredsolemnlytoswearthatthe stoneistrue，thatbysuchanexactcautionafalseonemightnot beboughtinsteadofatrue：thoughifyouweretoexamineit， youreyecouldfindnodifferencebetweenthecounterfeitandthat whichistrue;sothattheyareallonetoyouasmuchasifyou wereblind。Orcanitbethoughtthattheywhoheapupauseless massofwealth，notforanyusethatitistobringthem，but merelytopleasethemselveswiththecontemplationofit，enjoy anytruepleasureinit？Thedelighttheyfindisonlyafalse shadowofjoy。Thosearenobetterwhoseerrorissomewhat differentfromtheformer，andwhohideit，outoftheirfearof losingit;forwhatothernamecanfitthehidingitintheearth， orrathertherestoringittoitagain，itbeingthuscutofffrom beinguseful，eithertoitsownerortotherestofmankind？And yettheownerhavinghiditcarefully，isglad，becausehethinks heisnowsureofit。Ifitshouldbestolen，theowner，thoughhe mightliveperhapstenyearsafterthetheft，ofwhichheknew nothing，wouldfindnodifferencebetweenhishavingorlosingit; forbothwaysitwasequallyuselesstohim。 Amongthosefoolishpursuersofpleasuretheyreckonallthat delightinhunting，infowling，orgaming：ofwhosemadnessthey haveonlyheard，fortheyhavenosuchthingsamongthem。Butthey haveaskedus，whatsortofpleasureisitthatmencanfindin throwingthedice？Foriftherewereanypleasureinit，they thinkthedoingofitsooftenshouldgiveoneasurfeitofit： andwhatpleasurecanonefindinhearingthebarkingandhowling ofdogs，whichseemratherodiousthanpleasantsounds？Norcan theycomprehendthepleasureofseeingdogsrunafterahare，more thanofseeingonedogrunafteranother;foriftheseeingthem runisthatwhichgivesthepleasure，youhavethesame entertainmenttotheeyeonboththeseoccasions，sincethatis thesameinbothcases：butifthepleasureliesinseeingthe harekilledandtornbythedogs，thisoughtrathertostirpity， thataweak，harmlessandfearfulhareshouldbedevouredby strong，fierce，andcrueldogs。Thereforeallthisbusinessof huntingis，amongtheUtopians，turnedovertotheirbutchers;and those，ashasbeenalreadysaid，areallslaves;andtheylookon huntingasoneofthebasestpartsofabutcher’swork：forthey accountitbothmoreprofitableandmoredecenttokillthose beaststhataremorenecessaryandusefultomankind;whereasthe killingandtearingofsosmallandmiserableananimalcanonly attractthehuntsmanwithafalseshowofpleasure，fromwhichhe canreapbutsmalladvantage。Theylookonthedesireofthe bloodshed，evenofbeasts，asamarkofamindthatisalready corruptedwithcruelty，orthatatleastbythefrequentreturns ofsobrutalapleasuremustdegenerateintoit。 Thus，thoughtherabbleofmankindlookuponthese，andon innumerableotherthingsofthesamenature，aspleasures，the Utopians，onthecontrary，observingthatthereisnothinginthem trulypleasant，concludethattheyarenottobereckonedamong pleasures：forthoughthesethingsmaycreatesometicklinginthe senses（whichseemstobeatruenotionofpleasure），yetthey imaginethatthisdoesnotarisefromthethingitself，butfroma depravedcustom，whichmaysovitiateaman’staste，thatbitter thingsmaypassforsweet;aswomenwithchildthinkpitchor tallowtastessweeterthanhoney;butasaman’ssensewhen corrupted，eitherbyadiseaseorsomeillhabit，doesnotchange thenatureofotherthings，soneithercanitchangethenatureof pleasure。 Theyreckonupseveralsortsofpleasures，whichtheycalltrue ones：somebelongtothebodyandotherstothemind。The pleasuresofthemindlieinknowledge，andinthatdelightwhich thecontemplationoftruthcarrieswithit;towhichtheyaddthe joyfulreflectionsonawell-spentlife，andtheassuredhopesof afuturehappiness。Theydividethepleasuresofthebodyintotwo sorts;theoneisthatwhichgivesoursensessomerealdelight， andisperformed，eitherbyrecruitingnature，andsupplyingthose partswhichfeedtheinternalheatoflifebyeatinganddrinking; orwhennatureiseasedofanysurchargethatoppressesit;when wearerelievedfromsuddenpain，orthatwhicharisesfrom satisfyingtheappetitewhichnaturehaswiselygiventoleadus tothepropagationofthespecies。Thereisanotherkindof pleasurethatarisesneitherfromourreceivingwhatthebody requiresnoritsbeingrelievedwhenovercharged，andyetbya secret，unseenvirtueaffectsthesenses，raisesthepassions，and strikesthemindwithgenerousimpressions;thisisthepleasure thatarisesfrommusic。Anotherkindofbodilypleasureisthat whichresultsfromanundisturbedandvigorousconstitutionof body，whenlifeandactivespiritsseemtoactuateeverypart。 Thislivelyhealth，whenentirelyfreefromallmixtureofpain， ofitselfgivesaninwardpleasure，independentofallexternal objectsofdelight;andthoughthispleasuredoesnotso powerfullyaffectus，noractsostronglyonthesensesassomeof theothers，yetitmaybeesteemedasthegreatestofall pleasures，andalmostalltheUtopiansreckonitthefoundation andbasisofalltheotherjoysoflife;sincethisalonemakes thestateoflifeeasyanddesirable;andwhenthisiswanting，a manisreallycapableofnootherpleasure。Theylookuponfreedom frompain，ifitdoesnotrisefromperfecthealth，tobeastate ofstupidityratherthanofpleasure。 Thissubjecthasbeenverynarrowlycanvassedamongthem;andit hasbeendebatedwhetherafirmandentirehealthcouldbecalled apleasureornot？Somehavethoughtthattherewasnopleasure butwhatwasexcitedbysomesensiblemotioninthebody。Butthis opinionhasbeenlongagoexcludedfromamongthem，sothatnow theyalmostuniversallyagreethathealthisthegreatestofall bodilypleasures;andthatasthereisapaininsickness，which isasoppositeinitsnaturetopleasureassicknessitselfisto health，sotheyholdthathealthisaccompaniedwithpleasure：and ifanyshouldsaythatsicknessisnotreallypain，butthatit onlycarriespainalongwithit，theylookuponthatasafetchof subtilty，thatdoesnotmuchalterthematter。Itisallone，in theiropinion，whetheritbesaidthathealthisinitselfa pleasure，orthatitbegetsapleasure，asfiregivesheat;soit begranted，thatallthosewhosehealthisentirehaveatrue pleasureintheenjoymentofit：andtheyreasonthus——whatisthe pleasureofeating，butthataman’shealthwhichhadbeen weakened，does，withtheassistanceoffood，driveawayhunger， andsorecruitingitselfrecoversitsformervigor？Andbeingthus refreshed，itfindsapleasureinthatconflict;andifthe conflictispleasure，thevictorymustyetbreedagreater pleasure，exceptwefancythatitbecomesstupidassoonasithas obtainedthatwhichitpursued，andsoneitherknowsnorrejoices initsownwelfare。Ifitissaidthathealthcannotbefelt，they absolutelydenyit;forwhatmanisinhealththatdoesnot perceiveitwhenheisawake？Isthereanymanthatissodulland stupidasnottoacknowledgethathefeelsadelightinhealth？ Andwhatisdelightbutanothernameforpleasure？ Butofallpleasures，theyesteemthosetobemostvaluablethat lieinthemind，thechiefofwhicharisesoutoftruevirtue，and thewitnessesofagoodconscience。Theyaccounthealththechief pleasurethatbelongstothebody;fortheythinkthatthe pleasureofeatinganddrinking，andalltheotherdelightsof sense，areonlysofardesirableastheygiveormaintainhealth。 Buttheyarenotpleasantinthemselves，otherwisethanasthey resistthoseimpressionsthatournaturalinfirmitiesarestill makinguponus：forasawisemandesiresrathertoavoiddiseases thantotakephysic，andtobefreedfrompain，ratherthanto findeasebyremedies;soitismoredesirablenottoneedthis sortofpleasure，thantobeobligedtoindulgeit。Ifanyman imaginesthatthereisarealhappinessintheseenjoyments，he mustthenconfessthathewouldbethehappiestofallmenifhe weretoleadhislifeinperpetualhunger，thirst，anditching， andbyconsequenceinperpetualeating，drinking，andscratching himself;whichanyonemayeasilyseewouldbenotonlyabasebut amiserablestateoflife。Theseareindeedthelowestof pleasures，andtheleastpure;forwecanneverrelishthem，but whentheyaremixedwiththecontrarypains。Thepainofhunger mustgiveusthepleasureofeating;andherethepainout- balancesthepleasure;andasthepainismorevehement，soit lastsmuchlonger;forasitbeginsbeforethepleasure，soit doesnotceasebutwiththepleasurethatextinguishesit，and bothexpiretogether。 Theythink，therefore，noneofthosepleasuresistobevaluedany furtherthanasitisnecessary;yettheyrejoiceinthem，and withduegratitudeacknowledgethetendernessofthegreatAuthor ofnature，whohasplantedinusappetites，bywhichthosethings thatarenecessaryforourpreservationarelikewisemadepleasant tous。Forhowmiserableathingwouldlifebe，ifthosedaily diseasesofhungerandthirstweretobecarriedoffbysuch bitterdrugsaswemustuseforthosediseasesthatreturn seldomeruponus？Andthusthesepleasantaswellaspropergifts ofnaturemaintainthestrengthandthesprightlinessofour bodies。 Theyalsoentertainthemselveswiththeotherdelightsletinat theireyes，theirears，andtheirnostrils，asthepleasant relishesandseasoningsoflife，whichnatureseemstohavemarked outpeculiarlyforman;sincenoothersortofanimals contemplatesthefigureandbeautyoftheuniverse;noris delightedwithsmells，anyfurtherthanastheydistinguishmeats bythem;nordotheyapprehendtheconcordsordiscordsofsound; yetinallpleasureswhatsoevertheytakecarethatalesserjoy doesnothinderagreater，andthatpleasuremayneverbreedpain， whichtheythinkalwaysfollowsdishonestpleasures。Butthey thinkitmadnessforamantowearoutthebeautyofhisface，or theforceofhisnaturalstrength;tocorruptthesprightlinessof hisbodybyslothandlaziness，ortowasteitbyfasting;thatit ismadnesstoweakenthestrengthofhisconstitution，andreject theotherdelightsoflife;unlessbyrenouncinghisown satisfaction，hecaneitherservethepublicorpromotethe happinessofothers，forwhichheexpectsagreaterrecompense fromGod。Sothattheylookonsuchacourseoflifeasthemark ofamindthatisbothcrueltoitself，andungratefultothe Authorofnature，asifwewouldnotbebeholdentoHimforHis favors，andthereforerejectallHisblessings;asonewhoshould afflicthimselffortheemptyshadowofvirtue;orfornobetter endthantorenderhimselfcapableofbearingthosemisfortunes whichpossiblywillneverhappen。