Sheenteredthegaol-porch，liftedtheknocker，andaskedthegaolerforadmission。Forsomereasonorothershewasrefused；
butshereturned，repeatedherrequest，andthistimeshewasadmitted。Theculpritmothershortlystoodbeforeher。WhenSarahMartintoldthemotiveofhervisit，thecriminalburstintotears，andthankedher。ThosetearsandthanksshapedthewholecourseofSarahMartin’safter-life；andthepoorseamstress，whilemaintainingherselfbyherneedle，continuedtospendherleisurehoursinvisitingtheprisoners，andendeavouringtoalleviatetheircondition。Sheconstitutedherselftheirchaplainandschoolmistress，foratthattimetheyhadneither；shereadtothemfromtheScriptures，andtaughtthemtoreadandwrite。Shegaveupanentiredayintheweekforthispurpose，besidesSundays，aswellasotherintervalsofsparetime，”feeling，”shesays，”thattheblessingofGodwasuponher。”Shetaughtthewomentoknit，tosew，andtocutout；thesaleofthearticlesenablinghertobuyothermaterials，andtocontinuetheindustrialeducationthusbegun。Shealsotaughtthementomakestrawhats，men’sandboys’caps，graycottonshirts，andevenpatchwork——anythingtokeepthemoutofidleness，andfrompreyingontheirownthoughts。Outoftheearningsoftheprisonersinthisway，sheformedafund，whichsheappliedtofurnishingthemwithworkontheirdischarge；
thusenablingthemagaintobegintheworldhonestly，andatthesametimeaffordingher，assheherselfsays，”theadvantageofobservingtheirconduct。”
Byattendingtooexclusivelytothisprison-work，however，SarahMartin’sdressmakingbusinessfelloff；andthequestionarosewithher，whetherinordertorecoverherbusinessshewastosuspendherprison-work。Butherdecisionhadalreadybeenmade。”Ihadcountedthecost，”shesaid，”andmymind，wasmadeup。
If，whilstimpartingtruthtoothers，Ibecameexposedtotemporalwant，theprivationssomomentarytoanindividualwouldnotadmitofcomparisonwithfollowingtheLord，inthusadministeringtoothers。”Shenowdevotedsixorsevenhourseverydaytotheprisoners，convertingwhatwouldotherwisehavebeenasceneofdissoluteidlenessintoahiveoforderlyindustry。Newly-
admittedprisonersweresometimesrefractory，butherpersistentgentlenesseventuallywontheirrespectandco-operation。Menoldinyearsandcrime，pertLondonpickpockets，depravedboysanddissolutesailors，profligatewomen，smugglers，poachers，andthepromiscuoushordeofcriminalswhichusuallyfillthegaolofaseaportandcountytown，allsubmittedtothebenigninfluenceofthisgoodwoman；andunderhereyestheymightbeseen，forthefirsttimeintheirlives，strivingtoholdapen，ortomasterthecharactersinapennyprimer。Sheenteredintotheirconfidences——watched，wept，prayed，andfeltforallbyturns。
Shestrengthenedtheirgoodresolutions，cheeredthehopelessanddespairing，andendeavouredtoputall，andholdall，intherightroadofamendment。
Formorethantwentyyearsthisgoodandtrueheartedwomanpursuedhernoblecourse，withlittleencouragement，andnotmuchhelp；
almostheronlymeansofsubsistenceconsistinginanannualincomeoftenortwelvepoundsleftbyhergrandmother，ekedoutbyherlittleearningsatdressmaking。Duringthelasttwoyearsofherministrations，theboroughmagistratesofYarmouth，knowingthatherself-imposedlabourssavedthemtheexpenseofaschoolmasterandchaplain(whichtheyhadbecomeboundbylawtoappoint)，madeaproposaltoherofanannualsalaryof？12ayear；buttheydiditinsoindelicateamannerasgreatlytowoundhersensitivefeelings。Sheshrankfrombecomingthesalariedofficialofthecorporation，andbarteringformoneythoseservicedwhichhadthroughoutbeenlaboursoflove。ButtheGaolCommitteecoarselyinformedher，”thatiftheypermittedhertovisittheprisonshemustsubmittotheirterms，orbeexcluded。”Fortwoyears，therefore，shereceivedthesalaryof？12ayear——theacknowledgmentoftheYarmouthcorporationforherservicesasgaolchaplainandschoolmistress！Shewasnow，however，becomingoldandinfirm，andtheunhealthyatmosphereofthegaoldidmuchtowardsfinallydisablingher。Whileshelayonherdeathbed，sheresumedtheexerciseofatalentshehadoccasionallypractisedbeforeinhermomentsofleisure——thecompositionofsacredpoetry。Asworksofart，theymaynotexciteadmiration；yetneverwereverseswrittentruerinspirit，orfullerofChristianlove。Butherownlifewasanoblerpoemthananysheeverwrote——fulloftruecourage，perseverance，charity，andwisdom。Itwasindeedacommentaryuponherownwords:”ThehighdesirethatothersmaybeblestSavoursofheaven。”
NOTES
(1)JamesRussellLowell。
(2)YetBaconhimselfhadwritten，”IwouldratherbelieveallthefaithsintheLegend，andtheTalmud，andtheAlcoran，thanthatthisuniversalframeiswithoutamind。”
(3)Aubrey，inhis’NaturalHistoryofWiltshire，’alludingtoHarvey，says:”Hetoldmehimselfthatuponpublishingthatbookhefellinhispracticeextremely。”
(4)SirThomasMore’sfirstwife，JaneColt，wasoriginallyayoungcountrygirl，whomhehimselfinstructedinletters，andmouldedtohisowntastesandmanners。Shediedyoung，leavingasonandthreedaughters，ofwhomthenobleMargaretRopermostresembledMorehimself。HissecondwifewasAliceMiddleton，awidow，somesevenyearsolderthanMore，notbeautiful——forhecharacterizedheras”NECBELLA，NECPUELLA”——butashrewdworldlywoman，notbyanymeansdisposedtosacrificecomfortandgoodcheerforconsiderationssuchasthosewhichsopowerfullyinfluencedthemindofherhusband。
(5)Beforebeingbeheaded，Eliotsaid，”Deathisbutalittleword；
but’’tisagreatworktodie。’”Inhis’PrisonThoughts’beforehisexecution，hewrote:”Hethatfearsnottodie，fearsnothing……Thereisatimetolive，andatimetodie。Agooddeathisfarbetterandmoreeligiblethananilllife。Awisemanlivesbutsolongashislifeisworthmorethanhisdeath。
Thelongerlifeisnotalwaysthebetter。”
(6)Mr。J。S。Mill，inhisbook’OnLiberty，’describes”themasses，”
as”collectivemediocrity。””Theinitiationofallwiseornoblethings，”hesays，”comes，andmustcome，fromindividuals——
generallyatfirstfromsomeoneindividual。Thehonourandgloryoftheaveragemanisthatheiscapableoffollowingthatimitation；thathecanrespondinternallytowiseandnoblethings，andbeledtothemwithhiseyesopen……Inthisage，themereexampleofnonconformity，themererefusaltobendthekneetocustom，isitselfaservice。Preciselybecausethetyrannyofopinionissuchastomakeeccentricityareproach，itisdesirable，inordertobreakthroughthattyranny，thatpeopleshouldbeeccentric。Eccentricityhasalwaysaboundedwhenandwherestrengthofcharacterhasabounded；andtheamountofeccentricityinasocietyhasgenerallybeenproportionaltotheamountofgenius，mentalvigour，andmoralcouragewhichitcontained。Thatsofewnowdaretobeeccentric，marksthechiefdangerofthetime。”——Pp。120-1。
(7)Mr。ArthurHelps，inoneofhisthoughtfulbooks，publishedin1845，madesomeobservationsonthispoint，whicharenotlessapplicablenow。Hetheresaid:”itisagrievousthingtoseeliteraturemadeavehicleforencouragingtheenmityofclasstoclass。Yetthis，unhappily，isnotunfrequentnow。SomegreatmansummedupthenatureofFrenchnovelsbycallingthemtheLiteratureofDespair；thekindofwritingthatIdeprecatemaybecalledtheLiteratureofEnvy……Suchwritersliketothrowtheirinfluence，astheymightsay，intotheweakerscale。Butthatisnottheproperwayoflookingatthematter。Ithink，iftheysawtheungenerousnatureoftheirproceedings，thatalonewouldstopthem。Theyshouldrecollectthatliteraturemayfawnuponthemassesaswellasthearistocracy；andinthesedaysthetemptationisintheformerdirection。Butwhatismostgrievousinthiskindofwritingisthemischiefitmaydototheworking-
peoplethemselves。Ifyouhavetheirtruewelfareatheart，youwillnotonlycarefortheirbeingfedandclothed，butyouwillbeanxiousnottoencourageunreasonableexpectationsinthem——
nottomakethemungratefulorgreedy-minded。Aboveall，youwillbesolicitoustopreservesomeself-relianceinthem。Youwillbecarefulnottoletthemthinkthattheirconditioncanbewhollychangedwithoutexertionoftheirown。Youwouldnotdesiretohaveitsochanged。Onceelevateyouridealofwhatyouwishtohappenamongstthelabouringpopulation，andyouwillnoteasilyadmitanythinginyourwritingsthatmayinjuretheirmoralortheirmentalcharacter，evenifyouthoughtitmighthastensomephysicalbenefitforthem。Thatisthewaytomakeyourgeniusmostserviceabletomankind。Dependuponit，honestandboldthingsrequiretobesaidtotheloweraswellasthehigherclasses；andtheformerareinthesetimesmuchlesslikelytohave，suchthingsaddressedtothem。”-ClaimsofLabour，pp。253-4。
(8)’MemoirsofColonelHutchinson’(Bohn’sEd。)，p。32。
(9)AtapublicmeetingheldatWorcester，in1867，inrecognitionofSirJ。Pakington’sservicesasChairmanofQuarterSessionsforaperiodoftwenty-fouryears，thefollowingremarks，madebySirJohnontheoccasion，arejustandvaluableastheyaremodest:-”IamindebtedforwhatevermeasureofsuccessIhaveattainedinmypubliclife，toacombinationofmoderateabilities，withhonestyofintention，firmnessofpurpose，andsteadinessofconduct。IfIweretoofferadvicetoanyyoungmananxioustomakehimselfusefulinpubliclife，Iwouldsumuptheresultsofmyexperienceinthreeshortrules——rulessosimplethatanymanmayunderstandthem，andsoeasythatanymanmayactuponthem。
Myfirstrulewouldbe——leaveittootherstojudgeofwhatdutiesyouarecapable，andforwhatpositionyouarefitted；butneverrefusetogiveyourservicesinwhatevercapacityitmaybetheopinionofotherswhoarecompetenttojudgethatyoumaybenefityourneighboursoryourcountry。Mysecondruleis——whenyouagreetoundertakepublicduties，concentrateeveryenergyandfacultyinyourpossessionwiththedeterminationtodischargethosedutiestothebestofyourability。Lastly，Iwouldcounselyouthat，indecidingonthelinewhichyouwilltakeinpublicaffairs，youshouldbeguidedinyourdecisionbythatwhich，aftermaturedeliberation，youbelievetoberight，andnotbythatwhich，inthepassinghour，mayhappentobefashionableorpopular。”
(10)Thefollowingillustrationofoneofhisminuteactsofkindnessisgiveninhisbiography:-”HewasonedaytakingalongcountrywalknearFreshford，whenhemetalittlegirl，aboutfiveyearsold，sobbingoverabrokenbowl；shehaddroppedandbrokenitinbringingitbackfromthefieldtowhichshehadtakenherfather’sdinnerinit，andshesaidshewouldbebeatenonherreturnhomeforhavingbrokenit；when，withasuddengleamofhope，sheinnocentlylookedupintohisface，andsaid，’Butyeecanmendit，can’tee？’”Myfatherexplainedthathecouldnotmendthebowl，butthetroublehecould，bythegiftofasixpencetobuyanother。
However，onopeninghispurseitwasemptyofsilver，andhehadtomakeamendsbypromisingtomeethislittlefriendinthesamespotatthesamehournextday，andtobringthesixpencewithhim，biddingher，meanwhile，tellhermothershehadseenagentlemanwhowouldbringherthemoneyforthebowlnextday。
Thechild，entirelytrustinghim，wentonherwaycomforted。OnhisreturnhomehefoundaninvitationawaitinghimtodineinBaththefollowingevening，tomeetsomeonewhomhespeciallywishedtosee。Hehesitatedforsomelittletime，tryingtocalculatethepossibilityofgivingthemeetingtohislittlefriendofthebrokenbowlandofstillbeingintimeforthedinner-partyinBath；butfindingthiscouldnotbe，hewrotetodeclineacceptingtheinvitationonthepleaof’apre-
engagement，’sayingtous，’Icannotdisappointher，shetrustedmesoimplicitly。’”
(11)MissFlorenceNightingalehasrelatedthefollowingincidentashavingoccurredbeforeSebastopol:-”Irememberasergeantwho，onpicket，therestofthepicketkilledandhimselfbatteredaboutthehead，stumbledbacktocamp，andonhiswaypickedupawoundedmanandbroughthiminonhisshoulderstothelines，wherehefelldowninsensible。When，aftermanyhours，herecoveredhissenses，Ibelieveaftertrepanning，hisfirstwordsweretoaskafterhiscomrade，’Ishealive？’’Comrade，indeed；
yes，he’salive——itisthegeneral。’Atthatmomentthegeneral，thoughbadlywounded，appearedatthebedside。’Oh，general，it’syou，isit，Ibroughtin？I’msoglad；Ididn’tknowyourhonour。
But，——，ifI’dknownitwasyou，I’dhavesavedyouallthesame。’Thisisthetruesoldier’sspirit。”
Inthesameletter，MissNightingalesays:”England，fromhergrandmercantileandcommercialsuccesses，hasbeencalledsordid；
Godknowssheisnot。Thesimplecourage，theenduringpatience，thegoodsense，thestrengthtosufferinsilence——whatnationshowsmoreofthisinwarthanisshownbyhercommonestsoldier？
Ihaveseenmendyingofdysentery，butscorningtoreportthemselvessicklesttheyshouldtherebythrowmorelabourontheircomrades，godowntothetrenchesandmakethetrenchestheirdeathbed。Thereisnothinginhistorytocomparewithit……
Saywhatmenwill，thereissomethingmoretrulyChristianinthemanwhogiveshistime，hisstrength，hislife，ifneedbe，forsomethingnothimself——whetherhecallithisQueen，hiscountry，orhiscolours——thaninalltheasceticism，thefasts，thehumiliations，andconfessionswhichhaveeverbeenmade:andthisspiritofgivingone’slife，withoutcallingitasacrifice，isfoundnowheresotrulyasinEngland。”
(12)Mrs。Grote’s’LifeofAryScheffer，’pp。154-5。
(13)Thesufferingsofthisnoblewoman，togetherwiththoseofherunfortunatehusband，weretouchinglydescribedinaletterafterwardsaddressedbyhertoafemalefriend，whichwaspublishedsomeyearsagoatHaarlem，entitled，’GertrudevonderWart；or，FidelityuntoDeath。’Mrs。Hemanswroteapoemofgreatpathosandbeauty，commemoratingthesadstoryinher’RecordsofWoman。’
CHAPTERVI——SELF-CONTROL。”Honourandprofitdonotalwayslieinthesamesack。”——GEORGE
HERBERT。”Thegovernmentofone’sselfistheonlytruefreedomfortheIndividual。”——FREDERICKPERTHES。”Itisinlengthofpatience，andendurance，andforbearance，thatsomuchofwhatisgoodinmankindandwomankindisshown。”——
ARTHURHELPS。”Temperance，proofAgainstalltrials；industrysevereAndconstantasthemotionoftheday；
Sternself-denialroundhimspread，withshadeThatmightbedeemedforbidding，didnotthereAllgenerousfeelingsflourishandrejoice；
Forbearance，charityindeedandthought，AndresolutioncompetenttotakeOutofthebosomofsimplicityAllthatherholycustomsrecommend。”——WORDSWORTH。
Self-controlisonlycourageunderanotherform。Itmayalmostberegardedastheprimaryessenceofcharacter。ItisinvirtueofthisqualitythatShakspearedefinesmanasabeing”lookingbeforeandafter。”Itformsthechiefdistinctionbetweenmanandthemereanimal；and，indeed，therecanbenotruemanhoodwithoutit。
Self-controlisattherootofallthevirtues。Letamangivethereinstohisimpulsesandpassions，andfromthatmomentheyieldsuphismoralfreedom。Heiscarriedalongthecurrentoflife，andbecomestheslaveofhisstrongestdesireforthetimebeing。
Tobemorallyfree——tobemorethanananimal——manmustbeabletoresistinstinctiveimpulse，andthiscanonlybedonebytheexerciseofself-control。Thusitisthispowerwhichconstitutestherealdistinctionbetweenaphysicalandamorallife，andthatformstheprimarybasisofindividualcharacter。
IntheBiblepraiseisgiven，nottothestrongmanwho”takethacity，”buttothestrongermanwho”rulethhisownspirit。”Thisstrongermanishewho，bydiscipline，exercisesaconstantcontroloverhisthoughts，hisspeech，andhisacts。Nine-tenthsoftheviciousdesiresthatdegradesociety，andwhich，whenindulged，swellintothecrimesthatdisgraceit，wouldshrinkintoinsignificancebeforetheadvanceofvaliantself-discipline，self-respect，andself-control。Bythewatchfulexerciseofthesevirtues，purityofheartandmindbecomehabitual，andthecharacterisbuiltupinchastity，virtue，andtemperance。
Thebestsupportofcharacterwillalwaysbefoundinhabit，which，accordingasthewillisdirectedrightlyorwrongly，asthecasemaybe，willproveeitherabenignantruleroracrueldespot。Wemaybeitswillingsubjectontheonehand，oritsservileslaveontheother。Itmayhelpusontheroadtogood，oritmayhurryusontheroadtoruin。
Habitisformedbycarefultraining。Anditisastonishinghowmuchcanbeaccomplishedbysystematicdisciplineanddrill。Seehow，forinstance，outofthemostunpromisingmaterials——suchasroughspickedupinthestreets，orrawunkemptcountryladstakenfromtheplough——steadydisciplineanddrillwillbringouttheunsuspectedqualitiesofcourage，endurance，andself-sacrifice；
andhow，inthefieldofbattle，orevenonthemoretryingoccasionsofperilsbysea——suchastheburningoftheSARAH
SANDSorthewreckoftheBIRKENHEAD——suchmen，carefullydisciplined，willexhibittheunmistakablecharacteristicsoftruebraveryandheroism！
Norismoraldisciplineanddrilllessinfluentialintheformationofcharacter。Withoutit，therewillbenopropersystemandorderintheregulationofthelife。Uponitdependsthecultivationofthesenseofself-respect，theeducationofthehabitofobedience，thedevelopmentoftheideaofduty。Themostself-reliant，self-governingmanisalwaysunderdiscipline:andthemoreperfectthediscipline，thehigherwillbehismoralcondition。Hehastodrillhisdesires，andkeeptheminsubjectiontothehigherpowersofhisnature。Theymustobeythewordofcommandoftheinternalmonitor，theconscience——
otherwisetheywillbebutthemereslavesoftheirinclinations，thesportoffeelingandimpulse。”Inthesupremacyofself-control，”saysHerbertSpencer，”consistsoneoftheperfectionsoftheidealman。Nottobeimpulsive——nottobespurredhitherandthitherbyeachdesirethatinturncomesuppermost——buttobeself-restrained，self-
balanced，governedbythejointdecisionofthefeelingsincouncilassembled，beforewhomeveryactionshallhavebeenfullydebatedandcalmlydetermined——thatitiswhicheducation，moraleducationatleast，strivestoproduce。”(1)
Thefirstseminaryofmoraldiscipline，andthebest，aswehavealreadyshown，isthehome；nextcomestheschool，andafterthattheworld，thegreatschoolofpracticallife。Eachispreparatorytotheother，andwhatthemanorwomanbecomes，dependsforthemostpartuponwhathasgonebefore。Iftheyhaveenjoyedtheadvantageofneitherthehomenortheschool，buthavebeenallowedtogrowupuntrained，untaught，andundisciplined，thenwoetothemselves——woetothesocietyofwhichtheyformpart！
Thebest-regulatedhomeisalwaysthatinwhichthedisciplineisthemostperfect，andyetwhereitistheleastfelt。Moraldisciplineactswiththeforceofalawofnature。Thosesubjecttoityieldthemselvestoitunconsciously；andthoughitshapesandformsthewholecharacter，untilthelifebecomescrystallizedinhabit，theinfluencethusexercisedisforthemostpartunseenandalmostunfelt。
TheimportanceofstrictdomesticdisciplineiscuriouslyillustratedbyafactmentionedinMrs。Schimmelpenninck’sMemoirs，tothefollowingeffect:thataladywho，withherhusband，hadinspectedmostofthelunaticasylumsofEnglandandtheContinent，foundthemostnumerousclassofpatientswasalmostalwayscomposedofthosewhohadbeenonlychildren，andwhosewillshadthereforerarelybeenthwartedordisciplinedinearlylife；whilstthosewhoweremembersoflargefamilies，andwhohadbeentrainedinself-discipline，werefarlessfrequentvictimstothemalady。
Althoughthemoralcharacterdependsinagreatdegreeontemperamentandonphysicalhealth，aswellasondomesticandearlytrainingandtheexampleofcompanions，itisalsointhepowerofeachindividualtoregulate，torestrain，andtodisciplineitbywatchfulandperseveringself-control。A
competentteacherhassaidofthepropensitiesandhabits，thattheyareasteachableasLatinandGreek，whiletheyaremuchmoreessentialtohappiness。
Dr。Johnson，thoughhimselfconstitutionallypronetomelancholy，andafflictedbyitasfewhavebeenfromhisearliestyears，saidthat”aman’sbeinginagoodorbadhumourverymuchdependsuponhiswill。”Wemaytrainourselvesinahabitofpatienceandcontentmentontheonehand，orofgrumblinganddiscontentontheother。Wemayaccustomourselvestoexaggeratesmallevils，andtounderestimategreatblessings。Wemayevenbecomethevictimofpettymiseriesbygivingwaytothem。Thus，wemayeducateourselvesinahappydisposition，aswellasinamorbidone。
Indeed，thehabitofviewingthingscheerfully，andofthinkingaboutlifehopefully，maybemadetogrowupinuslikeanyotherhabit。(2)ItwasnotanexaggeratedestimateofDr。Johnsontosay，thatthehabitoflookingatthebestsideofanyeventisworthfarmorethanathousandpoundsayear。
Threligiousman’slifeispervadedbyrigidself-disciplineandself-restraint。Heistobesoberandvigilant，toeschewevilanddogood，towalkinthespirit，tobeobedientuntodeath，towithstandintheevilday，andhavingdoneall，tostand；towrestleagainstspiritualwickedness，andagainsttherulersofthedarknessofthisworld；toberootedandbuiltupinfaith，andnottobewearyofwell-doing；forindueseasonheshallreap，ifhefaintnot。
Themanofbusinessalsomustneedsbesubjecttostrictruleandsystem。Business，likelife，ismanagedbymoralleverage；
successinbothdependinginnosmalldegreeuponthatregulationoftemperandcarefulself-discipline，whichgiveawisemannotonlyacommandoverhimself，butoverothers。Forbearanceandself-controlsmooththeroadoflife，andopenmanywayswhichwouldotherwiseremainclosed。Andsodoesself-respect:forasmenrespectthemselves，sowilltheyusuallyrespectthepersonalityofothers。
Itisthesameinpoliticsasinbusiness。Successinthatsphereoflifeisachievedlessbytalentthanbytemper，lessbygeniusthanbycharacter。Ifamanhavenotself-control，hewilllackpatience，bewantingintact，andhaveneitherthepowerofgoverninghimselfnorofmanagingothers。WhenthequalitymostneededinaPrimeMinisterwasthesubjectofconversationinthepresenceofMr。Pitt，oneofthespeakerssaiditwas”Eloquence；”
anothersaiditwas”Knowledge；”andathirdsaiditwas”Toil，””No，”saidPitt，”itisPatience！”Andpatiencemeansself-
control，aqualityinwhichhehimselfwassuperb。HisfriendGeorgeRosehassaidofhimthatheneveroncesawPittoutoftemper。(3)Yet，althoughpatienceisusuallyregardedasa”slow”virtue，Pittcombinedwithitthemostextraordinaryreadiness，vigour，andrapidityofthoughtaswellasaction。
Itisbypatienceandself-controlthatthetrulyheroiccharacterisperfected。ThesewereamongthemostprominentcharacteristicsofthegreatHampden，whosenoblequalitiesweregenerouslyacknowledgedevenbyhispoliticalenemies。ThusClarendondescribedhimasamanofraretemperandmodesty，naturallycheerfulandvivacious，andaboveall，ofaflowingcourtesy。Hewaskindandintrepid，yetgentle，ofunblameableconversation，andhisheartglowedwithlovetoallmen。Hewasnotamanofmanywords，but，beingofunimpeachablecharacter，everywordheutteredcarriedweight。”Nomanhadeveragreaterpoweroverhimself……Hewasverytemperateindiet，andasupremegovernoroverallhispassionsandaffections；andhehadtherebygreatpoweroverothermen’s。”SirPhilipWarwick，anotherofhispoliticalopponents，incidentallydescribeshisgreatinfluenceinacertaindebate:”Wehadcatchedateachother’slocks，andsheathedourswordsineachother’sbowels，hadnotthesagacityandgreatcalmnessofMr。Hampden，byashortspeech，preventedit，andledustodeferourangrydebateuntilthenextmorning。”
Astrongtemperisnotnecessarilyabadtemper。Butthestrongerthetemper，thegreateristheneedofself-disciplineandself-
control。Dr。Johnsonsaysmengrowbetterastheygrowolder，andimprovewithexperience；butthisdependsuponthewidth，anddepth，andgenerousnessoftheirnature。Itisnotmen’sfaultsthatruinthemsomuchasthemannerinwhichtheyconductthemselvesafterthefaultshavebeencommitted。Thewisewillprofitbythesufferingtheycause，andeschewthemforthefuture；buttherearethoseonwhomexperienceexertsnoripeninginfluence，andwhoonlygrownarrowerandbittererandmoreviciouswithtime。
Whatiscalledstrongtemperinayoungman，oftenindicatesalargeamountofunripeenergy，whichwillexpenditselfinusefulworkiftheroadbefairlyopenedtoit。ItissaidofStephenGerard，aFrenchman，whopursuedaremarkablysuccessfulcareerintheUnitedStates，thatwhenheheardofaclerkwithastrongtemper，hewouldreadilytakehimintohisemployment，andsethimtoworkinaroombyhimself；Gerardbeingofopinionthatsuchpersonswerethebestworkers，andthattheirenergywouldexpenditselfinworkifremovedfromthetemptationtoquarrel。
Strongtempermayonlymeanastrongandexcitablewill。
Uncontrolled，itdisplaysitselfinfitfuloutbreaksofpassion；
butcontrolledandheldinsubjection——likesteampent-upwithintheorganisedmechanismofasteam-engine，theuseofwhichisregulatedandcontrolledbyslide-valvesandgovernorsandlevers——itmaybecomeasourceofenergeticpowerandusefulness。
Hence，someofthegreatestcharactersinhistoryhavebeenmenofstrongtemper，butofequallystrongdeterminationtoholdtheirmotivepowerunderstrictregulationandcontrol。
ThefamousEarlofStraffordwasofanextremelycholericandpassionatenature，andhadgreatstruggleswithhimselfinhisendeavourstocontrolhistemper。Referringtotheadviceofoneofhisfriends，oldSecretaryCooke，whowashonestenoughtotellhimofhisweakness，andtocautionhimagainstindulgingit，hewrote:”Yougavemeagoodlessontobepatient；and，indeed，myyearsandnaturalinclinationsgivemeheatmorethanenough，which，however，Itrustmoreexperienceshallcool，andawatchovermyselfintimealtogetherovercome；inthemeantime，inthisatleastitwillsetforthitselfmorepardonable，becausemyearnestnessshalleverbeforthehonour，justice，andprofitofmymaster；anditisnotalwaysanger，butthemisapplyingofit，thatisthevicesoblameable，andofdisadvantagetothosethatletthemselvesloosethere-unto。”(4)
Cromwell，also，isdescribedashavingbeenofawaywardandviolenttemperinhisyouth——cross，untractable，andmasterless——
withavastquantityofyouthfulenergy，whichexplodedinavarietyofyouthfulmischiefs。Heevenobtainedthereputationofaroystererinhisnativetown，andseemedtoberapidlygoingtothebad，whenreligion，inoneofitsmostrigidforms，laidholduponhisstrongnature，andsubjectedittotheirondisciplineofCalvinism。Anentirelynewdirectionwasthusgiventohisenergyoftemperament，whichforcedanoutletforitselfintopubliclife，andeventuallybecamethedominatinginfluenceinEnglandforaperiodofnearlytwentyyears。
TheheroicprincesoftheHouseofNassauwerealldistinguishedforthesamequalitiesofself-control，self-denial，anddeterminationofpurpose。WilliamtheSilentwassocalled，notbecausehewasataciturnman——forhewasaneloquentandpowerfulspeakerwhereeloquencewasnecessary——butbecausehewasamanwhocouldholdhistonguewhenitwaswisdomnottospeak，andbecausehecarefullykepthisowncounselwhentohaverevealeditmighthavebeendangeroustothelibertiesofhiscountry。Hewassogentleandconciliatoryinhismannerthathisenemiesevendescribedhimastimidandpusillanimous。Yet，whenthetimeforactioncame，hiscouragewasheroic，hisdeterminationunconquerable。”Therockintheocean，”saysMr。Motley，thehistorianoftheNetherlands，”tranquilamidragingbillows，wasthefavouriteemblembywhichhisfriendsexpressedtheirsenseofhisfirmness。”
Mr。MotleycomparesWilliamtheSilenttoWashington，whomheinmanyrespectsresembled。TheAmerican，liketheDutchpatriot，standsoutinhistoryastheveryimpersonationofdignity，bravery，purity，andpersonalexcellence。Hiscommandoverhisfeelings，eveninmomentsofgreatdifficultyanddanger，wassuchastoconveytheimpression，tothosewhodidnotknowhimintimately，thathewasamanofinborncalmnessandalmostimpassivenessofdisposition。YetWashingtonwasbynatureardentandimpetuous；hismildness，gentleness，politeness，andconsiderationforothers，weretheresultofrigidself-controlandunweariedself-discipline，whichhediligentlypractisedevenfromhisboyhood。Hisbiographersaysofhim，that”histemperamentwasardent，hispassionsstrong，andamidstthemultipliedscenesoftemptationandexcitementthroughwhichhepassed，itwashisconstanteffort，andultimatetriumph，tochecktheoneandsubduetheother。”Andagain:”Hispassionswerestrong，andsometimestheybrokeoutwithvehemence，buthehadthepowerofcheckingtheminaninstant。Perhapsself-controlwasthemostremarkabletraitofhischaracter。Itwasinparttheeffectofdiscipline；yetheseemsbynaturetohavepossessedthispowerinadegreewhichhasbeendeniedtoothermen。(*5)
TheDukeofWellington’snaturaltemper，likethatofNapoleon，wasirritableintheextreme；anditwasonlybywatchfulself-
controlthathewasenabledtorestrainit。Hestudiedcalmnessandcoolnessinthemidstofdanger，likeanyIndianchief。AtWaterloo，andelsewhere，hegavehisordersinthemostcriticalmoments，withouttheslightestexcitement，andinatoneofvoicealmostmorethanusuallysubdued。(6)
Wordsworththepoetwas，inhischildhood，”ofastiff，moody，andviolenttemper，”and”perverseandobstinateindefyingchastisement。”Whenexperienceoflifehaddisciplinedhistemper，helearnttoexercisegreaterself-control；but，atthesametime，thequalitieswhichdistinguishedhimasachildwereafterwardsusefulinenablinghimtodefythecriticismofhisenemies。NothingwasmoremarkedthanWordsworth’sself-respectandself-determination，aswellashisself-consciousnessofpower，atallperiodsofhishistory。
HenryMartyn，themissionary，wasanotherinstanceofamaninwhomstrengthoftemperwasonlysomuchpent-up，unripeenergy。
Asaboyhewasimpatient，petulant，andperverse；butbyconstantwrestlingagainsthistendencytowrongheadedness，hegraduallygainedtherequisitestrength，soastoentirelyovercomeit，andtoacquirewhathesogreatlycoveted——thegiftofpatience。
Amanmaybefeebleinorganization，but，blessedwithahappytemperament，hissoulmaybegreat，active，noble，andsovereign。
ProfessorTyndallhasgivenusafinepictureofthecharacterofFaraday，andofhisself-denyinglaboursinthecauseofscience——
exhibitinghimasamanofstrong，original，andevenfierynature，andyetofextremetendernessandsensibility。”Underneathhissweetnessandgentleness，”hesays，”wastheheatofavolcano。Hewasamanofexcitableandfierynature；but，throughhighself-discipline，hehadconvertedthefireintoacentralglowandmotivepoweroflife，insteadofpermittingittowasteitselfinuselesspassion。”
TherewasonefinefeatureinFaraday’scharacterwhichisworthyofnotice——onecloselyakintoself-control:itwashisself-
denial。Bydevotinghimselftoanalyticalchemistry，hemighthavespeedilyrealisedalargefortune；buthenoblyresistedthetemptation，andpreferredtofollowthepathofpurescience。”Takingthedurationofhislifeintoaccount，”saysMr。Tyndall，”thissonofablacksmithandapprenticetoabookbinderhadtodecidebetweenafortuneof？150，000ontheoneside，andhisundoweredscienceontheother。Hechosethelatter，anddiedapoorman。ButhiswasthegloryofholdingaloftamongthenationsthescientificnameofEnglandforaperiodoffortyyears。”(7)
Takealikeinstanceoftheself-denialofaFrenchman。ThehistorianAnquetilwasoneofthesmallnumberofliterarymeninFrancewhorefusedtobowtotheNapoleonicyoke。Hesankintogreatpoverty，livingonbread-and-milk，andlimitinghisexpendituretoonlythreesousaday。”Ihavestilltwosousadayleft，”saidhe，”fortheconquerorofMarengoandAusterlitz。””Butifyoufallsick，”saidafriendtohim，”youwillneedthehelpofapension。Whynotdoasothersdo？PaycourttotheEmperor——youhaveneedofhimtolive。””Idonotneedhimtodie，”wasthehistorian’sreply。ButAnquetildidnotdieofpoverty；helivedtotheageofninety-four，sayingtoafriend，ontheeveofhisdeath，”Come，seeamanwhodiesstillfulloflife！”
SirJamesOutramexhibitedthesamecharacteristicofnobleself-
denial，thoughinanaltogetherdifferentsphereoflife。LikethegreatKingArthur，hewasemphaticallyamanwho”forborehisownadvantage。”Hewascharacterisedthroughouthiswholecareerbyhisnobleunselfishness。Thoughhemightpersonallydisapproveofthepolicyhewasoccasionallyorderedtocarryout，heneveroncefalteredinthepathofduty。ThushedidnotapproveofthepolicyofinvadingScinde；yethisservicesthroughoutthecampaignwereacknowledgedbyGeneralSirC。Napiertohavebeenofthemostbrilliantcharacter。Butwhenthewarwasover，andtherichspoilsofScindelayattheconqueror’sfeet，Outramsaid:”Idisapproveofthepolicyofthiswar——Iwillacceptnoshareoftheprize-money！”
Notlessmarkedwashisgenerousself-denialwhendespatchedwithastrongforcetoaidHavelockinfightinghiswaytoLucknow。Assuperiorofficer，hewasentitledtotakeuponhimselfthechiefcommand；but，recognisingwhatHavelockhadalreadydone，withraredisinterestedness，helefttohisjuniorofficerthegloryofcompletingthecampaign，offeringtoserveunderhimasavolunteer。”Withsuchreputation，”saidLordClyde，”asMajor-
GeneralOutramhaswonforhimself，hecanaffordtosharegloryandhonourwithothers。Butthatdoesnotlessenthevalueofthesacrificehehasmadewithsuchdisinterestedgenerosity。”
Ifamanwouldgetthroughlifehonourablyandpeaceably，hemustnecessarilylearntopractiseself-denialinsmallthingsaswellasgreat。Menhavetobearaswellasforbear。Thetemperhastobeheldinsubjectiontothejudgment；andthelittledemonsofill-humour，petulance，andsarcasm，keptresolutelyatadistance。
Ifoncetheyfindanentrancetothemind，theyareveryapttoreturn，andtoestablishforthemselvesapermanentoccupationthere。
Itisnecessarytoone’spersonalhappiness，toexercisecontroloverone’swordsaswellasacts:fortherearewordsthatstrikeevenharderthanblows；andmenmay”speakdaggers，”thoughtheyusenone。”UNCOUPDELANGUE，”saystheFrenchproverb，”ESTPIRE
QU’UNCOUPDELANCE。”Thestingingreparteethatrisestothelips，andwhich，ifuttered，mightcoveranadversarywithconfusion，howdifficultitsometimesistoresistsayingit！”Heavenkeepus，”saysMissBremerinher’Home，’”fromthedestroyingpowerofwords！Therearewordswhichseverheartsmorethansharpswordsdo；therearewordsthepointofwhichstingtheheartthroughthecourseofawholelife。”
Thuscharacterexhibitsitselfinself-controlofspeechasmuchasinanythingelse。Thewiseandforbearantmanwillrestrainhisdesiretosayasmartorseverethingattheexpenseofanother’sfeelings；whilethefoolblurtsoutwhathethinks，andwillsacrificehisfriendratherthanhisjoke。”Themouthofawiseman，”saidSolomon，”isinhisheart；theheartofafoolisinhismouth。”
Thereare，however，menwhoarenofools，thatareheadlongintheirlanguageasintheiracts，becauseoftheirwantofforbearanceandself-restrainingpatience。Theimpulsivegenius，giftedwithquickthoughtandincisivespeech——perhapscarriedawaybythecheersofthemoment——letsflyasarcasticsentencewhichmayreturnuponhimtohisowninfinitedamage。Evenstatesmenmightbenamed，whohavefailedthroughtheirinabilitytoresistthetemptationofsayingcleverandspitefulthingsattheiradversary’sexpense。”Theturnofasentence，”saysBentham，”hasdecidedthefateofmanyafriendship，and，foraughtthatweknow，thefateofmanyakingdom。”So，whenoneistemptedtowriteacleverbutharshthing，thoughitmaybedifficulttorestrainit，itisalwaysbettertoleaveitintheinkstand。”Agoose’squill，”saystheSpanishproverb，”oftenhurtsmorethanalion’sclaw。”
Carlylesays，whenspeakingofOliverCromwell，”Hethatcannotwithalkeephismindtohimself，cannotpractiseanyconsiderablethingwhatsoever。”ItwassaidofWilliamtheSilent，byoneofhisgreatestenemies，thatanarrogantorindiscreetwordwasneverknowntofallfromhislips。Likehim，Washingtonwasdiscretionitselfintheuseofspeech，nevertakingadvantageofanopponent，orseekingashortlivedtriumphinadebate。Anditissaidthatinthelongrun，theworldcomesroundtoandsupportsthewisemanwhoknowswhenandhowtobesilent。
Wehaveheardmenofgreatexperiencesaythattheyhaveoftenregrettedhavingspoken，butneveronceregrettedholdingtheirtongue。”Besilent，”saysPythagoras，”orsaysomethingbetterthansilence。””Speakfitly，”saysGeorgeHerbert，”orbesilentwisely。”St。FrancisdeSales，whomLeighHuntstyled”theGentlemanSaint，”hassaid:”Itisbettertoremainsilentthantospeakthetruthill-humouredly，andsospoilanexcellentdishbycoveringitwithbadsauce。”AnotherFrenchman，Lacordaire，characteristicallyputsspeechfirst，andsilencenext。”Afterspeech，”hesays，”silenceisthegreatestpowerintheworld。”
Yetawordspokeninseason，howpowerfulitmaybe！AstheoldWelshproverbhasit，”Agoldentongueisinthemouthoftheblessed。”
Itisrelated，asaremarkableinstanceofself-controlonthepartofDeLeon，adistinguishedSpanishpoetofthesixteenthcentury，wholayforyearsinthedungeonsoftheInquisitionwithoutlightorsociety，becauseofhishavingtranslatedapartoftheScripturesintohisnativetongue，thatonbeingliberatedandrestoredtohisprofessorship，animmensecrowdattendedhisfirstlecture，expectingsomeaccountofhislongimprisonment；
butDoLeonwastoowiseandtoogentletoindulgeinrecrimination。Hemerelyresumedthelecturewhich，fiveyearsbefore，hadbeensosadlyinterrupted，withtheaccustomedformula”HERIDICEBAMUS，”andwentdirectlyintohissubject。
Thereare，ofcourse，timesandoccasionswhentheexpressionofindignationisnotonlyjustifiablebutnecessary。Weareboundtobeindignantatfalsehood，selfishness，andcruelty。Amanoftruefeelingfiresupnaturallyatbasenessormeannessofanysort，evenincaseswherehemaybeundernoobligationtospeakout。”Iwouldhavenothingtodo，”saidPerthes，”withthemanwhocannotbemovedtoindignation。Therearemoregoodpeoplethanbadintheworld，andthebadgettheupperhandmerelybecausetheyarebolder。Wecannothelpbeingpleasedwithamanwhouseshispowerswithdecision；andweoftentakehissidefornootherreasonthanbecausehedoessousethem。Nodoubt，I
haveoftenrepentedspeaking；butnotlessoftenhaveIrepentedkeepingsilence。”(8)
Onewholovesrightcannotbeindifferenttowrong，orwrongdoing。
Ifhefeelswarmly，hewillspeakwarmly，outofthefulnessofhisheart。Asanoblelady(9)haswritten:”Anobleheartdothteachavirtuousscorn——
Toscorntooweadutyoverlong，Toscorntobeforbenefitsforborne，Toscorntolie，toscorntodoawrong，Toscorntobearaninjuryinmind，Toscornafreebornheartslave-liketobind。”
Wehave，however，tobeonourguardagainstimpatientscorn。Thebestpeopleareapttohavetheirimpatientside；andoften，theverytemperwhichmakesmenearnest，makesthemalsointolerant。
(10)”Ofallmentalgifts，”saysMissJuliaWedgwood，”therarestisintellectualpatience；andthelastlessonofcultureistobelieveindifficultieswhichareinvisibletoourselves。”
Thebestcorrectiveofintoleranceindisposition，isincreaseofwisdomandenlargedexperienceoflife。Cultivatedgoodsensewillusuallysavemenfromtheentanglementsinwhichmoralimpatienceisapttoinvolvethem；goodsenseconsistingchieflyinthattemperofmindwhichenablesitspossessortodealwiththepracticalaffairsoflifewithjustice，judgment，discretion，andcharity。Hencemenofcultureandexperienceareinvariably，foundthemostforbearantandtolerant，asignorantandnarrowmindedpersonsarefoundthemostunforgivingandintolerant。Menoflargeandgenerousnatures，inproportiontotheirpracticalwisdom，aredisposedtomakeallowanceforthedefectsanddisadvantagesofothers——allowanceforthecontrollingpowerofcircumstancesintheformationofcharacter，andthelimitedpowerofresistanceofweakandfalliblenaturestotemptationanderror。”Iseenofaultcommitted，”saidGoethe，”whichIalsomightnothavecommitted。”Soawiseandgoodmanexclaimed，whenhesawacriminaldrawnonhishurdletoTyburn:”TheregoesJonathanBradford——butforthegraceofGod！”
Lifewillalwaysbe，toagreatextent，whatweourselvesmakeit。
Thecheerfulmanmakesacheerfulworld，thegloomymanagloomyone。Weusuallyfindbutourowntemperamentreflectedinthedispositionsofthoseaboutus。Ifweareourselvesquerulous，wewillfindthemso；ifweareunforgivinganduncharitabletothem，theywillbethesametous。Apersonreturningfromaneveningpartynotlongago，complainedtoapolicemanonhisbeatthatanill-lookingfellowwasfollowinghim:itturnedouttobeonlyhisownshadow！Andsuchusuallyishumanlifetoeachofus；itis，forthemostpart，butthereflectionofourselves。
Ifwewouldbeatpeacewithothers，andensuretheirrespect，wemusthaveregardfortheirpersonality。Everymanhashispeculiaritiesofmannerandcharacter，ashehaspeculiaritiesofformandfeature；andwemusthaveforbearanceindealingwiththem，asweexpectthemtohaveforbearanceindealingwithus。
Wemaynotbeconsciousofourownpeculiarities，yettheyexistnevertheless。ThereisavillageinSouthAmericawheregotosorgoitresaresocommonthattobewithoutoneisregardedasadeformity。OnedayapartyofEnglishmenpassedthroughtheplace，whenquiteacrowdcollectedtojeerthem，shouting:”See，seethesepeople——theyhavegotNOGOTOS！”
Manypersonsgivethemselvesagreatdealoffidgetconcerningwhatotherpeoplethinkofthemandtheirpeculiarities。Somearetoomuchdisposedtotaketheillnaturedside，and，judgingbythemselves，infertheworst。Butitisveryoftenthecasethattheuncharitablenessofothers，whereitreallyexists，isbutthereflectionofourownwantofcharityandwantoftemper。Itstilloftenerhappens，thattheworrywesubjectourselvesto，hasitssourceinourownimagination。Andeventhoughthoseaboutusmaythinkofusuncharitably，weshallnotmendmattersbyexasperatingourselvesagainstthem。Wemaytherebyonlyexposeourselvesunnecessarilytotheirillnatureorcaprice。”Theillthatcomesoutofourmouth，”saysHerbert，”ofttimesfallsintoourbosom。”
ThegreatandgoodphilosopherFaradaycommunicatedthefollowingpieceofadmirableadvice，fullofpracticalwisdom，theresultofarichexperienceoflife，inalettertohisfriendProfessorTyndall:-”Letme，asanoldman，whooughtbythistimetohaveprofitedbyexperience，saythatwhenIwasyoungerIfoundI
oftenmisrepresentedtheintentionsofpeople，andthattheydidnotmeanwhatatthetimeIsupposedtheymeant；andfurther，that，asageneralrule，itwasbettertobealittledullofapprehensionwherephrasesseemedtoimplypique，andquickinperceptionwhen，onthecontrary，theyseemedtoimplykindlyfeeling。Therealtruthneverfailsultimatelytoappear；andopposingparties，ifwrong，aresoonerconvincedwhenrepliedtoforbearingly，thanwhenoverwhelmed。AllImeantosayis，thatitisbettertobeblindtotheresultsofpartisanship，andquicktoseegoodwill。Onehasmorehappinessinone’sselfinendeavouringtofollowthethingsthatmakeforpeace。YoucanhardlyimaginehowoftenIhavebeenheatedinprivatewhenopposed，asIhavethoughtunjustlyandsuperciliously，andyetI
havestriven，andsucceeded，Ihope，inkeepingdownrepliesofthelikekind。AndIknowIhaveneverlostbyit。”(11)
WhilethepainterBarrywasatRome，heinvolvedhimself，aswashiswont，infuriousquarrelswiththeartistsanddilettanti，aboutpicture-paintingandpicture-dealing，uponwhichhisfriendandcountryman，EdmundBurke——alwaysthegenerousfriendofstrugglingmerit——wrotetohimkindlyandsensibly:”Believeme，dearBarry，thatthearmswithwhichtheill-dispositionsoftheworldaretobecombated，andthequalitiesbywhichitistobereconciledtous，andwereconciledtoit，aremoderation，gentleness，alittleindulgencetoothers，andagreatdealofdistrustofourselves；whicharenotqualitiesofameanspirit，assomemaypossiblythinkthem，butvirtuesofagreatandnoblekind，andsuchasdignifyournatureasmuchastheycontributetoourreposeandfortune；fornothingcanbesounworthyofawell-
composedsoulastopassawaylifeinbickeringsandlitigations——
insnarlingandscufflingwitheveryoneaboutus。Wemustbeatpeacewithourspecies，ifnotfortheirsakes，atleastverymuchforourown。”(12)
Nooneknewthevalueofself-controlbetterthanthepoetBurns，andnoonecouldteachitmoreeloquentlytoothers；butwhenitcametopractice，Burnswasasweakastheweakest。Hecouldnotdenyhimselfthepleasureofutteringaharshandcleversarcasmatanother’sexpense。Oneofhisbiographersobservesofhim，thatitwasnoextravagantarithmetictosaythatforeverytenjokeshemadehimselfahundredenemies。Butthiswasnotall。
PoorBurnsexercisednocontroloverhisappetites，butfreelygavethemrein:”ThusthoughtlessfollieslaidhimlowAndstainedhisname。”
Norhadhetheself-denialtoresistgivingpublicitytocompositionsoriginallyintendedforthedelightofthetap-room，butwhichcontinuesecretlytosowpollutionbroadcastinthemindsofyouth。Indeed，notwithstandingthemanyexquisitepoemsofthiswriter，itisnotsayingtoomuchtoaverthathisimmoralwritingshavedonefarmoreharmthanhispurerwritingshavedonegood；andthatitwouldbebetterthatallhiswritingsshouldbedestroyedandforgottenprovidedhisindecentsongscouldbedestroyedwiththem。
TheremarkappliesaliketoBeranger，whohasbeenstyled”TheBurnsofFrance。”Berangerwasofthesamebrightincisivegenius；hehadthesameloveofpleasure，thesameloveofpopularity；andwhileheflatteredFrenchvanitytothetopofitsbent，healsopaintedthevicesmostlovedbyhiscountrymenwiththepenofamaster。Beranger’ssongsandThiers’HistoryprobablydidmorethananythingelsetoreestablishtheNapoleonicdynastyinFrance。ButthatwasasmallevilcomparedwiththemoralmischiefwhichmanyofBeranger’ssongsarecalculatedtoproduce；for，circulatingfreelyastheydoinFrenchhouseholds，theyexhibitpicturesofnastinessandvice，whichareenoughtopolluteanddestroyanation。
OneofBurns’sfinestpoems，written，inhistwenty-eighthyear，isentitled’ABard’sEpitaph。’Itisadescription，byanticipation，ofhisownlife。Wordsworthhassaidofit:”Hereisasincereandsolemnavowal；apublicdeclarationfromhisownwill；aconfessionatoncedevout，poeticalandhuman；ahistoryintheshapeofaprophecy。”Itconcludeswiththeselines:-”Reader，attend——whetherthysoulSoarsfancy’sflightsbeyondthepole，OrdarklinggrubsthisearthlyholeInlowpursuit；
Know——prudent，cautiousself-control，IsWisdom’sroot。”
OneofthevicesbeforewhichBurnsfell——anditmaybesaidtobeamaster-vice，becauseitisproductiveofsomanyothervices——wasdrinking。Notthathewasadrunkard，butbecauseheyieldedtothetemptationsofdrink，withitsdegradingassociations，andtherebyloweredanddepravedhiswholenature。
(13)ButpoorBurnsdidnotstandalone；for，alas！ofallvices，theunrestrainedappetitefordrinkwasinhistime，asitcontinuestobenow，themostprevalent，popular，degrading，anddestructive。
Wereitpossibletoconceivetheexistenceofatyrantwhoshouldcompelhispeopletogiveuptohimone-thirdormoreoftheirearnings，andrequirethematthesametimetoconsumeacommoditythatshouldbrutaliseanddegradethem，destroythepeaceandcomfortoftheirfamilies，andsowinthemselvestheseedsofdiseaseandprematuredeath——whatindignationmeetings，whatmonsterprocessionstherewouldbe！’Whateloquentspeechesandapostrophestothespiritofliberty！——whatappealsagainstadespotismsomonstrousandsounnatural！Andyetsuchatyrantreallyexistsamongstus——thetyrantofunrestrainedappetite，whomnoforceofarms，orvoices，orvotescanresist，whilemenarewillingtobehisslaves。
Thepowerofthistyrantcanonlybeovercomebymoralmeans——byself-discipline，self-respect，andself-control。Thereisnootherwayofwithstandingthedespotismofappetiteinanyofitsforms。Noreformofinstitutions，noextendedpowerofvoting，noimprovedformofgovernment，noamountofscholasticinstruction，canpossiblyelevatethecharacterofapeoplewhovoluntarilyabandonthemselvestosensualindulgence。Thepursuitofignoblepleasureisthedegradationoftruehappiness；itsapsthemorals，destroystheenergies，anddegradesthemanlinessandrobustnessofindividualsasofnations。
Thecourageofself-controlexhibitsitselfinmanyways，butinnonemoreclearlythaninhonestliving。Menwithoutthevirtueofself-denialarenotonlysubjecttotheirownselfishdesires，buttheyareusuallyinbondagetootherswhoarelikemindedwiththemselves。Whatothersdo，theydo。Theymustliveaccordingtotheartificialstandardoftheirclass，spendingliketheirneighbours，regardlessoftheconsequences，atthesametimethatallare，perhaps，aspiringafterastyleoflivinghigherthantheirmeans。Eachcarriestheothersalongwithhim，andtheyhavenotthemoralcouragetostop。Theycannotresistthetemptationoflivinghigh，thoughitmaybeattheexpenseofothers；andtheygraduallybecomerecklessofdebt，untilitenthralsthem。Inallthisthereisgreatmoralcowardice，pusillanimity，andwantofmanlyindependenceofcharacter。
Arightmindedmanwillshrinkfromseemingtobewhatheisnot，orpretendingtobericherthanhereallyis，orassumingastyleoflivingthathiscircumstanceswillnotjustify。Hewillhavethecouragetolivehonestlywithinhisownmeans，ratherthandishonestlyuponthemeansofotherpeople；forhewhoincursdebtsinstrivingtomaintainastyleoflivingbeyondhisincome，isinspiritasdishonestasthemanwhoopenlypicksyourpocket。
Tomany，thismayseemanextremeview，butitwillbearthestrictesttest。Livingatthecostofothersisnotonlydishonesty，butitisuntruthfulnessindeed，aslyingisinword。
TheproverbofGeorgeHerbert，that”debtorsareliars，”isjustifiedbyexperience。Shaftesburysomewheresaysthatarestlessnesstohavesomethingwhichwehavenot，andtobesomethingwhichwearenot，istherootofallimmorality。(14)Norelianceistobeplacedonthesaying——averydangerousone——ofMirabeau，that”LAPETITEMORALEETAITL’ENNEMIEDELAGRANDE。”
Onthecontrary，strictadherencetoeventhesmallestdetailsofmoralityisthefoundationofallmanlyandnoblecharacter。
Thehonourablemanisfrugalofhismeans，andpayshiswayhonestly。Hedoesnotseektopasshimselfoffasricherthanheis，or，byrunningintodebt，openanaccountwithruin。Asthatmanisnotpoorwhosemeansaresmall，butwhosedesiresareuncontrolled，sothatmanisrichwhosemeansaremorethansufficientforhiswants。WhenSocratessawagreatquantityofriches，jewels，andfurnitureofgreatvalue，carriedinpompthroughAthens，hesaid，”NowdoIseehowmanythingsIdoNOT
desire。””Icanforgiveeverythingbutselfishness，”saidPerthes。”Eventhenarrowestcircumstancesadmitofgreatnesswithreferenceto’mineandthine’；andnonebuttheverypoorestneedfilltheirdailylifewiththoughtsofmoney，iftheyhavebutprudencetoarrangetheirhousekeepingwithinthelimitsoftheirincome。”
Amanmaybeindifferenttomoneybecauseofhigherconsiderations，asFaradaywas，whosacrificedwealthtopursuescience；butifhewouldhavetheenjoymentsthatmoneycanpurchase，hemusthonestlyearnit，andnotliveupontheearningsofothers，asthosedowhohabituallyincurdebtswhichtheyhavenomeansofpaying。WhenMaginn，alwaysdrownedindebt，wasaskedwhathepaidforhiswine，herepliedthathedidnotknow，buthebelievedthey”putsomethingdowninabook。”(15)
This”putting-downinabook”hasprovedtheruinofagreatmanyweakmindedpeople，whocannotresistthetemptationoftakingthingsuponcreditwhichtheyhavenotthepresentmeansofpayingfor；anditwouldprobablyproveofgreatsocialbenefitifthelawwhichenablescreditorstorecoverdebtscontractedundercertaincircumstanceswerealtogetherabolished。But，inthecompetitionfortrade，everyencouragementisgiventotheincurringofdebt，thecreditorrelyinguponthelawtoaidhiminthelastextremity。WhenSydneySmithoncewentintoanewneighbourhood，itwasgivenoutinthelocalpapersthathewasamanofhighconnections，andhewasbesoughtonallsidesforhis”custom。”Buthespeedilyundeceivedhisnewneighbours。”Wearenotgreatpeopleatall，”hesaid:”weareonlycommonhonestpeople——peoplethatpayourdebts。”
Hazlitt，whowasathoroughlyhonestthoughratherthriftlessman，speaksoftwoclassesofpersons，notunlikeeachother——thosewhocannotkeeptheirownmoneyintheirhands，andthosewhocannotkeeptheirhandsfromotherpeople’s。Theformerarealwaysinwantofmoney，fortheythrowitawayonanyobjectthatfirstpresentsitself，asiftogetridofit；thelattermakeawaywithwhattheyhaveoftheirown，andareperpetualborrowersfromallwhowilllendtothem；andtheirgeniusforborrowing，inthelongrun，usuallyprovestheirruin。
Sheridanwasoneofsucheminentunfortunates。Hewasimpulsiveandcarelessinhisexpenditure，borrowingmoney，andrunningintodebtwitheverybodywhowouldtrusthim。WhenhestoodforWestminster，hisunpopularityarosechieflyfromhisgeneralindebtedness。”Numbersofpoorpeople，”saysLordPalmerstoninoneofhisletters，”crowdedroundthehustings，demandingpaymentforthebillsheowedthem。”Inthemidstofallhisdifficulties，Sheridanwasaslightheartedasever，andcrackedmanyagoodjokeathiscreditors’expense。LordPalmerstonwasactuallypresentatthedinnergivenbyhim，atwhichthesheriff’sinpossessionweredressedupandofficiatedaswaitersYethoweverlooseSheridan’smoralitymayhavebeenasregardedhisprivatecreditors，hewashonest(sofarasthepublicmoneywasconcerned。Once，atdinner，atwhichLordByronhappenedtobepresent，anobservationhappenedtobemadeastothesturdinessoftheWhigsinresistingoffice，andkeepingtotheirprinciples——onwhichSheridanturnedsharplyandsaid:”Sir，itiseasyformyLordthis，orEarlthat，ortheMarquisoft’other，withthousandsuponthousandsayear，someofiteitherpresentlyderivedorinheritedinsinecureoracquisitionsfromthepublicmoney，toboastoftheirpatriotism，andkeepalooffromtemptation；buttheydonotknowfromwhattemptationthosehavekeptaloofwhohadequalpride，atleastequaltalents，andnotunequalpassions，andneverthelessknewnot，inthecourseoftheirlives，whatitwastohaveashillingoftheirown。”AndLordByronadds，that，insayingthis，Sheridanwept。(16)
Thetoneofpublicmoralityinmoney-matterswasverylowinthosedays。Politicalpeculationwasnotthoughtdiscreditable；andheadsofpartiesdidnothesitatetosecuretheadhesionoftheirfollowersbyafreeuseofthepublicmoney。Theyweregenerous，butattheexpenseofothers——likethatgreatlocalmagnate，who，”Outofhisgreatbounty，Builtabridgeattheexpenseofthecounty。”
WhenLordCornwalliswasappointedLord-LieutenantofIreland，hepresseduponColonelNapier，thefatherofTHENapiers，thecomptrollershipofarmyaccounts。”Iwant，”saidhisLordship，”ANHONESTMAN，andthisistheonlythingIhavebeenabletowrestfromtheharpiesaroundme。”
ItissaidthatLordChathamwasthefirsttosettheexampleofdisdainingtogovernbypettylarceny；andhisgreatsonwasalikehonestinhisadministration。WhilemillionsofmoneywerepassingthroughPitt’shands，hehimselfwasneverotherwisethanpoor；andhediedpoor。Ofallhisrancorouslibellers，notoneeverventuredtocallinquestionhishonesty。
Informertimes，theprofitsofofficeweresometimesenormous。
WhenAudley，thefamousannuity-mongerofthesixteenthcentury，wasaskedthevalueofanofficewhichhehadpurchasedintheCourtofWards，hereplied:-”Somethousandstoanyonewhowishestogettoheavenimmediately；twiceasmuchtohimwhodoesnotmindbeinginpurgatory；andnobodyknowswhattohimwhoisnotafraidofthedevil。”
SirWalterScottwasamanwhowashonesttothecoreofhisnatureandhisstrenuousanddeterminedeffortstopayhisdebts，orratherthedebtsofthefirmwithwhichhehadbecomeinvolved，hasalwaysappearedtousoneofthegrandestthingsinbiography。
Whenhispublisherandprinterbrokedown，ruinseemedtostarehimintheface。Therewasnowantofsympathyforhiminhisgreatmisfortune，andfriendscameforwardwhoofferedtoraisemoneyenoughtoenablehimtoarrangewithhiscreditors。”No！”saidhe，proudly；”thisrighthandshallworkitalloff！””Ifweloseeverythingelse，”hewrotetoafriend，”wewillatleastkeepourhonourunblemished。”(17)Whilehishealthwasalreadybecomingunderminedbyoverwork，hewenton”writinglikeatiger，”ashehimselfexpressedit，untilnolongerabletowieldapen；andthoughhepaidthepenaltyofhissupremeeffortswithhislife，heneverthelesssavedhishonourandhisself-respect。
EverybodyknowsbowScottthrewoff’Woodstock，’the’LifeofNapoleon’(whichhethoughtwouldbehisdeath(18))，articlesforthe’Quarterly，’’ChroniclesoftheCanongate，’’ProseMiscellanies，’and’TalesofaGrandfather’——allwritteninthemidstofpain，sorrow，andruin。Theproceedsofthosevariousworkswenttohiscreditors。”Icouldnothavesleptsound，”hewrote，”asInowcan，underthecomfortableimpressionofreceivingthethanksofmycreditors，andtheconsciousfeelingofdischargingmydutyasamanofhonourandhonesty。Iseebeforemealong，tedious，anddarkpath，butitleadstostainlessreputation。IfIdieintheharrows，asisverylikely，Ishalldiewithhonour。IfIachievemytask，Ishallhavethethanksofallconcerned，andtheapprobationofmyownconscience。”(19)
Andthenfollowedmorearticles，memoirs，andevensermons——’TheFairMaidofPerth，’acompletelyrevisededitionofhisnovels，’AnneofGeierstein，’andmore’TalesofaGrandfather’——untilhewassuddenlystruckdownbyparalysis。Buthehadnosoonerrecoveredsufficientstrengthtobeabletoholdapen，thanwefindhimagainathisdeskwritingthe’LettersonDemonologyandWitchcraft，’avolumeofScottishHistoryfor’Lardner’sCyclopaedia，’andafourthseriesof’TalesofaGrandfather’inhisFrenchHistory。Invainhisdoctorstoldhimtogiveupwork；
hewouldnotbedissuaded。”Asforbiddingmenotwork，”hesaidtoDr。Abercrombie，”Mollymightjustaswellputthekettleonthefireandsay，’Now，kettle，don’tboil；’”towhichheadded，”IfIweretobeidleIshouldgomad！”
Bymeansoftheprofitsrealisedbythesetremendousefforts，Scottsawhisdebtsincourseofrapiddiminution，andhetrustedthat，afterafewmoreyears’work，hewouldagainbeafreeman。
Butitwasnottobe。Hewentonturningoutsuchworksashis’CountRobertofParis’withgreatlyimpairedskill，untilhewasprostratedbyanotherandsevererattackofpalsy。Henowfeltthattheploughwasnearingtheendofthefurrow；hisphysicalstrengthwasgone；hewas”notquitehimselfinallthings，”andyethiscourageandperseveranceneverfailed。”Ihavesufferedterribly，”hewroteinhisDiary，”thoughratherinbodythaninmind，andIoftenwishIcouldliedownandsleepwithoutwaking。
ButIWILLFIGHTITOUTIFICAN。”Heagainrecoveredsufficientlytobeabletowrite’CastleDangerous，’thoughthecunningoftheworkman’shandhaddeparted。AndthentherewashislasttourtoItalyinsearchofrestandhealth，duringwhich，whileatNaples，inspiteofallremonstrances，hegaveseveralhourseverymorningtothecompositionofanewnovel，which，however，hasnotseenthelight。
ScottreturnedtoAbbotsfordtodie。”Ihaveseenmuch，”hesaidonhisreturn，”butnothinglikemyownhouse——givemeoneturnmore。”Oneofthelastthingsheuttered，inoneofhislucidintervals，wasworthyofhim。”Ihavebeen，”hesaid，”perhapsthemostvoluminousauthorofmyday，anditISacomforttometothinkthatIhavetriedtounsettlenoman’sfaith，tocorruptnoman’sprinciples，andthatIhavewrittennothingwhichonmydeathbedIshouldwishblottedout。”Hislastinjunctiontohisson-in-lawwas:”Lockhart，Imayhavebutaminutetospeaktoyou。Mydear，bevirtuous——bereligious——beagoodman。
Nothingelsewillgiveyouanycomfortwhenyoucometoliehere。”
ThedevotedconductofLockharthimselfwasworthyofhisgreatrelative。The’LifeofScott，’whichheafterwardswrote，occupiedhimseveralyears，andwasaremarkablysuccessfulwork。
Yethehimselfderivednopecuniaryadvantagefromit；handingovertheprofitsofthewholeundertakingtoSirWalter’screditorsinpaymentofdebtswhichhewasinnowayresponsible，butinfluencedentirelybyaspiritofhonour，ofregardforthememoryoftheillustriousdead。
NOTES
(1)’SocialStatics，’p。185。
(2)”Inallcases，”saysJeremyBentham，”whenthepowerofthewillcanbeexercisedoverthethoughts，letthosethoughtsbedirectedtowardshappiness。Lookoutforthebright，forthebrightestsideofthings，andkeepyourfaceconstantlyturnedtoit……A
largepartofexistenceisnecessarilypassedininaction。Byday(totakeaninstancefromthethousandinconstantrecurrence)，wheninattendanceonothers，andtimeislostbybeingkeptwaiting；bynightwhensleepisunwillingtoclosetheeyelids，theeconomyofhappinessrecommendstheoccupationofpleasurablethought。Inwalkingabroad，orinrestingathome，themindcannotbevacant；itsthoughtsmaybeuseful，useless，orpernicioustohappiness。Directthemaright；thehabitofhappythoughtwillspringuplikeanyotherhabit。”
DEONTOLOGY，ii。105-6。
(3)ThefollowingextractfromaletterofM。Boyd，Esq。，isgivenbyEarlStanhopeinhis’Miscellanies’:-”TherewasacircumstancetoldmebythelateMr。Christmas，whoformanyyearsheldanimportantofficialsituationintheBankofEngland。Hewas，I
believe，inearlylifeaclerkintheTreasury，oroneofthegovernmentoffices，andforsometimeactedforMr。Pittashisconfidentialclerk，ortemporaryprivatesecretary。ChristmaswasoneofthemostobligingmenIeverknew；and，fromthe，positionheoccupied，wasconstantlyexposedtointerruptions，yetIneversawhistemperintheleastruffled。OnedayIfoundhimmorethanusuallyengaged，havingamassofaccountstoprepareforoneofthelaw-courts——stillthesameequanimity，andIcouldnotresisttheopportunityofaskingtheoldgentlemanthesecret。
’Well，Mr。Boyd，youshallknowit。Mr。Pittgaveittome:——
NOTTOLOSEMYTEMPER，IFPOSSIBLE，ATANYTIME，ANDNEVER
DURINGTHEHOURSOFBUSINESS。Mylabourshere(BankofEngland)
commenceatnineandendatthree；and，actingontheadviceoftheillustriousstatesman，INEVERLOSEMYTEMPERDURING
THOSEHOURS。’”
(4)’StraffordPapers，’i。87。
(5)JaredSparks’’LifeofWashington，’pp。7，534。
(6)Brialmont’s’LifeofWellington。’
(7)ProfessorTyndall，on’FaradayasaDiscoverer，’p。156。
(8)’LifeofPerthes，’ii。216。
(9)LadyElizabethCarew。
(10)FrancisHorner，inoneofhisletters，says:”Itisamongtheverysincereandzealousfriendsoflibertythatyouwillfindthemostperfectspecimensofwrongheadedness；menofadissenting，provincialcastofvirtue——who(accordingtooneofSharpe’sfavouritephrases)WILLdriveawedgethebroadendforemost——utterstrangerstoallmoderationinpoliticalbusiness。”——
FrancisHorner’sLIFEANDCORRESPONDENCE(1843)，ii。133。
(11)ProfessorTyndallon’FaradayasaDiscoverer，’pp。40-1。
(12)YetBurkehimself；thoughcapableofgivingBarrysuchexcellentadvice，wasbynomeansimmaculateasregardedhisowntemper。
WhenhelayillatBeaconsfield，Fox，fromwhomhehadbecomeseparatedbypoliticaldifferencesarisingoutoftheFrenchRevolution，wentdowntoseehisoldfriend。ButBurkewouldnotgranthimaninterview；hepositivelyrefusedtoseehim。Onhisreturntotown，FoxtoldhisfriendCoketheresultofhisjourney；andwhenCokelamentedBurke’sobstinacy，Foxonlyreplied，goodnaturedly:”Ah！nevermind，Tom；IalwaysfindeveryIrishmanhasgotapieceofpotatoinhishead。”YetFox，withhisusualgenerosity，whenheheardofBurke’simpendingdeath，wroteamostkindandcordiallettertoMrs。Burke，expressiveofhisgriefandsympathy；andwhenBurkewasnomore，FoxwasthefirsttoproposethatheshouldbeinterredwithpublichonoursinWestminsterAbbey——whichonlyBurke’sownexpresswish，thatheshouldbeburiedatBeaconsfield，preventedbeingcarriedout。
(13)WhenCurran，theIrishbarrister，visitedBurns’scabinin1810，hefounditconvertedintoapublichouse，andthelandlordwhoshoweditwasdrunk。”There，”saidhe，pointingtoacornerononesideofthefire，withamostMALAPROPOSlaugh-”thereistheveryspotwhereRobertBurnswasborn。””Thegeniusandthefateoftheman，”saysCurran，”werealreadyheavyonmyheart；butthedrunkenlaughofthelandlordgavemesuchaviewoftherockonwhichhehadfoundered，thatIcouldnotstandit，butburstintotears。”
(14)ThechaplainofHorsemongerlaneGaol，inhisannualreporttotheSurreyjustices，thusstatestheresultofhiscarefulstudyofthecausesofdishonesty:”Frommyexperienceofpredatorycrime，foundeduponcarefulstudyofthecharacterofagreatvarietyofprisoners，Iconcludethathabitualdishonestyistobereferredneithertoignorance，nortodrunkenness，nortopoverty，nortoovercrowdingintowns，nortotemptationfromsurroundingwealth——
nor，indeed，toanyoneofthemanyindirectcausestowhichitissometimesreferred——butmainlyTOADISPOSITIONTOACQUIRE
PROPERTYWITHALESSDEGREEOFLABOURTHANORDINARYINDUSTRY。”
Theitalicsaretheauthor’s。
(15)S。C。Hall’s’Memories。’
(16)Moore’s’LifeofByron，’8vo。Ed。，p。182。
(17)CaptainBasilHallrecordsthefollowingconversationwithScott:-”Itoccurstome，”Iobserved，”thatpeopleareapttomaketoomuchfussaboutthelossoffortune，whichisoneofthesmallestofthegreatevilsoflife，andoughttobeamongthemosttolerable。”——”Doyoucallitasmallmisfortunetoberuinedinmoney-matters？”heasked。”Itisnotsopainful，atallevents，asthelossoffriends。”——”Igrantthat，”hesaid。”Asthelossofcharacter？”——”Trueagain。””Asthelossofhealth？”——”Ay，thereyouhaveme，”hemutteredtohimself，inatonesomelancholythatIwishedIhadnotspoken。”Whatisthelossoffortunetothelossofpeaceofmind？”Icontinued。”Inshort，”
saidhe，playfully，”youwillmakeitoutthatthereisnoharminaman’sbeingplungedover-head-and-earsinadebthecannotremove。””Muchdepends，Ithink，onhowitwasincurred，andwhateffortsaremadetoredeemit——atleast，ifthesuffererbearightmindedman。””Ihopeitdoes，”hesaid，cheerfullyandfirmly——FRAGMENTSOFVOYAGESANDTRAVELS，3rdseries，pp。308-9。
(18)”Thesebattles，”hewroteinhisDiary，”havebeenthedeathofmanyaman，Ithinktheywillbemine。”
(19)Scott’sDiary，December17th，1827。
CHAPTERVII——DUTY——TRUTHFULNESS。”Islept，anddreamtthatlifewasBeauty；
Iwoke，andfoundthatlifewasDuty。””Duty！wondrousthought，thatworkestneitherbyfondinsinuation，flattery，norbyanythreat，butmerelybyholdingupthynakedlawinthesoul，andsoextortingforthyselfalwaysreverence，ifnotalwaysobedience；beforewhomallappetitesaredumb，howeversecretlytheyrebel”——KANT。”Howhappyishebornandtaught，Thatservethnotanother’swill！
Whosearmourishishonestthought，Andsimpletruthhisutmostskill！”Whosepassionsnothismastersare，Whosesoulisstillpreparedfordeath；
Unti’duntotheworldbycareOfpublicfame，orprivatebreath。”Thismanisfreedfromservilebands，Ofhopetorise，orfeartofall:
Lordofhimself，thoughnotofland；
Andhavingnothing，yethathall。”——WOTTON。”Hisnaywasnaywithoutrecall；
Hisyeawasyea，andpowerfulall；
Hegavehisyeawithcarefulheed，Histhoughtsandwordswerewellagreed；
Hisword，hisbondandseal。”
