BOOKI
HENRYVIII，theunconqueredKingofEngland，aprinceadornedwithallthevirtuesthatbecomeagreatmonarch，havingsomedifferencesofnosmallconsequencewithCharles，themostserenePrinceofCastile，sentmeintoFlanders，ashisambassador，fortreatingandcomposingmattersbetweenthem。IwascolleagueandcompaniontothatincomparablemanCuthbertTonstal，whomtheKingwithsuchuniversalapplauselatelymadeMasteroftheRolls，butofwhomIwillsaynothing;notbecauseIfearthatthetestimonyofafriendwillbesuspected，butratherbecausehislearningandvirtuesaretoogreatformetodothemjustice，andsowellknownthattheyneednotmycommendationsunlessIwould，accordingtotheproverb，\"Showthesunwithalanthorn。\"ThosethatwereappointedbythePrincetotreatwithus，metusatBruges，accordingtoagreement;theywereallworthymen。TheMargraveofBrugeswastheirhead，andthechiefmanamongthem;buthethatwasesteemedthewisest，andthatspokefortherest，wasGeorgeTemse，theProvostofCasselsee;bothartandnaturehadconcurredtomakehimeloquent：hewasverylearnedinthelaw;andashehadagreatcapacity，sobyalongpracticeinaffairshewasverydexterousatunravellingthem。
Afterwehadseveraltimesmetwithoutcomingtoanagreement，theywenttoBrusselsforsomedaystoknowthePrince’spleasure。
Andsinceourbusinesswouldadmitit，IwenttoAntwerp。WhileI
wasthere，amongmanythatvisitedme，therewasonethatwasmoreacceptabletomethananyother，PeterGiles，bornatAntwerp，whoisamanofgreathonor，andofagoodrankinhistown，thoughlessthanhedeserves;forIdonotknowiftherebeanywheretobefoundamorelearnedandabetterbredyoungman：forasheisbothaveryworthyandaveryknowingperson，soheissociviltoallmen，soparticularlykindtohisfriends，andsofullofcandorandaffection，thatthereisnotperhapsaboveoneortwoanywheretobefoundthatareinallrespectssoperfectafriend。
Heisextraordinarilymodest，thereisnoartificeinhim;andyetnomanhasmoreofaprudentsimplicity：hisconversationwassopleasantandsoinnocentlycheerful，thathiscompanyinagreatmeasurelessenedanylongingstogobacktomycountry，andtomywifeandchildren，whichanabsenceoffourmonthshadquickenedverymuch。OnedayasIwasreturninghomefrommassatSt。
Mary’s，whichisthechiefchurch，andthemostfrequentedofanyinAntwerp，Isawhimbyaccidenttalkingwithastranger，whoseemedpasttheflowerofhisage;hisfacewastanned，hehadalongbeard，andhiscloakwashangingcarelesslyabouthim，sothatbyhislooksandhabitIconcludedhewasaseaman。
AssoonasPetersawme，hecameandsalutedme;andasIwasreturninghiscivility，hetookmeaside，andpointingtohimwithwhomhehadbeendiscoursing，hesaid：\"Doyouseethatman？Iwasjustthinkingtobringhimtoyou。\"
Ianswered，\"Heshouldhavebeenverywelcomeonyouraccount。\"
\"Andonhisowntoo，\"repliedhe，\"ifyouknewtheman，forthereisnonealivethatcangivesocopiousanaccountofunknownnationsandcountriesashecando;whichIknowyouverymuchdesire。\"
ThensaidI，\"Ididnotguessamiss，foratfirstsightItookhimforaseaman。\"
\"Butyouaremuchmistaken，\"saidhe，\"forhehasnotsailedasaseaman，butasatraveller，orratheraphilosopher。ThisRaphael，whofromhisfamilycarriesthenameofHythloday，isnotignorantoftheLatintongue，butiseminentlylearnedintheGreek，havingappliedhimselfmoreparticularlytothatthantotheformer，becausehehadgivenhimselfmuchtophilosophy，inwhichheknewthattheRomanshaveleftusnothingthatisvaluable，exceptwhatistobefoundinSenecaandCicero。HeisaPortuguesebybirth，andwassodesirousofseeingtheworldthathedividedhisestateamonghisbrothers，ranthesamehazardasAmericusVespucius，andboreashareinthreeofhisfourvoyages，thatarenowpublished;
onlyhedidnotreturnwithhiminhislast，butobtainedleaveofhimalmostbyforce，thathemightbeoneofthosetwenty-fourwhowereleftatthefarthestplaceatwhichtheytouched，intheirlastvoyagetoNewCastile。Theleavinghimthusdidnotalittlegratifyonethatwasmorefondoftravellingthanofreturninghometobeburiedinhisowncountry;forheusedoftentosaythatthewaytoheavenwasthesamefromallplaces;andhethathadnogravehadtheheavenstilloverhim。Yetthisdispositionofmindhadcosthimdear，ifGodhadnotbeenverygracioustohim;forafterhe，withfiveCastilians，hadtravelledovermanycountries，atlast，bystrangegood-fortune，hegottoCeylon，andfromthencetoCalicut，whereheveryhappilyfoundsomePortugueseships，and，beyondallmen’sexpectations，returnedtohisnativecountry。\"
WhenPeterhadsaidthistome，Ithankedhimforhiskindness，inintendingtogivemetheacquaintanceofamanwhoseconversationheknewwouldbesoacceptable;anduponthatRaphaelandI
embracedeachother。Afterthosecivilitieswerepassedwhichareusualwithstrangersupontheirfirstmeeting，weallwenttomyhouse，andenteringintothegarden，satdownonagreenbank，andentertainedoneanotherindiscourse。HetoldusthatwhenVespuciushadsailedaway，heandhiscompanionsthatstayedbehindinNewCastile，bydegreesinsinuatedthemselvesintotheaffectionsofthepeopleofthecountry，meetingoftenwiththem，andtreatingthemgently：andatlasttheynotonlylivedamongthemwithoutdanger，butconversedfamiliarlywiththem;andgotsofarintotheheartofaprince，whosenameandcountryIhaveforgot，thathebothfurnishedthemplentifullywithallthingsnecessary，andalsowiththeconveniencesoftravelling;bothboatswhentheywentbywater，andwagonswhentheytravelledoverland：hesentwiththemaveryfaithfulguide，whowastointroduceandrecommendthemtosuchotherprincesastheyhadamindtosee：andaftermanydays’journey，theycametotownsandcities，andtocommonwealths，thatwerebothhappilygovernedandwell-peopled。Undertheequator，andasfaronbothsidesofitasthesunmoves，therelayvastdesertsthatwereparchedwiththeperpetualheatofthesun;thesoilwaswithered，allthingslookeddismally，andallplaceswereeitherquiteuninhabited，oraboundedwithwildbeastsandserpents，andsomefewmenthatwereneitherlesswildnorlesscruelthanthebeaststhemselves。
Butastheywentfarther，anewsceneopened，allthingsgrewmilder，theairlessburning，thesoilmoreverdant，andeventhebeastswerelesswild：andatlasttherewerenations，towns，andcities，thathadnotonlymutualcommerceamongthemselves，andwiththeirneighbors，buttradedbothbyseaandland，toveryremotecountries。Theretheyfoundtheconveniencesofseeingmanycountriesonallhands，fornoshipwentanyvoyageintowhichheandhiscompanionswerenotverywelcome。Thefirstvesselsthattheysawwereflat-bottomed，theirsailsweremadeofreedsandwickerwovenclosetogether，onlysomewereofleather;butafterwardtheyfoundshipsmadewithroundkeelsandcanvassails，andinallrespectslikeourships;andtheseamenunderstoodbothastronomyandnavigation。Hegotwonderfullyintotheirfavor，byshowingthemtheuseoftheneedle，ofwhichtillthentheywereutterlyignorant。Theysailedbeforewithgreatcaution，andonlyinsummer-time，butnowtheycountallseasonsalike，trustingwhollytotheloadstone，inwhichtheyareperhapsmoresecurethansafe;sothatthereisreasontofearthatthisdiscovery，whichwasthoughtwouldprovesomuchtotheiradvantage，maybytheirimprudencebecomeanoccasionofmuchmischieftothem。Butitweretoolongtodwellonallthathetoldushehadobservedineveryplace，itwouldbetoogreatadigressionfromourpresentpurpose：whateverisnecessarytobetold，concerningthosewiseandprudentinstitutionswhichheobservedamongcivilizednations，mayperhapsberelatedbyusonamoreproperoccasion。Weaskedhimmanyquestionsconcerningallthesethings，towhichheansweredverywillingly;onlywemadenoinquiriesaftermonsters，thanwhichnothingismorecommon;foreverywhereonemayhearofravenousdogsandwolves，andcruelman-eaters;
butitisnotsoeasytofindStatesthatarewellandwiselygoverned。
Ashetoldusofmanythingsthatwereamissinthosenew-
discoveredcountries，sohereckonedupnotafewthingsfromwhichpatternsmightbetakenforcorrectingtheerrorsofthesenationsamongwhomwelive;ofwhichanaccountmaybegiven，asI
havealreadypromised，atsomeothertime;foratpresentIintendonlytorelatethoseparticularsthathetoldusofthemannersandlawsoftheUtopians：butIwillbeginwiththeoccasionthatledustospeakofthatcommonwealth。AfterRaphaelhaddiscoursedwithgreatjudgmentonthemanyerrorsthatwerebothamongusandthesenations;hadtreatedofthewiseinstitutionsbothhereandthere，andhadspokenasdistinctlyofthecustomsandgovernmentofeverynationthroughwhichhehadpassed，asifhehadspenthiswholelifeinit，Peter，beingstruckwithadmiration，said：
\"Iwonder，Raphael，howitcomesthatyouenterintonoking’sservice，forIamsuretherearenonetowhomyouwouldnotbeveryacceptable：foryourlearningandknowledgebothofmenandthings，aresuchthatyouwouldnotonlyentertainthemverypleasantly，butbeofgreatusetothem，bytheexamplesyoucouldsetbeforethemandtheadvicesyoucouldgivethem;andbythismeansyouwouldbothserveyourowninterestandbeofgreatusetoallyourfriends。\"
\"Asformyfriends，\"answeredhe，\"Ineednotbemuchconcerned，havingalreadydoneforthemallthatwasincumbentonme;forwhenIwasnotonlyingoodhealth，butfreshandyoung，I
distributedthatamongmykindredandfriendswhichotherpeopledonotpartwithtilltheyareoldandsick，whentheythenunwillinglygivethatwhichtheycanenjoynolongerthemselves。I
thinkmyfriendsoughttorestcontentedwiththis，andnottoexpectthatfortheirsakeIshouldenslavemyselftoanykingwhatsoever。\"
\"Softandfair，\"saidPeter，\"Idonotmeanthatyoushouldbeaslavetoanyking，butonlythatyoushouldassistthem，andbeusefultothem。\"
\"Thechangeoftheword，\"saidhe，\"doesnotalterthematter。\"
\"Buttermitasyouwill，\"repliedPeter，\"Idonotseeanyotherwayinwhichyoucanbesouseful，bothinprivatetoyourfriends，andtothepublic，andbywhichyoucanmakeyourownconditionhappier。\"
\"Happier！\"answeredRaphael;\"isthattobecompassedinawaysoabhorrenttomygenius？NowIliveasIwill，towhichIbelievefewcourtierscanpretend。Andtherearesomanythatcourtthefavorofgreatmen，thattherewillbenogreatlossiftheyarenottroubledeitherwithmeorwithothersofmytemper。\"
Uponthis，saidI：\"Iperceive，Raphael，thatyouneitherdesirewealthnorgreatness;andindeedIvalueandadmiresuchamanmuchmorethanIdoanyofthegreatmenintheworld。YetIthinkyouwoulddowhatwouldwellbecomesogenerousandphilosophicalasoulasyoursis，ifyouwouldapplyyourtimeandthoughtstopublicaffairs，eventhoughyoumayhappentofinditalittleuneasytoyourself：andthisyoucanneverdowithsomuchadvantage，asbybeingtakenintothecounselofsomegreatprince，andputtinghimonnobleandworthyactions，whichIknowyouwoulddoifyouwereinsuchapost;forthespringsbothofgoodandevilflowfromtheprince，overawholenation，asfromalastingfountain。Somuchlearningasyouhave，evenwithoutpracticeinaffairs，orsogreatapracticeasyouhavehad，withoutanyotherlearning，wouldrenderyouaveryfitcounsellortoanykingwhatsoever。\"
\"Youaredoublymistaken，\"saidhe，\"Mr。More，bothinyouropinionofme，andinthejudgmentyoumakeofthings：forasI
havenotthatcapacitythatyoufancyIhave，so，ifIhadit，thepublicwouldnotbeonejotthebetter，whenIhadsacrificedmyquiettoit。Formostprincesapplythemselvesmoretoaffairsofwarthantotheusefulartsofpeace;andintheseIneitherhaveanyknowledge，nordoImuchdesireit：theyaregenerallymoresetonacquiringnewkingdoms，rightorwrong，thanongoverningwellthosetheypossess。Andamongtheministersofprinces，therearenonethatarenotsowiseastoneednoassistance，oratleastthatdonotthinkthemselvessowisethattheyimaginetheyneednone;andiftheycourtany，itisonlythoseforwhomtheprincehasmuchpersonalfavor，whombytheirfawningsandflatteriestheyendeavortofixtotheirowninterests：andindeedNaturehassomadeusthatwealllovetobeflattered，andtopleaseourselveswithourownnotions。Theoldcrowloveshisyoung，andtheapehercubs。Nowifinsuchacourt，madeupofpersonswhoenvyallothers，andonlyadmirethemselves，apersonshouldbutproposeanythingthathehadeitherreadinhistoryorobservedinhistravels，therestwouldthinkthatthereputationoftheirwisdomwouldsink，andthattheirinterestwouldbemuchdepressed，iftheycouldnotrunitdown：andifallotherthingsfailed，thentheywouldflytothis，thatsuchorsuchthingspleasedourancestors，anditwerewellforusifwecouldbutmatchthem。Theywouldsetuptheirrestonsuchananswer，asasufficientconfutationofallthatcouldbesaid，asifitwereagreatmisfortune，thatanyshouldbefoundwiserthanhisancestors;butthoughtheywillinglyletgoallthegoodthingsthatwereamongthoseofformerages，yetifbetterthingsareproposedtheycoverthemselvesobstinatelywiththisexcuseofreverencetopasttimes。Ihavemetwiththeseproud，morose，andabsurdjudgmentsofthingsinmanyplaces，particularlyonceinEngland。\"
\"Wereyoueverthere？\"saidI。
\"Yes，Iwas，\"answeredhe，\"andstayedsomemonthstherenotlongaftertherebellioninthewestwassuppressedwithagreatslaughterofthepoorpeoplethatwereengagedinit。Iwasthenmuchobligedtothatreverendprelate，JohnMorton，ArchbishopofCanterbury，Cardinal，andChancellorofEngland：aman，\"saidhe，\"Peter（forMr。Moreknowswellwhathewas），thatwasnotlessvenerableforhiswisdomandvirtuesthanforthehighcharacterhebore。Hewasofamiddlestature，notbrokenwithage;hislooksbegotreverenceratherthanfear;hisconversationwaseasy，butseriousandgrave;hesometimestookpleasuretotrytheforceofthosethatcameassuitorstohimuponbusiness，byspeakingsharplythoughdecentlytothem，andbythathediscoveredtheirspiritandpresenceofmind，withwhichhewasmuchdelighted，whenitdidnotgrowuptoimpudence，asbearingagreatresemblancetohisowntemper;andhelookedonsuchpersonsasthefittestmenforaffairs。Hespokebothgracefullyandweightily;hewaseminentlyskilledinthelaw，hadavastunderstandingandaprodigiousmemory;andthoseexcellenttalentswithwhichnaturehadfurnishedhimwereimprovedbystudyandexperience。WhenIwasinEnglandtheKingdependedmuchonhiscounsels，andthegovernmentseemedtobechieflysupportedbyhim;forfromhisyouthhehadbeenallalongpractisedinaffairs;andhavingpassedthroughmanytraversesoffortune，hehadwithgreatcostacquiredavaststockofwisdom，whichisnotsoonlostwhenitispurchasedsodear。
\"OnedaywhenIwasdiningwithhimtherehappenedtobeattableoneoftheEnglishlawyers，whotookoccasiontorunoutinahighcommendationofthesevereexecutionofjusticeuponthieves，who，ashesaid，werethenhangedsofastthatthereweresometimestwentyononegibbet;anduponthathesaidhecouldnotwonderenoughhowitcametopass，thatsincesofewescaped，therewereyetsomanythievesleftwhowerestillrobbinginallplaces。
Uponthis，Iwhotooktheboldnesstospeakfreelybeforethecardinal，saidtherewasnoreasontowonderatthematter，sincethiswayofpunishingthieveswasneitherjustinitselfnorgoodforthepublic;forastheseveritywastoogreat，sotheremedywasnoteffectual;simpletheftnotbeingsogreatacrimethatitoughttocostamanhislife，nopunishmenthowseveresoeverbeingabletorestrainthosefromrobbingwhocanfindoutnootherwayoflivelihood。’Inthis，’saidI，’notonlyyouinEngland，butagreatpartoftheworldimitatesomeillmastersthatarereadiertochastisetheirscholarsthantoteachthem。
Therearedreadfulpunishmentsenactedagainstthieves，butitweremuchbettertomakesuchgoodprovisionsbywhicheverymanmightbeputinamethodhowtolive，andsobepreservedfromthefatalnecessityofstealingandofdyingforit。’
\"’Therehasbeencareenoughtakenforthat，’saidhe，’therearemanyhandicrafts，andthereishusbandry，bywhichtheymaymakeashifttoliveunlesstheyhaveagreatermindtofollowillcourses。’
\"’Thatwillnotserveyourturn，’saidI，’formanylosetheirlimbsincivilorforeignwars，aslatelyintheCornishrebellion，andsometimeagoinyourwarswithFrance，whobeingthusmutilatedintheserviceoftheirkingandcountry，cannomorefollowtheiroldtrades，andaretoooldtolearnnewones：
butsincewarsareonlyaccidentalthings，andhaveintervals，letusconsiderthosethingsthatfallouteveryday。Thereisagreatnumberofnoblemenamongyou，thatarethemselvesasidleasdrones，thatsubsistonothermen’slabor，onthelaboroftheirtenants，whom，toraisetheirrevenues，theyparetothequick。
Thisindeedistheonlyinstanceoftheirfrugality，forinallotherthingstheyareprodigal，eventothebeggaringofthemselves：butbesidesthis，theycarryaboutwiththemagreatnumberofidlefellows，whoneverlearnedanyartbywhichtheymaygaintheirliving;andthese，assoonaseithertheirlorddiesortheythemselvesfallsick，areturnedoutofdoors;foryourlordsarereadiertofeedidlepeoplethantotakecareofthesick;andoftentheheirisnotabletokeeptogethersogreatafamilyashispredecessordid。Nowwhenthestomachsofthosethatarethusturnedoutofdoorsgrowkeen，theyrobnolesskeenly;andwhatelsecantheydo？forwhen，bywanderingabout，theyhavewornoutboththeirhealthandtheirclothes，andaretattered，andlookghastly，menofqualitywillnotentertainthem，andpoormendarenotdoit，knowingthatonewhohasbeenbredupinidlenessandpleasure，andwhowasusedtowalkaboutwithhisswordandbuckler，despisingalltheneighborhoodwithaninsolentscornasfarbelowhim，isnotfitforthespadeandmattock：norwillheserveapoormanforsosmallahire，andinsolowadietashecanaffordtogivehim。’
\"Tothisheanswered：’Thissortofmenoughttobeparticularlycherished，forinthemconsiststheforceofthearmiesforwhichwehaveoccasion;sincetheirbirthinspiresthemwithanoblersenseofhonorthanistobefoundamongtradesmenorploughmen。’
\"’Youmayaswellsay，’repliedI，’thatyoumustcherishthievesontheaccountofwars，foryouwillneverwanttheoneaslongasyouhavetheother;andasrobbersprovesometimesgallantsoldiers，sosoldiersoftenprovebraverobbers;sonearanalliancethereisbetweenthosetwosortsoflife。Butthisbadcustom，socommonamongyou，ofkeepingmanyservants，isnotpeculiartothisnation。InFrancethereisyetamorepestiferoussortofpeople，forthewholecountryisfullofsoldiers，stillkeptupintimeofpeace，ifsuchastateofanationcanbecalledapeace：andthesearekeptinpayuponthesameaccountthatyoupleadforthoseidleretainersaboutnoblemen;thisbeingamaximofthosepretendedstatesmenthatitisnecessaryforthepublicsafetytohaveagoodbodyofveteransoldierseverinreadiness。Theythinkrawmenarenottobedependedon，andtheysometimesseekoccasionsformakingwar，thattheymaytrainuptheirsoldiersintheartofcuttingthroats;orasSallustobserved，forkeepingtheirhandsinuse，thattheymaynotgrowdullbytoolonganintermission。ButFrancehaslearnedtoitscosthowdangerousitistofeedsuchbeasts。
\"’ThefateoftheRomans，Carthaginians，andSyrians，andmanyothernationsandcities，whichwerebothoverturnedandquiteruinedbythosestandingarmies，shouldmakeotherswiser：andthefollyofthismaximoftheFrenchappearsplainlyevenfromthis，thattheirtrainedsoldiersoftenfindyourrawmenprovetoohardforthem;ofwhichIwillnotsaymuch，lestyoumaythinkI
flattertheEnglish。Everyday’sexperienceshowsthatthemechanicsinthetowns，ortheclownsinthecountry，arenotafraidoffightingwiththoseidlegentlemen，iftheyarenotdisabledbysomemisfortuneintheirbody，ordispiritedbyextremewant，sothatyouneednotfearthatthosewell-shapedandstrongmen（foritisonlysuchthatnoblemenlovetokeepaboutthem，tilltheyspoilthem）whonowgrowfeeblewithease，andaresoftenedwiththeireffeminatemanneroflife，wouldbelessfitforactioniftheywerewellbredandwellemployed。Anditseemsveryunreasonablethatfortheprospectofawar，whichyouneedneverhavebutwhenyouplease，youshouldmaintainsomanyidlemen，aswillalwaysdisturbyouintimeofpeace，whichisevertobemoreconsideredthanwar。ButIdonotthinkthatthisnecessityofstealingarisesonlyfromhence;thereisanothercauseofitmorepeculiartoEngland。’
\"’Whatisthat？’saidthecardinal。
\"’Theincreaseofpasture，’saidI，’bywhichyoursheep，whicharenaturallymild，andeasilykeptinorder，maybesaidnowtodevourmen，andunpeople，notonlyvillages，buttowns;forwhereveritisfoundthatthesheepofanysoilyieldasofterandricherwoolthanordinary，therethenobilityandgentry，andeventhoseholymentheabbots，notcontentedwiththeoldrentswhichtheirfarmsyielded，northinkingitenoughthatthey，livingattheirease，donogoodtothepublic，resolvetodoithurtinsteadofgood。Theystopthecourseofagriculture，destroyinghousesandtowns，reservingonlythechurches，andenclosegroundsthattheymaylodgetheirsheepinthem。Asifforestsandparkshadswalloweduptoolittleoftheland，thoseworthycountrymenturnthebestinhabitedplacesinsolitudes，forwhenaninsatiablewretch，whoisaplaguetohiscountry，resolvestoenclosemanythousandacresofground，theownersaswellastenantsareturnedoutoftheirpossessions，bytricks，orbymainforce，orbeingweariedoutwithill-usage，theyareforcedtosellthem。Bywhichmeansthosemiserablepeople，bothmenandwomen，marriedandunmarried，oldandyoung，withtheirpoorbutnumerousfamilies（sincecountrybusinessrequiresmanyhands），areallforcedtochangetheirseats，notknowingwhithertogo;
andtheymustsellalmostfornothingtheirhouseholdstuff，whichcouldnotbringthemmuchmoney，eventhoughtheymightstayforabuyer。Whenthatlittlemoneyisatanend，foritwillbesoonspent，whatisleftforthemtodo，buteithertostealandsotobehanged（Godknowshowjustly），ortogoaboutandbeg？Andiftheydothis，theyareputinprisonasidlevagabonds;whiletheywouldwillinglywork，butcanfindnonethatwillhirethem;forthereisnomoreoccasionforcountrylabor，towhichtheyhavebeenbred，whenthereisnoarablegroundleft。Oneshepherdcanlookafteraflockwhichwillstockanextentofgroundthatwouldrequiremanyhandsifitweretobeploughedandreaped。Thislikewiseinmanyplacesraisesthepriceofcorn。
\"’Thepriceofwoolisalsosorisenthatthepoorpeoplewhowerewonttomakeclotharenomoreabletobuyit;andthislikewisemakesmanyofthemidle。Forsincetheincreaseofpasture，Godhaspunishedtheavariceoftheownersbyarotamongthesheep，whichhasdestroyedvastnumbersofthem;tousitmighthaveseemedmorejusthaditfellontheownersthemselves。Butsupposethesheepshouldincreaseeversomuch，theirpriceisnotliketofall;sincethoughtheycannotbecalledamonopoly，becausetheyarenotengrossedbyoneperson，yettheyareinsofewhands，andthesearesorich，thatastheyarenotpressedtosellthemsoonerthantheyhaveamindtoit，sotheyneverdoittilltheyhaveraisedthepriceashighaspossible。Andonthesameaccountitis，thattheotherkindsofcattlearesodear，becausemanyvillagesbeingpulleddown，andallcountrylaborbeingmuchneglected，therearenonewhomakeittheirbusinesstobreedthem。Therichdonotbreedcattleastheydosheep，butbuythemlean，andatlowprices;andaftertheyhavefattenedthemontheirgroundssellthemagainathighrates。AndIdonotthinkthatalltheinconveniencesthiswillproduceareyetobserved，forastheysellthecattledear，soiftheyareconsumedfasterthanthebreedingcountriesfromwhichtheyarebroughtcanaffordthem，thenthestockmustdecrease，andthismustneedsendingreatscarcity;andbythesemeansthisyourisland，whichseemedastothisparticularthehappiestintheworld，willsuffermuchbythecursedavariceofafewpersons;besidesthis，therisingofcornmakesallpeoplelessentheirfamiliesasmuchastheycan;andwhatcanthosewhoaredismissedbythemdo，buteitherbegorrob？Andtothislast，amanofagreatmindismuchsoonerdrawnthantotheformer。
\"’Luxurylikewisebreaksinapaceuponyou，tosetforwardyourpovertyandmisery;thereisanexcessivevanityinapparel，andgreatcostindiet;andthatnotonlyinnoblemen’sfamilies，butevenamongtradesmen，amongthefarmersthemselves，andamongallranksofpersons。Youhavealsomanyinfamoushouses，and，besidesthosethatareknown，thetavernsandalehousesarenobetter;addtothese，dice，cards，tables，foot-ball，tennis，andquoits，inwhichmoneyrunsfastaway;andthosethatareinitiatedintothem，mustintheconclusionbetakethemselvestorobbingforasupply。Banishtheseplagues，andgiveordersthatthosewhohavedispeopledsomuchsoil，mayeitherrebuildthevillagestheyhavepulleddown，orletouttheirgroundstosuchaswilldoit：
restrainthoseengrossingsoftherich，thatareasbadalmostasmonopolies;leavefeweroccasionstoidleness;letagriculturebesetupagain，andthemanufactureofthewoolberegulated，thatsotheremaybeworkfoundforthosecompaniesofidlepeoplewhomwantforcestobethieves，orwho，nowbeingidlevagabondsoruselessservants，willcertainlygrowthievesatlast。Ifyoudonotfindaremedytotheseevils，itisavainthingtoboastofyourseverityinpunishingtheft，whichthoughitmayhavetheappearanceofjustice，yetinitselfisneitherjustnorconvenient。Forifyousufferyourpeopletobeill-educated，andtheirmannerstobecorruptedfromtheirinfancy，andthenpunishthemforthosecrimestowhichtheirfirsteducationdisposedthem，whatelseistobeconcludedfromthis，butthatyoufirstmakethievesandthenpunishthem？’
\"WhileIwastalkingthus，thecounsellorwhowaspresenthadpreparedananswer，andhadresolvedtoresumeallIhadsaid，accordingtotheformalityofadebate，inwhichthingsaregenerallyrepeatedmorefaithfullythantheyareanswered;asifthechieftrialtobemadewereofmen’smemories。
\"’Youhavetalkedprettilyforastranger，’saidhe，’havingheardofmanythingsamonguswhichyouhavenotbeenabletoconsiderwell;butIwillmakethewholematterplaintoyou，andwillfirstrepeatinorderallthatyouhavesaid，thenIwillshowhowmuchyourignoranceofouraffairshasmisledyou，andwillinthelastplaceanswerallyourarguments。AndthatImaybeginwhereI
promised，therewerefourthings——’
\"’Holdyourpeace，’saidthecardinal;’thiswilltakeuptoomuchtime;thereforewewillatpresenteaseyouofthetroubleofanswering，andreserveittoournextmeeting，whichshallbeto-
morrow，ifRaphael’saffairsandyourscanadmitofit。But，Raphael，’saidhetome，’Iwouldgladlyknowuponwhatreasonitisthatyouthinktheftoughtnottobepunishedbydeath？Wouldyougivewaytoit？Ordoyouproposeanyotherpunishmentthatwillbemoreusefultothepublic？Forsincedeathdoesnotrestraintheft，ifmenthoughttheirliveswouldbesafe，whatfearorforcecouldrestrainillmen？Onthecontrary，theywouldlookonthemitigationofthepunishmentasaninvitationtocommitmorecrimes。’
\"Ianswered：’Itseemstomeaveryunjustthingtotakeawayaman’slifeforalittlemoney;fornothingintheworldcanbeofequalvaluewithaman’slife：andifitissaidthatitisnotforthemoneythatonesuffers，butforhisbreakingthelaw，I
mustsayextremejusticeisanextremeinjury;forweoughtnottoapproveoftheseterriblelawsthatmakethesmallestoffencescapital，norofthatopinionoftheStoicsthatmakesallcrimesequal，asiftherewerenodifferencetobemadebetweenthekillingamanandthetakinghispurse，betweenwhich，ifweexaminethingsimpartially，thereisnolikenessnorproportion。
Godhascommandedusnottokill，andshallwekillsoeasilyforalittlemoney？Butifoneshallsay，thatbythatlawweareonlyforbidtokillany，exceptwhenthelawsofthelandallowofit;
uponthesamegrounds，lawsmaybemadeinsomecasestoallowofadulteryandperjury：forGodhavingtakenfromustherightofdisposing，eitherofourownorofotherpeople’slives，ifitispretendedthatthemutualconsentofmaninmakinglawscanauthorizemanslaughterincasesinwhichGodhasgivenusnoexample，thatitfreespeoplefromtheobligationofthedivinelaw，andsomakesmurderalawfulaction;whatisthis，buttogiveapreferencetohumanlawsbeforethedivine？
\"’Andifthisisonceadmitted，bythesamerulemenmayinallotherthingsputwhatrestrictionstheypleaseuponthelawsofGod。IfbytheMosaicallaw，thoughitwasroughandsevere，asbeingayokelaidonanobstinateandservilenation，menwereonlyfinedandnotputtodeathfortheft，wecannotimaginethatinthisnewlawofmercy，inwhichGodtreatsuswiththetendernessofafather，hehasgivenusagreaterlicensetocrueltythanhedidtotheJews。UponthesereasonsitisthatI
thinkputtingthievestodeathisnotlawful;anditisplainandobviousthatitisabsurd，andofill-consequencetothecommonwealth，thatathiefandamurderershouldbeequallypunished;forifarobberseesthathisdangeristhesame，ifheisconvictedoftheftasifhewereguiltyofmurder，thiswillnaturallyincitehimtokillthepersonwhomotherwisehewouldonlyhaverobbed，sinceifthepunishmentisthesame，thereismoresecurity，andlessdangerofdiscovery，whenhethatcanbestmakeitisputoutoftheway;sothatterrifyingthievestoomuch，provokesthemtocruelty。
\"Butastothequestion，Whatmoreconvenientwayofpunishmentcanbefound？Ithinkitismuchmoreeasiertofindoutthatthantoinventanythingthatisworse;whyshouldwedoubtbutthewaythatwassolonginuseamongtheoldRomans，whounderstoodsowelltheartsofgovernment，wasveryproperfortheirpunishment？
Theycondemnedsuchastheyfoundguiltyofgreatcrimes，toworktheirwholelivesinquarries，ortodiginmineswithchainsaboutthem。ButthemethodthatIlikedbest，wasthatwhichI
observedinmytravelsinPersia，amongthePolylerits，whoareaconsiderableandwell-governedpeople。TheypayayearlytributetotheKingofPersia;butinallotherrespectstheyareafreenation，andgovernedbytheirownlaws。Theyliefarfromthesea，andareenvironedwithhills;andbeingcontentedwiththeproductionsoftheirowncountry，whichisveryfruitful，theyhavelittlecommercewithanyothernation;andasthey，accordingtothegeniusoftheircountry，havenoinclinationtoenlargetheirborders;sotheirmountains，andthepensiontheypaytothePersians，securethemfromallinvasions。
\"’Thustheyhavenowarsamongthem;theyliveratherconvenientlythanwithsplendor，andmayberathercalledahappynation，thaneithereminentorfamous;forIdonotthinkthattheyareknownsomuchasbynametoanybuttheirnextneighbors。Thosethatarefoundguiltyoftheftamongthemareboundtomakerestitutiontotheowner，andnotasitisinotherplaces，totheprince，fortheyreckonthattheprincehasnomorerighttothestolengoodsthanthethief;butifthatwhichwasstolenisnomoreinbeing，thenthegoodsofthethievesareestimated，andrestitutionbeingmadeoutofthem，theremainderisgiventotheirwivesandchildren：andtheythemselvesarecondemnedtoserveinthepublicworks，butareneitherimprisoned，norchained，unlesstherehappenedtobesomeextraordinarycircumstancesintheircrimes。
Theygoaboutlooseandfree，workingforthepublic。Iftheyareidleorbackwardtowork，theyarewhipped;butiftheyworkhard，theyarewellusedandtreatedwithoutanymarkofreproach，onlythelistsofthemarecalledalwaysatnight，andthentheyareshutup。Theysuffernootheruneasiness，butthisofconstantlabor;forastheyworkforthepublic，sotheyarewellentertainedoutofthepublicstock，whichisdonedifferentlyindifferentplaces。Insomeplaces，whateverisbestowedonthem，israisedbyacharitablecontribution;andthoughthiswaymayseemuncertain，yetsomercifularetheinclinationsofthatpeople，thattheyareplentifullysuppliedbyit;butinotherplaces，publicrevenuesaresetasideforthem;orthereisaconstanttaxofapoll-moneyraisedfortheirmaintenance。Insomeplacestheyaresettonopublicwork，buteveryprivatemanthathasoccasiontohireworkmengoestothemarket-placesandhiresthemofthepublic，alittlelowerthanhewoulddoafreeman：iftheygolazilyabouttheirtask，hemayquickenthemwiththewhip。
\"’Bythismeansthereisalwayssomepieceofworkorothertobedonebythem;andbesidetheirlivelihood，theyearnsomewhatstilltothepublic。Theyallwearapeculiarhabit，ofonecertaincolor，andtheirhairiscroppedalittleabovetheirears，andapieceofoneoftheirearsiscutoff。Theirfriendsareallowedtogivethemeithermeat，drink，orclothessotheyareoftheirpropercolor，butitisdeath，bothtothegiverandtaker，iftheygivethemmoney;norisitlesspenalforanyfreemantotakemoneyfromthem，uponanyaccountwhatsoever：anditisalsodeathforanyoftheseslaves（sotheyarecalled）tohandlearms。Thoseofeverydivisionofthecountryaredistinguishedbyapeculiarmark;whichitiscapitalforthemtolayaside，togooutoftheirbounds，ortotalkwithaslaveofanotherjurisdiction;andtheveryattemptofanescapeisnolesspenalthananescapeitself;itisdeathforanyotherslavetobeaccessorytoit;andifafreemanengagesinitheiscondemnedtoslavery。Thosethatdiscoveritarerewarded——iffreemen，inmoney;andifslaves，withliberty，togetherwithapardonforbeingaccessorytoit;thatsotheymightfindtheiraccount，ratherinrepentingoftheirengaginginsuchadesign，thaninpersistinginit。
\"’Thesearetheirlawsandrulesinrelationtorobbery，anditisobviousthattheyareasadvantageousastheyaremildandgentle;
sinceviceisnotonlydestroyed，andmenpreserved，buttheytreatedinsuchamannerastomakethemseethenecessityofbeinghonest，andofemployingtherestoftheirlivesinrepairingtheinjuriestheyhaveformerlydonetosociety。Noristhereanyhazardoftheirfallingbacktotheiroldcustoms：andsolittledotravellersapprehendmischieffromthem，thattheygenerallymakeuseofthemforguides，fromonejurisdictiontoanother;forthereisnothingleftthembywhichtheycanrob，orbethebetterforit，since，astheyaredisarmed，sotheveryhavingofmoneyisasufficientconviction：andastheyarecertainlypunishedifdiscovered，sotheycannothopetoescape;
fortheirhabitbeinginallthepartsofitdifferentfromwhatiscommonlyworn，theycannotflyaway，unlesstheywouldgonaked，andeventhentheircroppedearwouldbetraythem。Theonlydangertobefearedfromthemistheirconspiringagainstthegovernment：butthoseofonedivisionandneighborhoodcandonothingtoanypurpose，unlessageneralconspiracywerelaidamongalltheslavesoftheseveraljurisdictions，whichcannotbedone，sincetheycannotmeetortalktogether;norwillanyventureonadesignwheretheconcealmentwouldbesodangerousandthediscoverysoprofitable。Nonearequitehopelessofrecoveringtheirfreedom，sincebytheirobedienceandpatience，andbygivinggoodgroundstobelievethattheywillchangetheirmanneroflifeforthefuture，theymayexpectatlasttoobtaintheirliberty：andsomeareeveryyearrestoredtoit，uponthegoodcharacterthatisgivenofthem。’
\"WhenIhadrelatedallthis，IaddedthatIdidnotseewhysuchamethodmightnotbefollowedwithmoreadvantagethancouldeverbeexpectedfromthatseverejusticewhichthecounsellormagnifiedsomuch。TothisheansweredthatitcouldnevertakeplaceinEnglandwithoutendangeringthewholenation。Ashesaidthisheshookhishead，madesomegrimaces，andheldhispeace，whileallthecompanyseemedofhisopinion，exceptthecardinal，whosaidthatitwasnoteasytoformajudgmentofitssuccess，sinceitwasamethodthatneveryethadbeentried。
\"’Butif，’saidhe，’whenthesentenceofdeathwaspasseduponathief，theprincewouldreprievehimforawhile，andmaketheexperimentuponhim，denyinghimtheprivilegeofasanctuary;andthenifithadagoodeffectuponhim，itmighttakeplace;andifitdidnotsucceed，theworstwouldbe，toexecutethesentenceonthecondemnedpersonsatlast。AndIdonotsee，’addedhe，’whyitwouldbeeitherunjust，inconvenient，oratalldangerous，toadmitofsuchadelay：inmyopinion，thevagabondsoughttobetreatedinthesamemanner;againstwhom，thoughwehavemademanylaws，yetwehavenotbeenabletogainourend。’Whenthecardinalhaddone，theyallcommendedthemotion，thoughtheyhaddespiseditwhenitcamefromme;butmoreparticularlycommendedwhatrelatedtothevagabonds，becauseitwashisownobservation。
\"Idonotknowwhetheritbeworthwhiletotellwhatfollowed，foritwasveryridiculous;butIshallventureatit，forasitisnotforeigntothismatter，sosomegoodusemaybemadeofit。
Therewasajesterstandingby，thatcounterfeitedthefoolsonaturallythatheseemedtobereallyone。Thejestswhichheofferedweresocoldanddullthatwelaughedmoreathimthanatthem;yetsometimeshesaid，asitwerebychance，thingsthatwerenotunpleasant;soastojustifytheoldproverb，’Thathewhothrowsthediceoften，willsometimeshavealuckyhit。’WhenoneofthecompanyhadsaidthatIhadtakencareofthethieves，andthecardinalhadtakencareofthevagabonds，sothatthereremainednothingbutthatsomepublicprovisionmightbemadeforthepoor，whomsicknessoroldagehaddisabledfromlabor，’Leavethattome，’saidthefool，’andIshalltakecareofthem;forthereisnosortofpeoplewhosesightIabhormore，havingbeensooftenvexedwiththem，andwiththeirsadcomplaints;butasdolefullysoeverastheyhavetoldtheirtale，theycouldneverprevailsofarastodrawonepennyfromme：foreitherIhadnomindtogivethemanything，orwhenIhadamindtodoitIhadnothingtogivethem：andtheynowknowmesowellthattheywillnotlosetheirlabor，butletmepasswithoutgivingmeanytrouble，becausetheyhopefornothing，nomoreinfaiththanifI
wereapriest：butIwouldhavealawmade，forsendingallthesebeggarstomonasteries，thementotheBenedictinestobemadelay-brothers，andthewomentobenuns。’
\"Thecardinalsmiled，andapprovedofitinjest;buttherestlikeditinearnest。Therewasadivinepresent，whothoughhewasagrave，moroseman，yethewassopleasedwiththisreflectionthatwasmadeonthepriestsandthemonks，thathebegantoplaywiththefool，andsaidtohim，’Thiswillnotdeliveryoufromallbeggars，exceptyoutakecareofusfriars。’
\"’Thatisdonealready，’answeredthefool，’forthecardinalhasprovidedforyou，bywhatheproposedforrestrainingvagabonds，andsettingthemtowork，forIknownovagabondslikeyou。’
\"Thiswaswellentertainedbythewholecompany，who，lookingatthecardinal，perceivedthathewasnotill-pleasedatit;onlythefriarhimselfwasvexed，asmaybeeasilyimagined，andfellintosuchapassionthathecouldnotforbearrailingatthefool，andcallinghimknave，slanderer，backbiter，andsonofperdition，andthencitedsomedreadfulthreateningsoutoftheScripturesagainsthim。Nowthejesterthoughthewasinhiselement，andlaidabouthimfreely。
\"’Goodfriar，’saidhe，’benotangry，foritiswritten，\"Inpatiencepossessyoursoul。\"’
\"Thefriaranswered（forIshallgiveyouhisownwords），’Iamnotangry，youhangman;atleastIdonotsininit，forthePsalmistsays，\"Beyeangry，andsinnot。\"’
\"Uponthisthecardinaladmonishedhimgently，andwishedhimtogovernhispassions。
\"’No，mylord，’saidhe，’Ispeaknotbutfromagoodzeal，whichIoughttohave;forholymenhavehadagoodzeal，asitissaid，\"Thezealofthyhousehatheatenmeup;\"andwesinginourchurch，thatthose，whomockedElishaashewentuptothehouseofGod，felttheeffectsofhiszeal;whichthatmocker，thatrogue，thatscoundrel，willperhapsfeel。’
\"’Youdothisperhapswithagoodintention，’saidthecardinal;
’butinmyopinionitwerewiserinyou，andperhapsbetterforyou，nottoengageinsoridiculousacontestwithafool。’
\"’No，mylord，’answeredhe，’thatwerenotwiselydone;forSolomon，thewisestofmen，said，\"Answerafoolaccordingtohisfolly;\"whichInowdo，andshowhimtheditchintowhichhewillfall，ifheisnotawareofit;forifthemanymockersofElisha，whowasbutonebaldman，felttheeffectofhiszeal，whatwillbecomeofonemockerofsomanyfriars，amongwhomtherearesomanybaldmen？Wehavelikewiseabull，bywhichallthatjeerusareexcommunicated。’
\"Whenthecardinalsawthattherewasnoendofthismatter，hemadeasigntothefooltowithdraw，turnedthediscourseanotherway，andsoonafterrosefromthetable，and，dismissingus，wenttohearcauses。
\"Thus，Mr。More，Ihaverunoutintoatediousstory，ofthelengthofwhichIhadbeenashamed，if，asyouearnestlybeggeditofme，Ihadnotobservedyoutohearkentoit，asifyouhadnomindtoloseanypartofit。Imighthavecontractedit，butI
resolvedtogiveittoyouatlarge，thatyoumightobservehowthosethatdespisedwhatIhadproposed，nosoonerperceivedthatthecardinaldidnotdislikeit，butpresentlyapprovedofit，fawnedsoonhim，andflatteredhimtosuchadegree，thattheyingoodearnestapplaudedthosethingsthatheonlylikedinjest。
Andfromhenceyoumaygather，howlittlecourtierswouldvalueeithermeormycounsels。\"
TothisIanswered：\"Youhavedonemeagreatkindnessinthisrelation;foraseverythinghasbeenrelatedbyyou，bothwiselyandpleasantly，soyouhavemademeimaginethatIwasinmyowncountry，andgrownyoungagain，byrecallingthatgoodcardinaltomythoughts，inwhosefamilyIwasbredfrommychildhood：andthoughyouareuponotheraccountsverydeartome，yetyouarethedearer，becauseyouhonorhismemorysomuch;butafterallthisIcannotchangemyopinion，forIstillthinkthatifyoucouldovercomethataversionwhichyouhavetothecourtsofprinces，youmight，bytheadvicewhichitisinyourpowertogive，doagreatdealofgoodtomankind;andthisisthechiefdesignthateverygoodmanoughttoproposetohimselfinliving;
foryourfriendPlatothinksthatnationswillbehappy，wheneitherphilosophersbecomekingsorkingsbecomephilosophers，itisnowonderifwearesofarfromthathappiness，whilephilosopherswillnotthinkittheirdutytoassistkingswiththeircouncils。
\"’Theyarenotsobase-minded，’saidhe，’butthattheywouldwillinglydoit：manyofthemhavealreadydoneitbytheirbooks，ifthosethatareinpowerwouldbuthearkentotheirgoodadvice。’ButPlatojudgedright，thatexceptkingsthemselvesbecamephilosophers，theywhofromtheirchildhoodarecorruptedwithfalsenotionswouldneverfallinentirelywiththecouncilsofphilosophers，andthishehimselffoundtobetrueinthepersonofDionysius。
\"DonotyouthinkthatifIwereaboutanyking，proposinggoodlawstohim，andendeavoringtorootoutallthecursedseedsofevilthatIfoundinhim，Ishouldeitherbeturnedoutofhiscourtoratleastbelaughedatformypains？Forinstance，whatcoulditsignifyifIwereabouttheKingofFrance，andwerecalledintohisCabinetCouncil，whereseveralwisemen，inhishearing，wereproposingmanyexpedients，asbywhatartsandpracticesMilanmaybekept，andNaples，thathadsooftslippedoutoftheirhands，recovered;howtheVenetians，andafterthemtherestofItaly，maybesubdued;andthenhowFlanders，Brabant，andallBurgundy，andsomeotherkingdomswhichhehasswallowedalreadyinhisdesigns，maybeaddedtohisempire。OneproposesaleaguewiththeVenetians，tobekeptaslongashefindshisaccountinit，andthatheoughttocommunicatecouncilswiththem，andgivethemsomeshareofthespoil，tillhissuccessmakeshimneedorfearthemless，andthenitwillbeeasilytakenoutoftheirhands。AnotherproposesthehiringtheGermans，andthesecuringtheSwitzersbypensions。AnotherproposesthegainingtheEmperorbymoney，whichisomnipotentwithhim。
AnotherproposesapeacewiththeKingofArragon，and，inordertocementit，theyieldinguptheKingofNavarre’spretensions。
AnotherthinksthePrinceofCastileistobewroughton，bythehopeofanalliance;andthatsomeofhiscourtiersaretobegainedtotheFrenchfactionbypensions。ThehardestpointofalliswhattodowithEngland：atreatyofpeaceistobesetonfoot，andiftheirallianceisnottobedependedon，yetitistobemadeasfirmaspossible;andtheyaretobecalledfriends，butsuspectedasenemies：thereforetheScotsaretobekeptinreadiness，tobeletlooseuponEnglandoneveryoccasion：andsomebanishednoblemanistobesupportedunderhand（forbytheleagueitcannotbedoneavowedly）whohasapretensiontothecrown，bywhichmeansthatsuspectedprincemaybekeptinawe。
\"Nowwhenthingsareinsogreatafermentation，andsomanygallantmenarejoiningcouncils，howtocarryonthewar，ifsomeanamanasIshouldstandup，andwishthemtochangealltheircouncils，toletItalyalone，andstayathome，sincetheKingdomofFrancewasindeedgreaterthancouldbewellgovernedbyoneman;thatthereforeheoughtnottothinkofaddingotherstoit：
andifafterthis，IshouldproposetothemtheresolutionsoftheAchorians，apeoplethatlieonthesoutheastofUtopia，wholongagoengagedinwar，inordertoaddtothedominionsoftheirprinceanotherkingdom，towhichhehadsomepretensionsbyanancientalliance。Thistheyconquered，butfoundthatthetroubleofkeepingitwasequaltothatbywhichitwasgained;thattheconqueredpeoplewerealwayseitherinrebellionorexposedtoforeigninvasions，whiletheywereobligedtobeincessantlyatwar，eitherfororagainstthem，andconsequentlycouldneverdisbandtheirarmy;thatinthemeantimetheywereoppressedwithtaxes，theirmoneywentoutofthekingdom，theirbloodwasspiltforthegloryoftheirKing，withoutprocuringtheleastadvantagetothepeople，whoreceivednotthesmallestbenefitfromitevenintimeofpeace;andthattheirmannersbeingcorruptedbyalongwar，robberyandmurderseverywhereabounded，andtheirlawsfellintocontempt;whiletheirKing，distractedwiththecareoftwokingdoms，wasthelessabletoapplyhismindtotheinterestsofeither。
\"Whentheysawthis，andthattherewouldbenoendtotheseevils，theybyjointcouncilsmadeanhumbleaddresstotheirKing，desiringhimtochoosewhichofthetwokingdomshehadthegreatestmindtokeep，sincehecouldnotholdboth;fortheyweretoogreatapeopletobegovernedbyadividedking，sincenomanwouldwillinglyhaveagroomthatshouldbeincommonbetweenhimandanother。Uponwhichthegoodprincewasforcedtoquithisnewkingdomtooneofhisfriends（whowasnotlongafterdethroned），andtobecontentedwithhisoldone。TothisIwouldaddthatafterallthosewarlikeattempts，thevastconfusions，andtheconsumptionbothoftreasureandofpeoplethatmustfollowthem;
perhapsuponsomemisfortune，theymightbeforcedtothrowupallatlast;thereforeitseemedmuchmoreeligiblethattheKingshouldimprovehisancientkingdomallhecould，andmakeitflourishasmuchaspossible;thatheshouldlovehispeople，andbebelovedofthem;thatheshouldliveamongthem，governthemgently，andletotherkingdomsalone，sincethatwhichhadfallentohissharewasbigenough，ifnottoobigforhim。Prayhowdoyouthinkwouldsuchaspeechasthisbeheard？\"
\"Iconfess，\"saidI，\"Ithinknotverywell。\"
\"Butwhat，\"saidhe，\"ifIshouldsortwithanotherkindofministers，whosechiefcontrivancesandconsultationswere，bywhatarttheprince’streasuresmightbeincreased。WhereoneproposesraisingthevalueofspeciewhentheKing’sdebtsarelarge，andloweringitwhenhisrevenuesweretocomein，thatsohemightbothpaymuchwithalittle，andinalittlereceiveagreatdeal：anotherproposesapretenceofawar，thatmoneymightberaisedinordertocarryiton，andthatapeacebeconcludedassoonasthatwasdone;andthiswithsuchappearancesofreligionasmightworkonthepeople，andmakethemimputeittothepietyoftheirprince，andtohistendernessforthelivesofhissubjects。Athirdofferssomeoldmustylaws，thathavebeenantiquatedbyalongdisuse;andwhich，astheyhadbeenforgottenbyallthesubjects，sotheyhadbeenalsobrokenbythem;andproposesthelevyingthepenaltiesoftheselaws，thatasitwouldbringinavasttreasure，sotheremightbeaverygoodpretenceforit，sinceitwouldlookliketheexecutingalaw，andthedoingofjustice。Afourthproposestheprohibitingofmanythingsunderseverepenalties，especiallysuchaswereagainsttheinterestofthepeople，andthenthedispensingwiththeseprohibitionsupongreatcompositions，tothosewhomightfindtheiradvantageinbreakingthem。Thiswouldservetwoends，bothofthemacceptabletomany;forasthosewhoseavariceledthemtotransgresswouldbeseverelyfined，sothesellinglicensesdearwouldlookasifaprinceweretenderofhispeople，andwouldnoteasily，oratlowrates，dispensewithanythingthatmightbeagainstthepublicgood。
\"Anotherproposesthatthejudgesmustbemadesure，thattheymaydeclarealwaysinfavoroftheprerogative，thattheymustbeoftensentfortocourt，thattheKingmayhearthemarguethosepointsinwhichheisconcerned;sincehowunjustsoeveranyofhispretensionsmaybe，yetstillsomeoneorotherofthem，eitheroutofcontradictiontoothersortheprideofsingularityortomaketheircourt，wouldfindoutsomepretenceorothertogivetheKingafaircolortocarrythepoint：forifthejudgesbutdifferinopinion，theclearestthingintheworldismadebythatmeansdisputable，andtruthbeingoncebroughtinquestion，theKingmaythentakeadvantagetoexpoundthelawforhisownprofit;whilethejudgesthatstandoutwillbebroughtover，eitheroutoffearormodesty;andtheybeingthusgained，allofthemmaybesenttothebenchtogivesentenceboldly，astheKingwouldhaveit;forfairpretenceswillneverbewantingwhensentenceistobegivenintheprince’sfavor。Itwilleitherbesaidthatequityliesonhisside，orsomewordsinthelawwillbefoundsoundingthatway，orsomeforcedsensewillbeputonthem;andwhenallotherthingsfail，theKing’sundoubtedprerogativewillbepretended，asthatwhichisabovealllaw;andtowhichareligiousjudgeoughttohaveaspecialregard。
\"ThusallconsenttothatmaximofCrassus，thataprincecannothavetreasureenough，sincehemustmaintainhisarmiesoutofit：
thataking，eventhoughhewould，candonothingunjustly;thatallpropertyisinhim，notexceptingtheverypersonsofhissubjects：andthatnomanhasanyotherproperty，butthatwhichtheKingoutofhisgoodnessthinksfittoleavehim。Andtheythinkitistheprince’sinterest，thattherebeaslittleofthisleftasmaybe，asifitwerehisadvantagethathispeopleshouldhaveneitherrichesnorliberty;sincethesethingsmakethemlesseasyandlesswillingtosubmittoacruelandunjustgovernment;
whereasnecessityandpovertybluntthem，makethempatient，beatthemdown，andbreakthatheightofspirit，thatmightotherwisedisposethemtorebel。Nowwhatifafterallthesepropositionsweremade，Ishouldriseupandassert，thatsuchcouncilswerebothunbecomingaking，andmischievoustohim：andthatnotonlyhishonorbuthissafetyconsistedmoreinhispeople’swealth，thaninhisown;ifIshouldshowthattheychooseakingfortheirownsake，andnotforhis;thatbyhiscareandendeavorstheymaybebotheasyandsafe;andthatthereforeaprinceoughttotakemorecareofhispeople’shappinessthanofhisown，asashepherdistotakemorecareofhisflockthanofhimself。
\"Itisalsocertainthattheyaremuchmistakenthatthinkthepovertyofanationisameansofthepublicsafety。Whoquarrelmorethanbeggars？Whodoesmoreearnestlylongforachange，thanhethatisuneasyinhispresentcircumstances？Andwhoruntocreateconfusionswithsodesperateaboldness，asthosewhohavenothingtolosehopetogainbythem？Ifakingshouldfallundersuchcontemptorenvy，thathecouldnotkeephissubjectsintheirduty，butbyoppressionandill-usage，andbyrenderingthempoorandmiserable，itwerecertainlybetterforhimtoquithiskingdom，thantoretainitbysuchmethods，asmakeshimwhilehekeepsthenameofauthority，losethemajestyduetoit。Norisitsobecomingthedignityofakingtoreignoverbeggars，asoverrichandhappysubjects。AndthereforeFabricius，amanofanobleandexaltedtemper，said，hewouldrathergovernrichmenthanberichhimself;sinceforonemantoaboundinwealthandpleasure，whenallabouthimaremourningandgroaning，istoagaolerandnotaking。Heisanunskilfulphysician，thatcannotcureonediseasewithoutcastinghispatientintoanother：sohethatcanfindnootherwayforcorrectingtheerrorsofhispeople，butbytakingfromthemtheconveniencesoflife，showsthatheknowsnotwhatitistogovernafreenation。Hehimselfoughtrathertoshakeoffhissloth，ortolaydownhispride;forthecontemptorhatredthathispeoplehaveforhim，takesitsrisefromthevicesinhimself。Lethimliveuponwhatbelongstohim，withoutwrongingothers，andaccommodatehisexpensetohisrevenue。Lethimpunishcrimes，andbyhiswiseconductlethimendeavortopreventthem，ratherthanbeseverewhenhehassufferedthemtobetoocommon：lethimnotrashlyrevivelawsthatareabrogatedbydisuse，especiallyiftheyhavebeenlongforgotten，andneverwanted;andlethimnevertakeanypenaltyforthebreachofthem，towhichajudgewouldnotgivewayinaprivateman，butwouldlookonhimasacraftyandunjustpersonforpretendingtoit。
\"TothesethingsIwouldaddthatlawamongtheMacarians，apeoplethatlivenotfarfromUtopia，bywhichtheirKing，onthedayonwhichhebeginstoreign，istiedbyanoathconfirmedbysolemnsacrifices，nevertohaveatonceabove1，000poundsofgoldinhistreasures，orsomuchsilverasisequaltothatinvalue。Thislaw，theytellus，wasmadebyanexcellentking，whohadmoreregardtotherichesofhiscountrythantohisownwealth，andthereforeprovidedagainsttheheapingupofsomuchtreasureasmightimpoverishthepeople。Hethoughtthatamoderatesummightbesufficientforanyaccident，ifeithertheKinghadoccasionforitagainstrebels，orthekingdomagainsttheinvasionofanenemy;butthatitwasnotenoughtoencourageaprincetoinvadeothermen’srights，acircumstancethatwasthechiefcauseofhismakingthatlaw。Healsothoughtthatitwasagoodprovisionforthatfreecirculationofmoney，sonecessaryforthecourseofcommerceandexchange：andwhenakingmustdistributeallthoseextraordinaryaccessionsthatincreasetreasurebeyondtheduepitch，itmakeshimlessdisposedtooppresshissubjects。Suchakingasthiswillbetheterrorofillmen，andwillbebelovedbyallthegood。
\"If，Isay，Ishouldtalkoftheseorsuchlikethings，tomenthathadtakentheirbiasanotherway，howdeafwouldtheybetoallIcouldsay？\"
\"Nodoubt，verydeaf，\"answeredI;\"andnowonder，foroneisnevertoofferatpropositionsoradvicethatwearecertainwillnotbeentertained。Discoursessomuchoutoftheroadcouldnotavailanything，norhaveanyeffectonmenwhosemindswereprepossessedwithdifferentsentiments。Thisphilosophicalwayofspeculationisnotunpleasantamongfriendsinafreeconversation，butthereisnoroomforitinthecourtsofprinceswheregreataffairsarecarriedonbyauthority。\"
\"ThatiswhatIwassaying，\"repliedhe，\"thatthereisnoroomforphilosophyinthecourtsofprinces。\"
\"Yes，thereis，\"saidI，\"butnotforthisspeculativephilosophythatmakeseverythingtobealikefittingatalltimes：butthereisanotherphilosophythatismorepliable，thatknowsitsproperscene，accommodatesitselftoit，andteachesamanwithproprietyanddecencytoactthatpartwhichhasfallentohisshare。IfwhenoneofPlautus’scomediesisuponthestageandacompanyofservantsareactingtheirparts，youshouldcomeoutinthegarbofaphilosopher，andrepeatoutof’Octavia，’adiscourseofSeneca’stoNero，woulditnotbebetterforyoutosaynothingthanbymixingthingsofsuchdifferentnaturestomakeanimpertinenttragi-comedy？Foryouspoilandcorrupttheplaythatisinhandwhenyoumixwithitthingsofanoppositenature，eventhoughtheyaremuchbetter。Thereforegothroughwiththeplaythatisacting，thebestyoucan，anddonotconfounditbecauseanotherthatispleasantercomesintoyourthoughts。Itisevensoinacommonwealthandinthecouncilsofprinces;ifillopinionscannotbequiterootedout，andyoucannotcuresomereceivedviceaccordingtoyourwishes，youmustnotthereforeabandonthecommonwealth;forthesamereasonsyoushouldnotforsaketheshipinastormbecauseyoucannotcommandthewinds。Youarenotobligedtoassaultpeoplewithdiscoursesthatareoutoftheirroad，whenyouseethattheirreceivednotionsmustpreventyourmakinganimpressionuponthem。Yououghtrathertocastaboutandtomanagethingswithallthedexterityinyourpower，sothatifyouarenotabletomakethemgowelltheymaybeaslittleillaspossible;forexceptallmenweregoodeverythingcannotberight，andthatisablessingthatIdonotatpresenthopetosee。\"
\"Accordingtoyourarguments，\"answeredhe，\"allthatIcouldbeabletodowouldbetopreservemyselffrombeingmadwhileI
endeavoredtocurethemadnessofothers;forifIspeaktruth，I
mustrepeatwhatIhavesaidtoyou;andasforlying，whetheraphilosophercandoitornot，Icannottell;IamsureIcannotdoit。Butthoughthesediscoursesmaybeuneasyandungratefultothem，Idonotseewhytheyshouldseemfoolishorextravagant：
indeedifIshouldeitherproposesuchthingsasPlatohascontrivedinhiscommonwealth，orastheUtopianspractiseintheirs，thoughtheymightseembetter，ascertainlytheyare，yettheyaresodifferentfromourestablishment，whichisfoundedonproperty，therebeingnosuchthingamongthem，thatIcouldnotexpectthatitwouldhaveanyeffectonthem;butsuchdiscoursesasmine，whichonlycallpastevilstomindandgivewarningofwhatmayfollow，havenothinginthemthatissoabsurdthattheymaynotbeusedatanytime，fortheycanonlybeunpleasanttothosewhoareresolvedtorunheadlongthecontraryway;andifwemustletaloneeverythingasabsurdorextravagantwhichbyreasonofthewickedlivesofmanymayseemuncouth，wemust，evenamongChristians，giveoverpressingthegreatestpartofthosethingsthatChristhathtaughtus，thoughHehascommandedusnottoconcealthem，buttoproclaimonthehouse-topsthatwhichhetaughtinsecret。
\"Thegreatestpartsofhispreceptsaremoreoppositetothelivesofthemenofthisagethananypartofmydiscoursehasbeen;butthepreachersseemedtohavelearnedthatcrafttowhichyouadviseme，fortheyobservingthattheworldwouldnotwillinglysuittheirlivestotherulesthatChristhasgiven，havefittedhisdoctrineasifithadbeenaleadenrule，totheirlives，thatsosomewayorothertheymightagreewithoneanother。ButIseenoothereffectofthiscomplianceexceptitbethatmenbecomemoresecureintheirwickednessbyit。AndthisisallthesuccessthatIcanhaveinacourt，forImustalwaysdifferfromtherest，andthenIshallsignifynothing;orifIagreewiththem，I
shallthenonlyhelpforwardtheirmadness。Idonotcomprehendwhatyoumeanbyyourcastingabout，orbythebendingandhandlingthingssodexterously，thatiftheygonotwelltheymaygoaslittleillasmaybe;forincourtstheywillnotbearwithaman’sholdinghispeaceorconnivingatwhatothersdo。Amanmustbarefacedlyapproveoftheworstcounsels，andconsenttotheblackestdesigns：sothathewouldpassforaspy，orpossiblyforatraitor，thatdidbutcoldlyapproveofsuchwickedpractices：
andthereforewhenamanisengagedinsuchasociety，hewillbesofarfrombeingabletomendmattersbyhiscastingabout，asyoucallit，thathewillfindnooccasionsofdoinganygood：theillcompanywillsoonercorrupthimthanbethebetterforhim：orifnotwithstandingalltheirillcompany，hestillremainssteadyandinnocent，yettheirfolliesandknaverywillbeimputedtohim;andbymixingcounselswiththem，hemustbearhisshareofalltheblamethatbelongswhollytoothers。
\"ItwasnoillsimilebywhichPlatosetforththeunreasonablenessofaphilosopher’smeddlingwithgovernment。Ifaman，sayshe，wastoseeagreatcompanyrunouteverydayintotherain，andtakedelightinbeingwet;ifheknewthatitwouldbetonopurposeforhimtogoandpersuadethemtoreturntotheirhouses，inordertoavoidthestorm，andthatallthatcouldbeexpectedbyhisgoingtospeaktothemwouldbethathehimselfshouldbeaswetasthey，itwouldbebestforhimtokeepwithindoors;andsincehehadnotinfluenceenoughtocorrectotherpeople’sfolly，totakecaretopreservehimself。
\"Thoughtospeakplainlymyrealsentiments，Imustfreelyownthataslongasthereisanyproperty，andwhilemoneyisthestandardofallotherthings，Icannotthinkthatanationcanbegovernedeitherjustlyorhappily：notjustly，becausethebestthingswillfalltotheshareoftheworstmen;norhappily，becauseallthingswillbedividedamongafew（andeventhesearenotinallrespectshappy），therestbeinglefttobeabsolutelymiserable。ThereforewhenIreflectonthewiseandgoodconstitutionoftheUtopians——amongwhomallthingsaresowellgoverned，andwithsofewlaws;wherevirtuehathitsduereward，andyetthereissuchanequality，thateverymanlivesinplenty——
whenIcomparewiththemsomanyothernationsthatarestillmakingnewlaws，andyetcanneverbringtheirconstitutiontoarightregulation，wherenotwithstandingeveryonehashisproperty;
yetallthelawsthattheycaninventhavenotthepowereithertoobtainorpreserveit，oreventoenablemencertainlytodistinguishwhatistheirownfromwhatisanother’s;ofwhichthemanylawsuitsthateverydaybreakout，andareeternallydepending，givetooplainademonstration;when，Isay，Ibalanceallthesethingsinmythoughts，IgrowmorefavorabletoPlato，anddonotwonderthatheresolvednottomakeanylawsforsuchaswouldnotsubmittoacommunityofallthings：forsowiseamancouldnotbutforeseethatthesettingalluponalevelwastheonlywaytomakeanationhappy，whichcannotbeobtainedsolongasthereisproperty：forwheneverymandrawstohimselfallthathecancompass，byonetitleoranother，itmustneedsfollow，thathowplentifulsoeveranationmaybe，yetafewdividingthewealthofitamongthemselves，therestmustfallintoindigence。
\"Sothattherewillbetwosortsofpeopleamongthem，whodeservethattheirfortunesshouldbeinterchanged;theformeruseless，butwickedandravenous;andthelatter，whobytheirconstantindustryservethepublicmorethanthemselves，sincereandmodestmen。FromwhenceIampersuaded，thattillpropertyistakenawaytherecanbenoequitableorjustdistributionofthings，norcantheworldbehappilygoverned：foraslongasthatismaintained，thegreatestandthefarbestpartofmankindwillbestilloppressedwithaloadofcaresandanxieties。Iconfesswithouttakingitquiteaway，thosepressuresthatlieonagreatpartofmankindmaybemadelighter;buttheycanneverbequiteremoved。
Foriflawsweremadetodetermineathowgreatanextentinsoil，andathowmuchmoneyeverymanmuststop，tolimittheprincethathemightnotgrowtoogreat，andtorestrainthepeoplethattheymightnotbecometooinsolent，andthatnonemightfactiouslyaspiretopublicemployments;whichoughtneithertobesold，normadeburdensomebyagreatexpense;sinceotherwisethosethatserveinthemwouldbetemptedtoreimbursethemselvesbycheatsandviolence，anditwouldbecomenecessarytofindoutrichmenforundergoingthoseemploymentswhichoughtrathertobetrustedtothewise——theselaws，Isay，mighthavesucheffects，asgooddietandcaremighthaveonasickman，whoserecoveryisdesperate：theymightallayandmitigatethedisease，butitcouldneverbequitehealed，northebodypoliticbebroughtagaintoagoodhabit，aslongaspropertyremains;anditwillfalloutasinacomplicationofdiseases，thatbyapplyingaremedytoonesore，youwillprovokeanother;andthatwhichremovestheoneillsymptomproducesothers，whilethestrengtheningonepartofthebodyweakenstherest。\"
\"Onthecontrary，\"answeredI，\"itseemstomethatmencannotliveconvenientlywhereallthingsarecommon：howcantherebeanyplenty，whereeverymanwillexcusehimselffromlabor？Forasthehopeofgaindothnotexcitehim，sotheconfidencethathehasinothermen’sindustrymaymakehimslothful：ifpeoplecometobepinchedwithwant，andyetcannotdisposeofanythingastheirown;whatcanfollowuponthisbutperpetualseditionandbloodshed，especiallywhenthereverenceandauthorityduetomagistratesfalltotheground？ForIcannotimaginehowthatcanbekeptupamongthosethatareinallthingsequaltooneanother。\"
\"Idonotwonder，\"saidhe，\"thatitappearssotoyou，sinceyouhavenonotion，oratleastnorightone，ofsuchaconstitution：
butifyouhadbeeninUtopiawithme，andhadseentheirlawsandrules，asIdid，forthespaceoffiveyears，inwhichIlivedamongthem;andduringwhichtimeIwassodelightedwiththem，thatindeedIshouldneverhaveleftthem，ifithadnotbeentomakethediscoveryofthatnewworldtotheEuropeans;youwouldthenconfessthatyouhadneverseenapeoplesowellconstitutedasthey。\"
\"Youwillnoteasilypersuademe，\"saidPeter，\"thatanynationinthatnewworldisbettergovernedthanthoseamongus。Forasourunderstandingsarenotworsethantheirs，soourgovernment，ifI
mistakenot，beingmoreancient，alongpracticehashelpedustofindoutmanyconveniencesoflife：andsomehappychanceshavediscoveredotherthingstous，whichnoman’sunderstandingcouldeverhaveinvented。\"
\"Asfortheantiquity，eitheroftheirgovernmentorofours，\"
saidhe，\"youcannotpassatruejudgmentofitunlessyouhadreadtheirhistories;foriftheyaretobebelieved，theyhadtownsamongthembeforethesepartsweresomuchasinhabited。Andasforthosediscoveries，thathavebeeneitherhitonbychance，ormadebyingeniousmen，thesemighthavehappenedthereaswellashere。Idonotdenybutwearemoreingeniousthantheyare，buttheyexceedusmuchinindustryandapplication。Theyknewlittleconcerningusbeforeourarrivalamongthem;theycallusallbyageneralnameofthenationsthatliebeyondtheequinoctialline;fortheirchroniclementionsashipwreckthatwasmadeontheircoast1，200yearsago;andthatsomeRomansandEgyptiansthatwereintheship，gettingsafeashore，spenttherestoftheirdaysamongthem;andsuchwastheiringenuity，thatfromthissingleopportunitytheydrewtheadvantageoflearningfromthoseunlooked-forguests，andacquiredalltheusefulartsthatwerethenamongtheRomans，andwhichwereknowntotheseshipwreckedmen：andbythehintsthattheygavethem，theythemselvesfoundoutevensomeofthoseartswhichtheycouldnotfullyexplain;sohappilydidtheyimprovethataccident，ofhavingsomeofourpeoplecastupontheirshore。
\"ButifsuchanaccidenthasatanytimebroughtanyfromthenceintoEurope，wehavebeensofarfromimprovingit，thatwedonotsomuchasrememberit;asinafter-timesperhapsitwillbeforgotbyourpeoplethatIwaseverthere。Forthoughtheyfromonesuchaccidentmadethemselvesmastersofallthegoodinventionsthatwereamongus;yetIbelieveitwouldbelongbeforeweshouldlearnorputinpracticeanyofthegoodinstitutionsthatareamongthem。Andthisisthetruecauseoftheirbeingbettergoverned，andlivinghappierthanwe，thoughwecomenotshortoftheminpointofunderstandingoroutwardadvantages。\"
UponthisIsaidtohim：\"Iearnestlybegyouwoulddescribethatislandveryparticularlytous。Benottooshort，butsetoutinorderallthingsrelatingtotheirsoil，theirrivers，theirtowns，theirpeople，theirmanners，constitution，laws，and，inaword，allthatyouimaginewedesiretoknow。Andyoumaywellimaginethatwedesiretoknoweverythingconcerningthem，ofwhichwearehithertoignorant。\"
\"Iwilldoitverywillingly，\"saidhe，\"forIhavedigestedthewholemattercarefully;butitwilltakeupsometime。\"
\"Letusgothen，\"saidI，\"firstanddine，andthenweshallhaveleisureenough。\"
Heconsented。Wewentinanddined，andafterdinnercamebackandsatdowninthesameplace。Iorderedmyservantstotakecarethatnonemightcomeandinterruptus。AndbothPeterandI
desiredRaphaeltobeasgoodashisword。Whenhesawthatwewereveryintentuponit，hepausedalittletorecollecthimself，andbeganinthismanner：
1901。NewYork：IdealCommonwealths。P。F。Collier&Son。TheColonialPress。BOOKII
THEislandofUtopiaisinthemiddle200milesbroad，andholds
almostatthesamebreadthoveragreatpartofit;butitgrows
narrowertowardbothends。Itsfigureisnotunlikeacrescent：
betweenitshorns，theseacomesinelevenmilesbroad，and
spreadsitselfintoagreatbay，whichisenvironedwithlandto
thecompassofabout500miles，andiswellsecuredfromwinds。In
thisbaythereisnogreatcurrent;thewholecoastis，asit
were，onecontinuedharbor，whichgivesallthatliveinthe
islandgreatconvenienceformutualcommerce;buttheentryinto
thebay，occasionedbyrocksontheonehand，andshallowsonthe
other，isverydangerous。Inthemiddleofitthereisonesingle
rockwhichappearsabovewater，andmaythereforebeeasily
avoided，andonthetopofitthereisatowerinwhichagarrison
iskept;theotherrockslieunderwater，andareverydangerous。
Thechannelisknownonlytothenatives，sothatifanystranger
shouldenterintothebay，withoutoneoftheirpilots，hewould
rungreatdangerofshipwreck;foreventheythemselvescouldnot
passitsafe，ifsomemarksthatareonthecoastdidnotdirect
theirway;andiftheseshouldbebutalittleshifted，anyfleet
thatmightcomeagainstthem，howgreatsoeveritwere，wouldbe
certainlylost。
Ontheothersideoftheislandtherearelikewisemanyharbors;
andthecoastissofortified，bothbynatureandart，thata
smallnumberofmencanhinderthedescentofagreatarmy。But
theyreport（andthereremaingoodmarksofittomakeit
credible）thatthiswasnoislandatfirst，butapartofthe
continent。Utopusthatconqueredit（whosenameitstillcarries，
forAbraxawasitsfirstname）broughttherudeanduncivilized
inhabitantsintosuchagoodgovernment，andtothatmeasureof
politeness，thattheynowfarexcelalltherestofmankind;
havingsoonsubduedthem，hedesignedtoseparatethemfromthe
continent，andtobringtheseaquiteroundthem。Toaccomplish
this，heorderedadeepchanneltobedugfifteenmileslong;and
thatthenativesmightnotthinkhetreatedthemlikeslaves，he
notonlyforcedtheinhabitants，butalsohisownsoldiers，to
laborincarryingiton。Ashesetavastnumberofmentowork，
hebeyondallmen’sexpectationsbroughtittoaspeedy
conclusion。Andhisneighborswhoatfirstlaughedatthefollyof
theundertaking，nosoonersawitbroughttoperfectionthanthey
werestruckwithadmirationandterror。
Therearefifty-fourcitiesintheisland，alllargeandwell
built：themanners，customs，andlawsofwhicharethesame，and
theyareallcontrivedasnearinthesamemannerasthegroundon
whichtheystandwillallow。Thenearestlieatleasttwenty-four
milesdistancefromoneanother，andthemostremotearenotso
fardistantbutthatamancangoonfootinonedayfromitto
thatwhichliesnextit。Everycitysendsthreeofitswisest
SenatorsonceayeartoAmaurot，toconsultabouttheircommon
concerns;forthatisthechieftownoftheisland，beingsituated
nearthecentreofit，sothatitisthemostconvenientplacefor
theirassemblies。Thejurisdictionofeverycityextendsatleast
twentymiles：andwherethetownsliewider，theyhavemuchmore
ground：notowndesirestoenlargeitsbounds，forthepeople
considerthemselvesratherastenantsthanlandlords。Theyhave
builtoverallthecountry，farmhousesforhusbandmen，whichare
wellcontrived，andarefurnishedwithallthingsnecessaryfor
countrylabor。Inhabitantsaresentbyturnsfromthecitiesto
dwellinthem;nocountryfamilyhasfewerthanfortymenand
womeninit，besidestwoslaves。Thereisamasterandamistress
setovereveryfamily;andoverthirtyfamiliesthereisa
magistrate。
Everyyeartwentyofthisfamilycomebacktothetown，afterthey
havestayedtwoyearsinthecountry;andintheirroomthereare
othertwentysentfromthetown，thattheymaylearncountrywork
fromthosethathavebeenalreadyoneyearinthecountry，asthey
mustteachthosethatcometothemthenextfromthetown。Bythis
meanssuchasdwellinthosecountryfarmsareneverignorantof
agriculture，andsocommitnoerrors，whichmightotherwisebe
fatal，andbringthemunderascarcityofcorn。Butthoughthere
iseveryyearsuchashiftingofthehusbandmen，topreventany
manbeingforcedagainsthiswilltofollowthathardcourseof
lifetoolong，yetmanyamongthemtakesuchpleasureinitthat
theydesireleavetocontinueinitmanyyears。Thesehusbandmen
tilltheground，breedcattle，hewwood，andconveyittothe
towns，eitherbylandorwater，asismostconvenient。Theybreed
aninfinitemultitudeofchickensinaverycuriousmanner;for
thehensdonotsitandhatchthem，butvastnumbersofeggsare
laidinagentleandequalheat，inordertobehatched，andthey
arenosooneroutoftheshell，andabletostirabout，butthey
seemtoconsiderthosethatfeedthemastheirmothers，andfollow
themasotherchickensdothehenthathatchedthem。
Theybreedveryfewhorses，butthosetheyhavearefullof
mettle，andarekeptonlyforexercisingtheiryouthintheartof
sittingandridingthem;fortheydonotputthemtoanywork，
eitherofploughingorcarriage，inwhichtheyemployoxen;for
thoughtheirhorsesarestronger，yettheyfindoxencanholdout
longer;andastheyarenotsubjecttosomanydiseases，sothey
arekeptuponalesscharge，andwithlesstrouble;andevenwhen
theyaresowornout，thattheyarenomorefitforlabor，they
aregoodmeatatlast。Theysownocorn，butthatwhichistobe
theirbread;fortheydrinkeitherwine，cider，orperry，and
oftenwater，sometimesboiledwithhoneyorlicorice，withwhich
theyabound;andthoughtheyknowexactlyhowmuchcornwillserve
everytown，andallthattractofcountrywhichbelongstoit，yet
theysowmuchmore，andbreedmorecattlethanarenecessaryfor
theirconsumption;andtheygivethatoverplusofwhichtheymake
nousetotheirneighbors。Whentheywantanythinginthecountry
whichitdoesnotproduce，theyfetchthatfromthetown，without
carryinganythinginexchangeforit。Andthemagistratesofthe
towntakecaretoseeitgiventhem;fortheymeetgenerallyin
thetownonceamonth，uponafestivalday。Whenthetimeof
harvestcomes，themagistratesinthecountrysendtothoseinthe
towns，andletthemknowhowmanyhandstheywillneedforreaping
theharvest;andthenumbertheycallforbeingsenttothem，they
commonlydespatchitallinoneday。
BOOKII：OFTHEIRTOWNS，PARTICULARLYOFAMAUROT
HEthatknowsoneoftheirtownsknowsthemall，theyaresolike
oneanother，exceptwherethesituationmakessomedifference。I
shallthereforedescribeoneofthem;andnoneissoproperas
Amaurot;forasnoneismoreeminent，alltherestyieldingin
precedencetothis，becauseitistheseatoftheirSupreme
Council，sotherewasnoneofthembetterknowntome，Ihaving
livedfiveyearsaltogetherinit。
Itliesuponthesideofahill，orratherarisingground：its
figureisalmostsquare，forfromtheonesideofit，whichshoots
upalmosttothetopofthehill，itrunsdowninadescentfor
twomilestotheriverAnider;butitisalittlebroaderthe
otherwaythatrunsalongbythebankofthatriver。TheAnider
risesabouteightymilesaboveAmaurot，inasmallspringat
first，butotherbrooksfallingintoit，ofwhichtwoaremore
considerablethantherest。AsitrunsbyAmaurot，itisgrown
halfamilebroad;butitstillgrowslargerandlarger，till
aftersixtymilescoursebelowit，itislostintheocean，
betweenthetownandthesea，andforsomemilesabovethetown，
itebbsandflowseverysixhours，withastrongcurrent。Thetide
comesupforaboutthirtymilessofullthatthereisnothingbut
saltwaterintheriver，thefreshwaterbeingdrivenbackwith
itsforce;andabovethat，forsomemiles，thewaterisbrackish;
butalittlehigher，asitrunsbythetown，itisquitefresh;
andwhenthetideebbs，itcontinuesfreshallalongtothesea。
Thereisabridgecastovertheriver，notoftimber，butoffair
stone，consistingofmanystatelyarches;itliesatthatpartof
thetownwhichisfarthestfromthesea，sothatshipswithoutany
hinderancelieallalongthesideofthetown。
Thereislikewiseanotherriverthatrunsbyit，which，thoughit
isnotgreat，yetitrunspleasantly，foritrisesoutofthesame
hillonwhichthetownstands，andsorunsdownthroughit，and
fallsintotheAnider。Theinhabitantshavefortifiedthe
fountain-headofthisriver，whichspringsalittlewithoutthe
town;sothatiftheyshouldhappentobebesieged，theenemy
mightnotbeabletostopordivertthecourseofthewater，nor
poisonit;fromthenceitiscarriedinearthenpipestothelower
streets;andforthoseplacesofthetowntowhichthewaterof
thatshallrivercannotbeconveyed，theyhavegreatcisternsfor
receivingtherain-water，whichsuppliesthewantoftheother。
Thetowniscompassedwithahighandthickwall，inwhichthere
aremanytowersandforts;thereisalsoabroadanddeepdry
ditch，setthickwiththorns，castroundthreesidesofthetown，
andtheriverisinsteadofaditchonthefourthside。The
streetsareveryconvenientforallcarriage，andarewell
shelteredfromthewinds。Theirbuildingsaregood，andareso
uniformthatawholesideofastreetlookslikeonehouse。The
streetsaretwentyfeetbroad;thereliegardensbehindalltheir
houses;thesearelargebutenclosedwithbuildingsthatonall
handsfacethestreets;sothateveryhousehasbothadoortothe
street，andabackdoortothegarden。Theirdoorshavealltwo
leaves，which，astheyareeasilyopened，sotheyshutoftheir
ownaccord;andtherebeingnopropertyamongthem，everymanmay
freelyenterintoanyhousewhatsoever。Ateverytenyears’end
theyshifttheirhousesbylots。
Theycultivatetheirgardenswithgreatcare，sothattheyhave
vines，fruits，herbs，andflowersinthem;andallissowell
ordered，andsofinelykept，thatIneversawgardensanywhere
thatwerebothsofruitfulandsobeautifulastheirs。Andthis
humoroforderingtheirgardenssowellisnotonlykeptupbythe
pleasuretheyfindinit，butalsobyanemulationbetweenthe
inhabitantsoftheseveralstreets，whoviewitheachother;and
thereisindeednothingbelongingtothewholetownthatisboth
moreusefulandmorepleasant。Sothathewhofoundedthetown
seemstohavetakencareofnothingmorethanoftheirgardens;
fortheysay，thewholeschemeofthetownwasdesignedatfirst
byUtopus，butheleftallthatbelongedtotheornamentand
improvementofittobeaddedbythosethatshouldcomeafterhim，
thatbeingtoomuchforonemantobringtoperfection。Their
records，thatcontainthehistoryoftheirtownandState，are
preservedwithanexactcare，andrunbackward1，760years。From
theseitappearsthattheirhouseswereatfirstlowandmean，
likecottages，madeofanysortoftimber，andwerebuiltwithmud
wallsandthatchedwithstraw。Butnowtheirhousesarethree
storieshigh：thefrontsofthemarefacedwithstone，plastering，
orbrick;andbetweenthefacingsoftheirwallstheythrowin
theirrubbish。Theirroofsareflat，andonthemtheylayasort
ofplaster，whichcostsverylittle，andyetissotemperedthat
itisnotapttotakefire，andyetresiststheweathermorethan
lead。Theyhavegreatquantitiesofglassamongthem，withwhich
theyglazetheirwindows。Theyusealsointheirwindowsathin
linencloth，thatissooiledorgummedthatitbothkeepsoutthe
windandgivesfreeadmissiontothelight。
BOOKII：OFTHEIRMAGISTRATES
THIRTYfamilieschooseeveryyearamagistrate，whowasanciently
calledthesyphogrant，butisnowcalledthephilarch;andover
everytensyphogrants，withthefamiliessubjecttothem，thereis
anothermagistrate，whowasancientlycalledthetranibor，butof
latethearchphilarch。Allthesyphogrants，whoareinnumber200，
choosethePrinceoutofalistoffour，whoarenamedbythe
peopleofthefourdivisionsofthecity;buttheytakeanoath
beforetheyproceedtoanelection，thattheywillchoosehimwhom
theythinkmostfitfortheoffice。Theygivetheirvoices
secretly，sothatitisnotknownforwhomeveryonegiveshis
suffrage。ThePrinceisforlife，unlessheisremovedupon
suspicionofsomedesigntoenslavethepeople。Thetraniborsare
new-choseneveryyear，butyettheyareforthemostpart
continued。Alltheirothermagistratesareonlyannual。The
traniborsmeeteverythirdday，andoftenerifnecessary，and
consultwiththeprince，eitherconcerningtheaffairsofthe
Stateingeneralorsuchprivatedifferencesasmayarise
sometimesamongthepeople;thoughthatfallsoutbutseldom。
Therearealwaystwosyphograntscalledintothecouncil-chamber，
andthesearechangedeveryday。Itisafundamentalruleoftheir
governmentthatnoconclusioncanbemadeinanythingthatrelates
tothepublictillithasbeenfirstdebatedthreeseveraldaysin
theirCouncil。Itisdeathforanytomeetandconsultconcerning
theState，unlessitbeeitherintheirordinaryCouncil，orin
theassemblyofthewholebodyofthepeople。
Thesethingshavebeensoprovidedamongthem，thattheprinceand
thetraniborsmaynotconspiretogethertochangethegovernment
andenslavethepeople;andthereforewhenanythingofgreat
importanceissetonfoot，itissenttothesyphogrants;who
aftertheyhavecommunicatedittothefamiliesthatbelongto
theirdivisions，andhaveconsidereditamongthemselves，make
reporttotheSenate;andupongreatoccasions，thematteris
referredtotheCouncilofthewholeisland。Oneruleobservedin
theirCouncil，is，nevertodebateathingonthesamedayin
whichitisfirstproposed;forthatisalwaysreferredtothe
nextmeeting，thatsomenmaynotrashly，andintheheatof
discourse，engagethemselvestoosoon，whichmightbiasthemso
much，thatinsteadofconsultingthegoodofthepublic，they
mightratherstudytosupporttheirfirstopinions，andbya
perverseandpreposteroussortofshame，hazardtheircountry
ratherthanendangertheirownreputation，orventurethebeing
suspectedtohavewantedforesightintheexpedientsthattheyat
firstproposed。Andthereforetopreventthis，theytakecarethat
theymayratherbedeliberatethansuddenintheirmotions。
BOOKII：OFTHEIRTRADES，ANDMANNEROFLIFE
AGRICULTUREisthatwhichissouniversallyunderstoodamongthem
thatnoperson，eithermanorwoman，isignorantofit;theyare
instructedinitfromtheirchildhood，partlybywhattheylearn
atschoolandpartlybypractice;theybeingledoutofteninto
thefields，aboutthetown，wheretheynotonlyseeothersat
work，butarelikewiseexercisedinitthemselves。Besides
agriculture，whichissocommontothemall，everymanhassome
peculiartradetowhichheapplieshimself，suchasthe
manufactureofwool，orflax，masonry，smith’swork，or
carpenter’swork;forthereisnosortoftradethatisnotin
greatesteemamongthem。Throughouttheislandtheywearthesame
sortofclotheswithoutanyotherdistinction，exceptwhatis
necessarytodistinguishthetwosexes，andthemarriedand
unmarried。Thefashionneveralters;andasitisneither
disagreeablenoruneasy，soitissuitedtotheclimate，and
calculatedbothfortheirsummersandwinters。Everyfamilymakes
theirownclothes;butallamongthem，womenaswellasmen，learn
oneorotherofthetradesformerlymentioned。Women，forthemost
part，dealinwoolandflax，whichsuitbestwiththeirweakness，
leavingtherudertradestothemen。Thesametradegenerally
passesdownfromfathertoson，inclinationsoftenfollowing
descent;butifanyman’sgeniusliesanotherway，heisby
adoptiontranslatedintoafamilythatdealsinthetradetowhich
heisinclined：andwhenthatistobedone，careistakennot
onlybyhisfather，butbythemagistrate，thathemaybeputtoa
discreetandgoodman。Andifafterapersonhaslearnedone
trade，hedesirestoacquireanother，thatisalsoallowed，andis
managedinthesamemannerastheformer。Whenhehaslearned
both，hefollowsthatwhichhelikesbest，unlessthepublichas
moreoccasionfortheother。
Thechief，andalmosttheonlybusinessofthesyphogrants，isto
takecarethatnomanmayliveidle，butthateveryonemayfollow
histradediligently：yettheydonotwearthemselvesoutwith
perpetualtoil，frommorningtonight，asiftheywerebeastsof
burden，which，asitisindeedaheavyslavery，soitis
everywherethecommoncourseoflifeamongallmechanicsexcept
theUtopians;buttheydividingthedayandnightintotwenty-four
hours，appointsixoftheseforwork;threeofwhicharebefore
dinner，andthreeafter。Theythensup，andateighto’clock，
countingfromnoon，gotobedandsleepeighthours。Therestof
theirtimebesidesthattakenupinwork，eatingandsleeping，is
lefttoeveryman’sdiscretion;yettheyarenottoabusethat
intervaltoluxuryandidleness，butmustemployitinsomeproper
exerciseaccordingtotheirvariousinclinations，whichisforthe
mostpartreading。Itisordinarytohavepubliclecturesevery
morningbeforedaybreak;atwhichnoneareobligedtoappearbut
thosewhoaremarkedoutforliterature;yetagreatmany，both
menandwomenofallranks，gotohearlecturesofonesortof
other，accordingtotheirinclinations。Butifothers，thatare
notmadeforcontemplation，chooserathertoemploythemselvesat
thattimeintheirtrades，asmanyofthemdo，theyarenot
hindered，butarerathercommended，asmenthattakecaretoserve
theircountry。Aftersupper，theyspendanhourinsomediversion，
insummerintheirgardens，andinwinterinthehallswherethey
eat;wheretheyentertaineachother，eitherwithmusicor
discourse。Theydonotsomuchasknowdice，oranysuchfoolish
andmischievousgames：theyhave，however，twosortsofgamesnot
unlikeourchess;theoneisbetweenseveralnumbers，inwhichone
number，asitwere，consumesanother：theotherresemblesabattle
betweenthevirtuesandthevices，inwhichtheenmityinthe
vicesamongthemselves，andtheiragreementagainstvirtue，isnot
unpleasantlyrepresented;togetherwiththespecialoppositions
betweentheparticularvirtuesandvices;asalsothemethodsby
whichviceeitheropenlyassaultsorsecretlyunderminesvirtue，
andvirtueontheotherhandresistsit。Butthetimeappointed
forlaboristobenarrowlyexamined，otherwiseyoumayimagine，
thatsincethereareonlysixhoursappointedforwork，theymay
fallunderascarcityofnecessaryprovisions。Butitissofar
frombeingtrue，thatthistimeisnotsufficientforsupplying
themwithplentyofallthings，eithernecessaryorconvenient，
thatitisrathertoomuch;andthisyouwilleasilyapprehend，if
youconsiderhowgreatapartofallothernationsisquiteidle。
First，womengenerallydolittle，whoarethehalfofmankind;and
ifsomefewwomenarediligent，theirhusbandsareidle：then
considerthegreatcompanyofidlepriests，andofthosethatare
calledreligiousmen;addtotheseallrichmen，chieflythose
thathaveestatesinland，whoarecallednoblemenandgentlemen，
togetherwiththeirfamilies，madeupofidlepersons，thatare
keptmoreforshowthanuse;addtothese，allthosestrongand
lustybeggars，thatgoaboutpretendingsomedisease，inexcuse
fortheirbegging;anduponthewholeaccountyouwillfindthat
thenumberofthosebywhoselaborsmankindissupplied，ismuch
lessthanyouperhapsimagined。Thenconsiderhowfewofthose
thatworkareemployedinlaborsthatareofrealservice;forwe
whomeasureallthingsbymoney，giverisetomanytradesthatare
bothvainandsuperfluous，andserveonlytosupportriotand
luxury。Forifthosewhoworkwereemployedonlyinsuchthingsas
theconveniencesofliferequire，therewouldbesuchanabundance
ofthemthatthepricesofthemwouldsosinkthattradesmencould
notbemaintainedbytheirgains;ifallthosewholaborabout
uselessthingsweresettomoreprofitableemployments，andifall
theythatlanguishouttheirlivesinslothandidleness，every
oneofwhomconsumesasmuchasanytwoofthementhatareat
work，wereforcedtolabor，youmayeasilyimaginethatasmall
proportionoftimewouldservefordoingallthatiseither
necessary，profitable，orpleasanttomankind，especiallywhile
pleasureiskeptwithinitsduebounds。
ThisappearsveryplainlyinUtopia，forthere，inagreatcity，
andinalltheterritorythatliesroundit，youcanscarcefind
500，eithermenorwomen，bytheirageandstrength，arecapable
oflabor，thatarenotengagedinit;eventhesyphogrants，though
excusedbythelaw，yetdonotexcusethemselves，butwork，that
bytheirexamplestheymayexcitetheindustryoftherestofthe
people。Thelikeexemptionisallowedtothosewho，being
recommendedtothepeoplebythepriests，arebythesecret
suffragesofthesyphograntsprivilegedfromlabor，thattheymay
applythemselveswhollytostudy;andifanyofthesefallshort
ofthosehopesthattheyseemedatfirsttogive，theyareobliged
toreturntowork。Andsometimesamechanic，thatsoemployshis
leisurehours，astomakeaconsiderableadvancementinlearning，
iseasedfrombeingatradesman，andrankedamongtheirlearned
men。Outofthesetheychoosetheirambassadors，theirpriests，
theirtranibors，andtheprincehimself，ancientlycalledtheir
Barzenes，butiscalledoflatetheirAdemus。
Andthusfromthegreatnumbersamongthemthatareneither
sufferedtobeidle，nortobeemployedinanyfruitlesslabor，
youmayeasilymaketheestimatehowmuchmaybedoneinthosefew
hoursinwhichtheyareobligedtolabor。Butbesidesallthathas
beenalreadysaid，itistobeconsideredthattheneedfularts
amongthemaremanagedwithlesslaborthananywhereelse。The
buildingortherepairingofhousesamongusemploymanyhands，
becauseoftenathriftlessheirsuffersahousethathisfather
builttofallintodecay，sothathissuccessormust，atagreat
cost，repairthatwhichhemighthavekeptupwithasmallcharge：
itfrequentlyhappensthatthesamehousewhichonepersonbuilt
atavastexpenseisneglectedbyanother，whothinkshehasa
moredelicatesenseofthebeautiesofarchitecture;andhe
sufferingittofalltoruin，buildsanotheratnolesscharge。
ButamongtheUtopiansallthingsaresoregulatedthatmenvery
seldombuilduponanewpieceofground;andarenotonlyvery
quickinrepairingtheirhouses，butshowtheirforesightin
preventingtheirdecay：sothattheirbuildingsarepreservedvery
long，withbutlittlelabor，andthusthebuilderstowhomthat
carebelongsareoftenwithoutemployment，exceptthehewingof
timberandthesquaringofstones，thatthematerialsmaybein
readinessforraisingabuildingverysuddenlywhenthereisany
occasionforit。
