Thechurchwasinaperilouscondition。Achangeofsomesortmusttakeplaceinhercondition，orshemustgotopieces。Tostandwhereshedid，wasimpossible。ThewholeweightofthematterfellonCunninghamandCandlish。Noshouldersinthechurchwerebroaderthantheirs；andImustsay，badlyasI
detesttheprincipleslaiddownanddefendedbythem，Iwascompelledtoacknowledgethevastmentalendowmentsofthemen。
Cunninghamrose；andhisrisingwasthesignalforalmosttumultousapplause。Youwillsaythiswasscarcelyinkeepingwiththesolemnityoftheoccasion，buttomeitservedtoincreaseitsgrandeurandgravity。Theapplause，thoughtumultuous，wasnotjoyous。Itseemedtome，asitthunderedupfromthevastaudience，likethefallofanimmenseshaft，flungfromshouldersalreadygalledbyitscrushingweight。Itwaslikesaying，“Doctor，wehavebornethisburdenlongenough，andwillinglyflingituponyou。Sinceitwasyouwhobroughtituponus，takeitnow，anddowhatyouwillwithit，forwearetoowearytobearit。{noclose“}
DoctorCunninghamproceededwithhisspeech，aboundinginlogic，learning，andeloquence，andapparentlybearingdownallopposition；butatthemoment——thefatalmoment——whenhewasjustbringingallhisargumentstoapoint，andthatpointbeing，thatneitherJesusChristnorhisholyapostlesregardedslaveholdingasasin，GeorgeThompson，inaclear，sonorous，butrebukingvoice，brokethedeepstillnessoftheaudience，exclaiming，HEAR！HEAR！HEAR！Theeffectofthissimpleandcommonexclamationisalmostincredible。Itwasasifagranitewallhadbeensuddenlyflungupagainsttheadvancingcurrentofamightyriver。Foramoment，speakerandaudiencewerebroughttoadeadsilence。Boththedoctorandhishearersseemedappalledbytheaudacity，aswellasthefitnessoftherebuke。Atlengthashoutwentuptothecryof“_Puthimout_！“Happily，nooneattemptedtoexecutethiscowardlyorder，andthedoctorproceededwithhisdiscourse。Not，however，asbefore，didthe<299COLLISIONWITHDR。COX>learneddoctorproceed。TheexclamationofThompsonmusthavereechoeditselfathousandtimesinhismemory，duringtheremainderofhisspeech，forthedoctorneverrecoveredfromtheblow。
Thedeedwasdone，however；thepillarsofthechurch——_theproud，FreeChurchofScotland_——werecommittedandthehumilityofrepentancewasabsent。TheFreeChurchheldontotheblood-
stainedmoney，andcontinuedtojustifyitselfinitsposition——
andofcoursetoapologizeforslavery——anddoessotillthisday。Shelostagloriousopportunityforgivinghervoice，hervote，andherexampletothecauseofhumanity；andto-daysheisstaggeringunderthecurseoftheenslaved，whosebloodisinherskirts。ThepeopleofScotlandare，tothisday，deeplygrievedatthecoursepursuedbytheFreeChurch，andwouldhail，asarelieffromadeepandblightingshame，the“sendingbackthemoney“totheslaveholdersfromwhomitwasgathered。
OnegoodresultfollowedtheconductoftheFreeChurch；itfurnishedanoccasionformakingthepeopleofScotlandthoroughlyacquaintedwiththecharacterofslavery，andforarrayingagainstthesystemthemoralandreligioussentimentofthatcountry。Therefore，whilewedidnotsucceedinaccomplishingthespecificobjectofourmission，namely——procurethesendingbackofthemoney——wewereamplyjustifiedbythegoodwhichreallydidresultfromourlabors。
NextcomestheEvangelicalAlliance。ThiswasanattempttoformaunionofallevangelicalChristiansthroughouttheworld。
SixtyorseventyAmericandivinesattended，andsomeofthemwenttheremerelytoweaveaworld-widegarmentwithwhichtoclotheevangelicalslaveholders。Foremostamongthesedivines，wastheRev。SamuelHansonCox，moderatoroftheNewSchoolPresbyterianGeneralAssembly。HeandhisfriendssparednopainstosecureaplatformbroadenoughtoholdAmericanslaveholders，andinthispartlysucceeded。Butthequestionofslaveryistoolargeaquestiontobefinallydisposedof，evenbythe<300>EvangelicalAlliance。WeappealedfromthejudgmentoftheAlliance，tothejudgmentofthepeopleofGreatBritain，andwiththehappiesteffect。ThiscontroversywiththeAlliancemightbemadethesubjectofextendedremark，butImustforbear，excepttosay，thatthisefforttoshieldtheChristiancharacterofslaveholdersgreatlyservedtoopenawaytotheBritishearforanti-slaverydiscussion，andthatitwaswellimproved。
ThefourthandlastcircumstancethatassistedmeingettingbeforetheBritishpublic，wasanattemptonthepartofcertaindoctorsofdivinitytosilencemeontheplatformoftheWorld\'sTemperanceConvention。HereIwasbroughtintopointblankcollisonwithRev。Dr。Cox，whomademethesubjectnotonlyofbitterremarkintheconvention，butalsoofalongdenunciatoryletterpublishedintheNewYorkEvangelistandotherAmericanpapers。IrepliedtothedoctoraswellasIcould，andwassuccessfulingettingarespectfulhearingbeforetheBritishpublic，whoarebynatureandpracticeardentloversoffairplay，especiallyinaconflictbetweentheweakandthestrong。
Thusdidcircumstancesfavorme，andfavorthecauseofwhichI
strovetobetheadvocate。Aftersuchdistinguishednotice，thepublicinbothcountrieswascompelledtoattachsomeimportancetomylabors。BytheveryillusageIreceivedatthehandsofDr。Coxandhisparty，bythemobonboardthe“Cambria，“bytheattacksmadeuponmeintheAmericannewspapers，andbytheaspersionscastuponmethroughtheorgansoftheFreeChurchofScotland，Ibecameoneofthatclassofmen，who，forthemoment，atleast，“havegreatnessforceduponthem。“Peoplebecamethemoreanxioustohearforthemselves，andtojudgeforthemselves，ofthetruthwhichIhadtounfold。While，therefore，itisbynomeanseasyforastrangertogetfairlybeforetheBritishpublic，itwasmylottoaccomplishitintheeasiestmannerpossible。
HavingcontinuedinGreatBritainandIrelandnearlytwoyears，andbeingabouttoreturntoAmerica——notasIleftit，a<301
THEPRESSAMEANSOFREMOVINGPREJUDICES>slave，butafreeman——
leadingfriendsofthecauseofemancipationinthatcountryintimatedtheirintentiontomakemeatestimonial，notonlyongroundsofpersonalregardtomyself，butalsotothecausetowhichtheyweresoardentlydevoted。Howfaranysuchthingcouldhavesucceeded，Idonotknow；butmanyreasonsledmetopreferthatmyfriendsshouldsimplygivemethemeansofobtainingaprintingpressandprintingmaterials，toenablemetostartapaper，devotedtotheinterestsofmyenslavedandoppressedpeople。ItoldthemthatperhapsthegreatesthinderancetotheadoptionofabolitionprinciplesbythepeopleoftheUnitedStates，wasthelowestimate，everywhereinthatcountry，placedupontheNegro，asaman；thatbecauseofhisassumednaturalinferiority，peoplereconciledthemselvestohisenslavementandoppression，asthingsinevitable，ifnotdesirable。Thegrandthingtobedone，therefore，wastochangetheestimationinwhichthecoloredpeopleoftheUnitedStateswereheld；toremovetheprejudicewhichdepreciatedanddepressedthem；toprovethemworthyofahigherconsideration；
todisprovetheirallegedinferiority，anddemonstratetheircapacityforamoreexaltedcivilizationthanslaveryandprejudicehadassignedtothem。Ifurtherstated，that，inmyjudgment，atolerablywellconductedpress，inthehandsofpersonsofthedespisedrace，bycallingoutthementalenergiesoftheraceitself；bymakingthemacquaintedwiththeirownlatentpowers；byenkindlingamongthemthehopethatforthemthereisafuture；bydevelopingtheirmoralpower；bycombiningandreflectingtheirtalents——wouldproveamostpowerfulmeansofremovingprejudice，andofawakeninganinterestinthem。I
furtherinformedthem——andatthattimethestatementwastrue——
thattherewasnot，intheUnitedStates，asinglenewspaperregularlypublishedbythecoloredpeople；thatmanyattemptshadbeenmadetoestablishsuchpapers；butthat，uptothattime，theyhadallfailed。TheseviewsIlaidbeforemyfriends。Theresultwas，nearlytwothousandfivehundreddollarswerespeed<302>ilyraisedtowardstartingmypaper。Forthispromptandgenerousassistance，rendereduponmybaresuggestion，withoutanypersonaleffortsonmypart，Ishallneverceasetofeeldeeplygrateful；andthethoughtoffulfillingthenobleexpectationsofthedearfriendswhogavemethisevidenceoftheirconfidence，willneverceasetobeamotiveforperseveringexertion。
ProposingtoleaveEngland，andturningmyfacetowardAmerica，inthespringof1847，Iwasmet，onthethreshold，withsomethingwhichpainfullyremindedmeofthekindoflifewhichawaitedmeinmynativeland。Forthefirsttimeinthemanymonthsspentabroad，Iwasmetwithproscriptiononaccountofmycolor。AfewweeksbeforedepartingfromEngland，whileinLondon，Iwascarefultopurchaseaticket，andsecureaberthforreturninghome，inthe“Cambria“——thesteamerinwhichIlefttheUnitedStates——payingtherefortheroundsumoffortypoundsandnineteenshillingssterling。Thiswasfirstcabinfare。ButongoingaboardtheCambria，IfoundthattheLiverpoolagenthadorderedmyberthtobegiventoanother，andhadforbiddenmyenteringthesaloon！ThiscontemptibleconductmetwithsternrebukefromtheBritishpress。For，uponthepointofleavingEngland，Itookoccasiontoexposethedisgustingtyranny，inthecolumnsoftheLondon_Times_。Thatjournal，andotherleadingjournalsthroughouttheUnitedKingdom，helduptheoutragetounmitigatedcondemnation。SogoodanopportunityforcallingoutafullexpressionofBritishsentimentonthesubject，hadnotbeforeoccurred，anditwasmostfullyembraced。Theresultwas，thatMr。Cunardcameoutinalettertothepublicjournals，assuringthemofhisregretattheoutrage，andpromisingthatthelikeshouldneveroccuragainonboardhissteamers；andthelike，webelieve，hasneversinceoccurredonboardthesteamshipsoftheCunardline。
Itisnotverypleasanttobemadethesubjectofsuchinsults；
butifallsuchnecessarilyresultedasthisonedid，Ishouldbeveryhappytobear，patiently，manymorethanIhaveborne，of<303THESTINGOFINSULT>thesamesort。Albeit，thelashofproscription，toamanaccustomedtoequalsocialposition，evenforatime，asIwas，hasastingforthesoulhardlylessseverethanthatwhichbitesthefleshanddrawsthebloodfromthebackoftheplantationslave。Itwasratherhard，afterhavingenjoyednearlytwoyearsofequalsocialprivilegesinEngland，oftendiningwithgentlemenofgreatliterary，social，political，andreligiouseminencenever，duringthewholetime，havingmetwithasingleword，look，orgesture，whichgavemetheslightestreasontothinkmycolorwasanoffensetoanybody——nowtobecoopedupinthesternofthe“Cambria，“anddeniedtherighttoenterthesaloon，lestmydarkpresenceshouldbedeemedanoffensetosomeofmydemocraticfellow-passengers。Thereaderwilleasilyimaginewhatmusthavebeenmyfeelings。
CHAPTERXXV
VariousIncidentsNEWSPAPERENTERPRISE——UNEXPECTEDOPPOSITION——THEOBJECTIONSTO
IT——THEIRPLAUSIBILITYADMITTED——MOTIVESFORCOMINGTO
ROCHESTER——DISCIPLEOFMR。GARRISON——CHANGEOFOPINION——CAUSES
LEADINGTOIT——THECONSEQUENCESOFTHECHANGE——PREJUDICEAGAINST
COLOR——AMUSINGCONDESCENSION——“JIMCROWCARS“——COLLISIONSWITH
CONDUCTORSANDBRAKEMEN——TRAINSORDEREDNOTTOSTOPATLYNN——
AMUSINGDOMESTICSCENE——SEPARATETABLESFORMASTERANDMAN——
PREJUDICEUNNATURAL——ILLUSTRATIONS——INHIGHCOMPANY——ELEVATIONOF
THEFREEPEOPLEOFCOLOR——PLEDGEFORTHEFUTURE。
Ihavenowgiventhereaderanimperfectsketchofnineyears\'
experienceinfreedom——threeyearsasacommonlaboreronthewharvesofNewBedford，fouryearsasalecturerinNewEngland，andtwoyearsofsemi-exileinGreatBritainandIreland。A
singlerayoflightremainstobeflunguponmylifeduringthelasteightyears，andmystorywillbedone。
AtrialawaitedmeonmyreturnfromEnglandtotheUnitedStates，forwhichIwasbutveryimperfectlyprepared。Myplansformythenfutureusefulnessasananti-slaveryadvocatewereallsettled。MyfriendsinEnglandhadresolvedtoraiseagivensumtopurchaseformeapressandprintingmaterials；andI
alreadysawmyselfwieldingmypen，aswellasmyvoice，inthegreatworkofrenovatingthepublicmind，andbuildingupapublicsentimentwhichshould，atleast，sendslaveryandoppressiontothegrave，andrestoreto“libertyandthepursuitofhappiness“thepeoplewithwhomIhadsuffered，bothasa<305
OBJECTIONSTOMYNEWSPAPERENTERPRISE>slaveandasafreeman。
IntimationhadreachedmyfriendsinBostonofwhatIintendedtodo，beforemyarrival，andIwaspreparedtofindthemfavorablydisposedtowardmymuchcherishedenterprise。InthisIwasmistaken。Ifoundthemveryearnestlyopposedtotheideaofmystartingapaper，andforseveralreasons。First，thepaperwasnotneeded；secondly，itwouldinterferewithmyusefulnessasalecturer；thirdly，Iwasbetterfittedtospeakthantowrite；
fourthly，thepapercouldnotsucceed。Thisopposition，fromaquartersohighlyesteemed，andtowhichIhadbeenaccustomedtolookforadviceanddirection，causedmenotonlytohesitate，butinclinedmetoabandontheenterprise。Allpreviousattemptstoestablishsuchajournalhavingfailed，IfeltthatprobablyI
shouldbutaddanothertothelistoffailures，andthuscontributeanotherproofofthementalandmoraldeficienciesofmyrace。Verymuchthatwassaidtomeinrespecttomyimperfectliteraryacquirements，Ifelttobemostpainfullytrue。Theunsuccessfulprojectorsofallthepreviouscolorednewspapersweremysuperiorsinpointofeducation，andiftheyfailed，howcouldIhopeforsuccess？YetIdidhopeforsuccess，andpersistedintheundertaking。SomeofmyEnglishfriendsgreatlyencouragedmetogoforward，andIshallneverceasetobegratefulfortheirwordsofcheerandgenerousdeeds。
Icaneasilypardonthosewhohavedenouncedmeasambitiousandpresumptuous，inviewofmypersistenceinthisenterprise。I
wasbutnineyearsfromslavery。Inpointofmentalexperience，Iwasbutnineyearsold。Thatone，insuchcircumstances，shouldaspiretoestablishaprintingpress，amonganeducatedpeople，mightwellbeconsidered，ifnotambitious，quitesilly。
MyAmericanfriendslookedatmewithastonishment！“Awood-
sawyer“offeringhimselftothepublicasaneditor！Aslave，broughtupintheverydepthsofignorance，assumingtoinstructthehighlycivilizedpeopleofthenorthintheprinciplesofliberty，justice，andhumanity！Thethinglookedabsurd。
Nevertheless，Iper<306>severed。Ifeltthatthewantofeducation，greatasitwas，couldbeovercomebystudy，andthatknowledgewouldcomebyexperience；andfurther(whichwasperhapsthemostcontrollingconsideration)。Ithoughtthatanintelligentpublic，knowingmyearlyhistory，wouldeasilypardonalargeshareofthedeficiencieswhichIwassurethatmypaperwouldexhibit。Themostdistressingthing，however，wastheoffensewhichIwasabouttogivemyBostonfriends，bywhatseemedtothemarecklessdisregardoftheirsageadvice。IamnotsurethatIwasnotundertheinfluenceofsomethinglikeaslavishadorationofmyBostonfriends，andIlaboredhardtoconvincethemofthewisdomofmyundertaking，butwithoutsuccess。Indeed，Ineverexpecttosucceed，althoughtimehasansweredalltheiroriginalobjections。Thepaperhasbeensuccessful。Itisalargesheet，costingeightydollarsperweek——hasthreethousandsubscribers——hasbeenpublishedregularlynearlyeightyears——andbidsfairtostandeightyearslonger。Atanyrate，theeightyearstocomeareasfullofpromiseasweretheeightthatarepast。
Itisnottobeconcealed，however，thatthemaintenanceofsuchajournal，underthecircumstances，hasbeenaworkofmuchdifficulty；andcouldalltheperplexity，anxiety，andtroubleattendingit，havebeenclearlyforeseen，Imighthaveshrunkfromtheundertaking。Asitis，Irejoiceinhavingengagedintheenterprise，andcountitjoytohavebeenabletosuffer，inmanyways，foritssuccess，andforthesuccessofthecausetowhichithasbeenfaithfullydevoted。Ilookuponthetime，money，andlaborbestoweduponit，asbeingamplyrewarded，inthedevelopmentofmyownmentalandmoralenergies，andinthecorrespondingdevelopmentofmydeeplyinjuredandoppressedpeople。
Frommotivesofpeace，insteadofissuingmypaperinBoston，amongmyNewEnglandfriends，IcametoRochester，westernNewYork，amongstrangers，wherethecirculationofmypapercouldnotinterferewiththelocalcirculationofthe_Liberator_andthe_Standard；_foratthattimeIwas，ontheanti-slaveryquestion，<307CHANGEOFVIEWS>afaithfuldiscipleofWilliamLloydGarrison，andfullycommittedtohisdoctrinetouchingthepro-slaverycharacteroftheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates，andthe_non-votingprinciple_，ofwhichheistheknownanddistinguishedadvocate。WithMr。Garrison，Iheldittobethefirstdutyofthenon-slaveholdingstatestodissolvetheunionwiththeslaveholdingstates；andhencemycry，likehis，was，“Nounionwithslaveholders。“Withtheseviews，IcameintowesternNewYork；andduringthefirstfouryearsofmylaborhere，Iadvocatedthemwithpenandtongue，accordingtothebestofmyability。
Aboutfouryearsago，uponareconsiderationofthewholesubject，Ibecameconvincedthattherewasnonecessityfordissolvingthe“unionbetweenthenorthernandsouthernstates；“
thattoseekthisdissolutionwasnopartofmydutyasanabolitionist；thattoabstainfromvoting，wastorefusetoexercisealegitimateandpowerfulmeansforabolishingslavery；
andthattheconstitutionoftheUnitedStatesnotonlycontainednoguaranteesinfavorofslavery，but，onthecontrary，itis，initsletterandspirit，ananti-slaveryinstrument，demandingtheabolitionofslaveryasaconditionofitsownexistence，asthesupremelawoftheland。
Herewasaradicalchangeinmyopinions，andintheactionlogicallyresultingfromthatchange。TothosewithwhomIhadbeeninagreementandinsympathy，Iwasnowinopposition。Whattheyheldtobeagreatandimportanttruth，Inowlookeduponasadangerouserror。Averypainful，andyetaverynatural，thingnowhappened。Thosewhocouldnotseeanyhonestreasonsforchangingtheirviews，asIhaddone，couldnoteasilyseeanysuchreasonsformychange，andthecommonpunishmentofapostateswasmine。
Theopinionsfirstentertainedwerenaturallyderivedandhonestlyentertained，andItrustthatmypresentopinionshavethesameclaimstorespect。Broughtdirectly，whenIescapedfromslavery，intocontactwithaclassofabolitionistsregardingthe<308>constitutionasaslaveholdinginstrument，andfindingtheirviewssupportedbytheunitedandentirehistoryofeverydepartmentofthegovernment，itisnotstrangethatI
assumedtheconstitutiontobejustwhattheirinterpretationmadeit。Iwasbound，notonlybytheirsuperiorknowledge，totaketheiropinionsasthetrueones，inrespecttothesubject，butalsobecauseIhadnomeansofshowingtheirunsoundness。
Butfortheresponsibilityofconductingapublicjournal，andthenecessityimposeduponmeofmeetingoppositeviewsfromabolitionistsinthisstate，IshouldinallprobabilityhaveremainedasfirminmydisunionviewsasanyotherdiscipleofWilliamLloydGarrison。
Mynewcircumstancescompelledmetore-thinkthewholesubject，andtostudy，withsomecare，notonlythejustandproperrulesoflegalinterpretation，buttheorigin，design，nature，rights，powers，anddutiesofcivilgovernment，andalsotherelationswhichhumanbeingssustaintoit。Bysuchacourseofthoughtandreading，IwasconductedtotheconclusionthattheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates——inaugurated“toformamoreperfectunion，establishjustice，insuredomestictranquillity，provideforthecommondefense，promotethegeneralwelfare，andsecuretheblessingofliberty“——couldnotwellhavebeendesignedatthesametimetomaintainandperpetuateasystemofrapineandmurder，likeslavery；especially，asnotonewordcanbefoundintheconstitutiontoauthorizesuchabelief。Then，again，ifthedeclaredpurposesofaninstrumentaretogovernthemeaningofallitspartsanddetails，astheyclearlyshould，theconstitutionofourcountryisourwarrantfortheabolitionofslaveryineverystateintheAmericanUnion。Imean，however，nottoargue，butsimplytostatemyviews。Itwouldrequireverymanypagesofavolumelikethis，tosetforththeargumentsdemonstratingtheunconstitutionalityandthecompleteillegalityofslaveryinourland；andasmyexperience，andnotmyarguments，iswithinthescopeandcontemplationofthisvolume，Iomitthelatterandproceedwiththeformer。
<309THEJIMCROWCAR>
Iwillnowaskthekindreadertogobackalittleinmystory，whileIbringupathreadleftbehindforconveniencesake，butwhich，smallasitis，cannotbeproperlyomittedaltogether；andthatthreadisAmericanprejudiceagainstcolor，anditsvariedillustrationsinmyownexperience。
WhenIfirstwentamongtheabolitionistsofNewEngland，andbegantotravel，Ifoundthisprejudiceverystrongandveryannoying。Theabolitioniststhemselveswerenotentirelyfreefromit，andIcouldseethattheywerenoblystrugglingagainstit。Intheireagerness，sometimes，toshowtheircontemptforthefeeling，theyprovedthattheyhadnotentirelyrecoveredfromit；oftenillustratingthesaying，intheirconduct，thatamanmay“standupsostraightastoleanbackward。“Whenitwassaidtome，“Mr。Douglass，Iwillwalktomeetingwithyou；Iamnotafraidofablackman，“Icouldnothelpthinking——seeingnothingveryfrightfulinmyappearance——“Andwhyshouldyoube？“
Thechildrenatthenorthhadallbeeneducatedtobelievethatiftheywerebad，theold_black_man——nottheold_devil_——wouldgetthem；anditwasevidenceofsomecourage，foranysoeducatedtogetthebetteroftheirfears。
Thecustomofprovidingseparatecarsfortheaccommodationofcoloredtravelers，wasestablishedonnearlyalltherailroadsofNewEngland，adozenyearsago。Regardingthiscustomasfosteringthespiritofcaste，Imadeitaruletoseatmyselfinthecarsfortheaccommodationofpassengersgenerally。Thusseated，Iwassuretobecalledupontobetakemyselftothe“_JimCrowcar_。“Refusingtoobey，Iwasoftendraggedoutofmyseat，beaten，andseverelybruised，byconductorsandbrakemen。AttemptingtostartfromLynn，oneday，forNewburyport，ontheEasternrailroad，Iwent，asmycustomwas，intooneofthebestrailroadcarriagesontheroad。Theseatswereveryluxuriantandbeautiful。Iwassoonwaiteduponbytheconductor，andorderedout；whereuponIdemandedthereasonformyinvidiousremoval。Afteragooddealofparleying，IwastoldthatitwasbecauseI<310>wasblack。ThisIdenied，andappealedtothecompanytosustainmydenial；buttheywereevidentlyunwillingtocommitthemselves，onapointsodelicate，andrequiringsuchnicepowersofdiscrimination，fortheyremainedasdumbasdeath。Iwassoonwaitedonbyhalfadozenfellowsofthebasersort(justsuchaswouldvolunteertotakeabull-dogoutofameeting-houseintimeofpublicworship)，andtoldthatImustmoveoutofthatseat，andifIdidnot，theywoulddragmeout。Irefusedtomove，andtheyclutchedme，head，neck，andshoulders。But，inanticipationofthestretchingtowhichIwasabouttobesubjected，Ihadinterwovenmyselfamongtheseats。Indraggingmeout，onthisoccasion，itmusthavecostthecompanytwenty-fiveorthirtydollars，forI
toreupseatsandall。SogreatwastheexcitementinLynn，onthesubject，thatthesuperintendent，Mr。StephenA。Chase，orderedthetrainstorunthroughLynnwithoutstopping，whileI
remainedinthattown；andthisridiculousfarcewasenacted。
ForseveraldaysthetrainswentdashingthroughLynnwithoutstopping。Atthesametimethattheyexcludedafreecoloredmanfromtheircars，thissamecompanyallowedslaves，incompanywiththeirmastersandmistresses，torideunmolested。
Aftermanybattleswiththerailroadconductors，andbeingroughlyhandledinnotafewinstances，proscriptionwasatlastabandoned；andthe“JimCrowcar“——setupforthedegradationofcoloredpeople——isnowherefoundinNewEngland。Thisresultwasnotbroughtaboutwithouttheinterventionofthepeople，andthethreatenedenactmentofalawcompellingrailroadcompaniestorespecttherightsoftravelers。Hon。CharlesFrancisAdamsperformedsignalserviceintheMassachusettslegislature，inbringingthisreformation；andtohimthecoloredcitizensofthatstatearedeeplyindebted。
Althoughoftenannoyed，andsometimesoutraged，bythisprejudiceagainstcolor，Iamindebtedtoitformanypassagesofquietamusement。Ahalf-curedsubjectofitissometimesdrivenintoawkwardstraits，especiallyifhehappenstogetagenuinespecimenoftheraceintohishouse。
<311AMUSINGSCENE>
Inthesummerof1843，Iwastravelingandlecturing，incompanywithWilliamA。White，Esq。，throughthestateofIndiana。Anti-
slaveryfriendswerenotveryabundantinIndiana，atthattime，andbedswerenotmoreplentifulthanfriends。Weoftensleptout，inpreferencetosleepinginthehouses，atsomepoints。Atthecloseofoneofourmeetings，wewereinvitedhomewithakindly-disposedoldfarmer，who，inthegenerousenthusiasmofthemoment，seemedtohaveforgottenthathehadbutonesparebed，andthathisguestswereanill-matchedpair。Allwentonprettywell，tillnearbedtime，whensignsofuneasinessbegantoshowthemselves，amongtheunsophisticatedsonsanddaughters。
Whiteisremarkablyfinelooking，andveryevidentlyaborngentleman；theideaofputtingusinthesamebedwashardlytobetolerated；andyet，therewewere，andbuttheonebedforus，andthat，bytheway，wasinthesameroomoccupiedbytheothermembersofthefamily。White，aswellasI，perceivedthedifficulty，foryonderslepttheoldfolks，therethesons，andalittlefartheralongsleptthedaughters；andbutoneotherbedremained。Whoshouldhavethisbed，wasthepuzzlingquestion。
Therewassomewhisperingbetweentheoldfolks，someconfusedlooksamongtheyoung，asthetimeforgoingtobedapproached。
AfterwitnessingtheconfusionaslongasIliked，Irelievedthekindly-disposedfamilybyplayfullysaying，“FriendWhite，havinggotentirelyridofmyprejudiceagainstcolor，Ithink，asaproofofit，Imustallowyoutosleepwithmeto-night。“Whitekeptupthejoke，byseemingtoesteemhimselfthefavoredparty，andthusthedifficultywasremoved。Ifwewenttoahotel，andcalledfordinner，thelandlordwassuretosetonetableforWhiteandanotherforme，alwaystakinghimtobemaster，andmetheservant。LargeeyesweregenerallymadewhentheorderwasgiventoremovethedishesfrommytabletothatofWhite\'s。Inthosedays，itwasthoughtstrangethatawhitemanandacoloredmancoulddinepeaceablyatthesametable，andinsomepartsthestrangenessofsuchasighthasnotentirelysubsided。
Somepeoplewillhaveitthatthereisanatural，aninherent，and<312>aninvinciblerepugnanceinthebreastofthewhiteracetowarddark-coloredpeople；andsomeveryintelligentcoloredmenthinkthattheirproscriptionisowingsolelytothecolorwhichnaturehasgiventhem。Theyholdthattheyareratedaccordingtotheircolor，andthatitisimpossibleforwhitepeopleevertolookupondarkracesofmen，ormenbelongingtotheAfricanrace，withotherthanfeelingsofaversion。Myexperience，bothseriousandmirthful，combatsthisconclusion。Leavingoutofsight，foramoment，gravefacts，tothispoint，Iwillstateoneortwo，whichillustrateaveryinterestingfeatureofAmericancharacteraswellasAmericanprejudice。RidingfromBostontoAlbany，afewyearsago，Ifoundmyselfinalargecar，wellfilledwithpassengers。Theseatnexttomewasabouttheonlyvacantone。Ateverystoppingplacewetookinnewpassengers，allofwhom，onreachingtheseatnexttome，castadisdainfulglanceuponit，andpassedtoanothercar，leavingmeinthefullenjoymentofaholeform。Foratime，Ididnotknowbutthatmyridingtherewasprejudicialtotheinterestoftherailroadcompany。Acircumstanceoccurred，however，whichgavemeanelevatedpositionatonce。AmongthepassengersonthistrainwasGov。GeorgeN。Briggs。Iwasnotacquaintedwithhim，andhadnoideathatIwasknowntohim，however，Iwas，foruponobservingme，thegovernorlefthisplace，andmakinghiswaytowardme，respectfullyaskedtheprivilegeofaseatbymyside；
anduponintroducinghimself，weenteredintoaconversationverypleasantandinstructivetome。Thedespisedseatnowbecamehonored。HisexcellencyhadremovedalltheprejudiceagainstsittingbythesideofaNegro；anduponhisleavingit，ashedid，onreachingPittsfield，therewereatleastonedozenapplicantsfortheplace。Thegovernorhad，withoutchangingmyskinasingleshade，madetheplacerespectablewhichbeforewasdespicable。
AsimilarincidenthappenedtomeonceontheBostonandNewBedfordrailroad，andtheleadingpartytoithassincebeengovernorofthestateofMassachusetts。IalludetoCol。JohnHenry<313ANINCIDENT>Clifford。LestthereadermayfancyIamaimingtoelevatemyself，byclaimingtoomuchintimacywithgreatmen，ImuststatethatmyonlyacquaintancewithCol。
CliffordwasformedwhileIwas_hishiredservant_，duringthefirstwinterofmyescapefromslavery。Ioweithimtosay，thatinthatrelationIfoundhimalwayskindandgentlemanly。
Buttotheincident。IenteredacaratBoston，forNewBedford，which，withtheexceptionofasingleseatwasfull，andfoundI
mustoccupythis，orstandup，duringthejourney。Havingnomindtodothis，Isteppeduptothemanhavingthenextseat，andwhohadafewparcelsontheseat，andgentlyaskedleavetotakeaseatbyhisside。Myfellow-passengergavemealookmadeupofreproachandindignation，andaskedmewhyIshouldcometothatparticularseat。Iassuredhim，inthegentlestmanner，thatofallothersthiswastheseatforme。FindingthatIwasactuallyabouttositdown，hesangout，“O！stop，stop！andletmegetout！“Suitingtheactiontotheword，uptheagitatedmangot，andsaunteredtotheotherendofthecar，andwascompelledtostandformostofthewaythereafter。HalfwaytoNewBedford，ormore，Col。Clifford，recognizingme，lefthisseat，andnothavingseenmebeforesinceIhadceasedtowaitonhim(ineverythingexcepthardargumentsagainsthispro-slaveryposition)，apparentlyforgetfulofhisrank，manifested，ingreetingme，somethingofthefeelingofanoldfriend。ThisdemonstrationwasnotlostonthegentlemanwhosedignityIhad，anhourbefore，mostseriouslyoffended。Col。CliffordwasknowntobeaboutthemostaristocraticgentlemaninBristolcounty；
anditwasevidentlythoughtthatImustbesomebody，elseI
shouldnothavebeenthusnoticed，byapersonsodistinguished。
Sureenough，afterCol。Cliffordleftme，Ifoundmyselfsurroundedwithfriends；andamongthenumber，myoffendedfriendstoodnearest，andwithanapologyforhisrudeness，whichI
couldnotresist，althoughitwasoneofthelamesteveroffered。
Withsuchfactsasthesebeforeme——andIhavemanyofthem——Iaminclinedtothinkthatprideandfashionhavemuchtodowith<314>thetreatmentcommonlyextendedtocoloredpeopleintheUnitedStates。Ionceheardaveryplainmansay(andhewascross-eyed，andawkwardlyflungtogetherinotherrespects)thatheshouldbeahandsomemanwhenpublicopinionshallbechanged。
SinceIhavebeeneditingandpublishingajournaldevotedtothecauseoflibertyandprogress，IhavehadmymindmoredirectedtotheconditionandcircumstancesofthefreecoloredpeoplethanwhenIwastheagentofanabolitionsociety。Theresulthasbeenacorrespondingchangeinthedispositionofmytimeandlabors。Ihavefeltittobeapartofmymission——underagraciousProvidencetoimpressmysablebrothersinthiscountrywiththeconvictionthat，notwithstandingthetenthousanddiscouragementsandthepowerfulhinderances，whichbesettheirexistenceinthiscountry——notwithstandingtheblood-writtenhistoryofAfrica，andherchildren，fromwhomwehavedescended，orthecloudsanddarkness(whosestillnessandgloomaremadeonlymoreawfulbywrathfulthunderandlightning)nowovershadowingthem——progressisyetpossible，andbrightskiesshallyetshineupontheirpathway；andthat“EthiopiashallyetreachforthherhanduntoGod。“
BelievingthatoneofthebestmeansofemancipatingtheslavesofthesouthistoimproveandelevatethecharacterofthefreecoloredpeopleofthenorthIshalllaborinthefuture，asI
havelaboredinthepast，topromotethemoral，social，religious，andintellectualelevationofthefreecoloredpeople；
neverforgettingmyownhumbleorgin{sic}，norrefusing，whileHeavenlendsmeability，tousemyvoice，mypen，ormyvote，toadvocatethegreatandprimaryworkoftheuniversalandunconditionalemancipationofmyentirerace。
APPENDIX
ContainingExtractsfromSpeeches，etc。
RECEPTIONSPEECH[10]
AtFinsburyChapel，Moorfields，England，May12，1846
Mr。Douglassroseamidloudcheers，andsaid:IfeelexceedinglygladoftheopportunitynowaffordedmeofpresentingtheclaimsofmybrethreninbondsintheUnitedStates，tosomanyinLondonandfromvariouspartsofBritain，whohaveassembledhereonthepresentoccasion。Ihavenothingtocommendmetoyourconsiderationinthewayoflearning，nothinginthewayofeducation，toentitlemetoyourattention；andyouareawarethatslaveryisaverybadschoolforrearingteachersofmoralityandreligion。Twenty-oneyearsofmylifehavebeenspentinslavery——personalslavery——surroundedbydegradinginfluences，suchascanexistnowherebeyondthepaleofslavery；
anditwillnotbestrange，ifundersuchcircumstances，Ishouldbetray，inwhatIhavetosaytoyou，adeficiencyofthatrefinementwhichisseldomoreverfound，exceptamongpersonsthathaveexperiencedsuperioradvantagestothosewhichIhaveenjoyed。ButIwilltakeitforgrantedthatyouknowsomethingaboutthedegradinginfluencesofslavery，andthatyouwillnotexpectgreatthingsfrommethisevening，butsimplysuchfactsasImaybeabletoadvanceimmediatelyinconnectionwithmyownexperienceofslavery。
Now，whatisthissystemofslavery？Thisisthesubjectofmylecturethisevening——whatisthecharacterofthisinstitution？
Iamabouttoanswertheinquiry，whatisAmericanslavery？Idothisthemorereadily，sinceIhavefoundpersonsinthiscountrywhohaveidentifiedthetermslaverywiththatwhichIthinkitisnot，andinsomeinstances，Ihavefeared，insodoing，haverather(unwittingly，Iknow)detractedmuchfromthehorrorwithwhichthetermslaveryiscontemplated。Itiscom-
[10]Mr。Douglass\'publishedspeechesalone，wouldfilltwovolumesofthesizeofthis。Ourspacewillonlypermittheinsertionoftheextractswhichfollow；andwhich，fororiginalityofthought，beautyandforceofexpression，andforimpassioned，indignatoryeloquence，haveseldombeenequaled。
<318>moninthiscountrytodistinguisheverybadthingbythenameofslavery。Intemperanceisslavery；tobedeprivedoftherighttovoteisslavery，saysone；tohavetoworkhardisslavery，saysanother；andIdonotknowbutthatifweshouldletthemgoon，theywouldsaythattoeatwhenwearehungry，towalkwhenwedesiretohaveexercise，ortoministertoournecessities，orhavenecessitiesatall，isslavery。Idonotwishforamomenttodetractfromthehorrorwithwhichtheevilofintemperanceiscontemplated——notatall；nordoIwishtothrowtheslightestobstructioninthewayofanypoliticalfreedomthatanyclassofpersonsinthiscountrymaydesiretoobtain。ButIamheretosaythatIthinkthetermslaveryissometimesabusedbyidentifyingitwiththatwhichitisnot。
SlaveryintheUnitedStatesisthegrantingofthatpowerbywhichonemanexercisesandenforcesarightofpropertyinthebodyandsoulofanother。Theconditionofaslaveissimplythatofthebrutebeast。Heisapieceofproperty——amarketablecommodity，inthelanguageofthelaw，tobeboughtorsoldatthewillandcapriceofthemasterwhoclaimshimtobehisproperty；heisspokenof，thoughtof，andtreatedasproperty。
Hisowngood，hisconscience，hisintellect，hisaffections，areallsetasidebythemaster。Thewillandthewishesofthemasterarethelawoftheslave。Heisasmuchapieceofpropertyasahorse。Ifheisfed，heisfedbecauseheisproperty。Ifheisclothed，itiswithaviewtotheincreaseofhisvalueasproperty。Whateverofcomfortisnecessarytohimforhisbodyorsoulthatisinconsistentwithhisbeingproperty，iscarefullywrestedfromhim，notonlybypublicopinion，butbythelawofthecountry。Heiscarefullydeprivedofeverythingthattendsintheslightestdegreetodetractfromhisvalueasproperty。Heisdeprivedofeducation。Godhasgivenhimanintellect；theslaveholderdeclaresitshallnotbecultivated。Ifhismoralperceptionleadshiminacoursecontrarytohisvalueasproperty，theslaveholderdeclaresheshallnotexerciseit。Themarriageinstitutioncannotexistamongslaves，andone-sixthofthepopulationofdemocraticAmericaisdenieditsprivilegesbythelawoftheland。Whatistobethoughtofanationboastingofitsliberty，boastingofitshumanity，boastingofitsChristianity，boastingofitsloveofjusticeandpurity，andyethavingwithinitsownbordersthreemillionsofpersonsdeniedbylawtherightofmarriage？——
whatmustbetheconditionofthatpeople？Ineednotliftuptheveilbygivingyouanyexperienceofmyown。Everyonethatcanputtwoideastogether，mustseethemostfearfulresultsfromsuchastateofthingsasIhavejustmentioned。Ifanyofthesethreemillionsfindforthemselvescompanions，andprovethemselveshonest，upright，virtuouspersonstoeachother，yetinthese<319>cases——fewasIamboundtoconfesstheyare——thevirtuousliveinconstantapprehensionofbeingtornasunderbythemercilessmen-stealersthatclaimthemastheirproperty。
ThisisAmericanslavery；nomarriage——noeducation——thelightofthegospelshutoutfromthedarkmindofthebondman——andheforbiddenbylawtolearntoread。Ifamothershallteachherchildrentoread，thelawinLouisianaproclaimsthatshemaybehangedbytheneck。Ifthefatherattempttogivehissonaknowledgeofletters，hemaybepunishedbythewhipinoneinstance，andinanotherbekilled，atthediscretionofthecourt。Threemillionsofpeopleshutoutfromthelightofknowledge！Itiseasyforyoutoconceivetheevilthatmustresultfromsuchastateofthings。
Inowcometothephysicalevilsofslavery。Idonotwishtodwellatlengthuponthese，butitseemsrighttospeakofthem，notsomuchtoinfluenceyourmindsonthisquestion，astolettheslaveholdersofAmericaknowthatthecurtainwhichconcealstheircrimesisbeingliftedabroad；thatweareopeningthedarkcell，andleadingthepeopleintothehorriblerecessesofwhattheyarepleasedtocalltheirdomesticinstitution。Wewantthemtoknowthataknowledgeoftheirwhippings，theirscourgings，theirbrandings，theirchainings，isnotconfinedtotheirplantations，butthatsomeNegrooftheirshasbrokenloosefromhischains——hasburstthroughthedarkincrustationofslavery，andisnowexposingtheirdeedsofdeepdamnationtothegazeofthechristianpeopleofEngland。
Theslaveholdersresorttoallkindsofcruelty。IfIweredisposed，Ihavematterenoughtointerestyouonthisquestionforfiveorsixevenings，butIwillnotdwellatlengthuponthesecruelties。Sufficeittosay，thatallofthepeculiarmodesoftorturethatwereresortedtointheWestIndiaislands，areresortedto，Ibelieve，evenmorefrequently，intheUnitedStatesofAmerica。Starvation，thebloodywhip，thechain，thegag，thethumb-screw，cat-hauling，thecat-o\'-nine-tails，thedungeon，theblood-hound，areallinrequisitiontokeeptheslaveinhisconditionasaslaveintheUnitedStates。Ifanyonehasadoubtuponthispoint，IwouldaskhimtoreadthechapteronslaveryinDickens\'s_NotesonAmerica_。Ifanymanhasadoubtuponit，Ihaveherethe“testimonyofathousandwitnesses，“whichIcangiveatanylength，allgoingtoprovethetruthofmystatement。Theblood-houndisregularlytrainedintheUnitedStates，andadvertisementsaretobefoundinthesouthernpapersoftheUnion，frompersonsadvertisingthemselvesasblood-houndtrainers，andofferingtohuntdownslavesatfifteendollarsapiece，recommendingtheirhoundsasthefleetestintheneighborhood，neverknowntofail。
Adver<320>tisementsarefromtimetotimeinserted，statingthatslaveshaveescapedwithironcollarsabouttheirnecks，withbandsofironabouttheirfeet，markedwiththelash，brandedwithred-hotirons，theinitialsoftheirmaster\'snameburnedintotheirflesh；andthemastersadvertisethefactoftheirbeingthusbrandedwiththeirownsignature，therebyprovingtotheworld，that，howeverdamningitmayappeartonon-slavers，suchpracticesarenotregardeddiscreditableamongtheslaveholdersthemselves。Why，Ibelieveifamanshouldbrandhishorseinthiscountry——burntheinitialsofhisnameintoanyofhiscattle，andpublishtheferociousdeedhere——thattheunitedexecrationsofChristiansinBritainwoulddescenduponhim。YetintheUnitedStates，humanbeingsarethusbranded。
AsWhittiersays……_Ourcountrymeninchains，Thewhiponwoman\'sshrinkingflesh，OursoilyetreddeningwiththestainsCaughtfromherscourgingswarmandfresh_。
Theslave-dealerboldlypublisheshisinfamousactstotheworld。
Ofallthingsthathavebeensaidofslaverytowhichexceptionhasbeentakenbyslaveholders，this，thechargeofcruelty，standsforemost，andyetthereisnochargecapableofclearerdemonstration，thanthatofthemostbarbarousinhumanityonthepartoftheslaveholderstowardtheirslaves。Andallthisisnecessary；itisnecessarytoresorttothesecruelties，inorderto_maketheslaveaslave_，andto_keephimaslave_。Why，myexperienceallgoestoprovethetruthofwhatyouwillcallamarvelousproposition，thatthebetteryoutreataslave，themoreyoudestroyhisvalue_asaslave_，andenhancetheprobabilityofhiseludingthegraspoftheslaveholder；themorekindlyyoutreathim，themorewretchedyoumakehim，whileyoukeephimintheconditionofaslave。Myexperience，Isay，confirmsthetruthofthisproposition。WhenIwastreatedexceedinglyill；whenmybackwasbeingscourgeddaily；whenI
waswhippedwithinaninchofmylife——_life_wasallIcaredfor。“Sparemylife，“wasmycontinualprayer。WhenIwaslookingfortheblowabouttobeinflicteduponmyhead，Iwasnotthinkingofmyliberty；itwasmylife。But，assoonastheblowwasnottobefeared，thencamethelongingforliberty。Ifaslavehasabadmaster，hisambitionistogetabetter；whenhegetsabetter，heaspirestohavethebest；andwhenhegetsthebest，heaspirestobehisownmaster。Buttheslavemustbebrutalizedtokeephimasaslave。Theslaveholderfeelsthisnecessity。Iadmitthisnecessity。Ifitberighttoholdslavesatall，itisrighttohold<321>themintheonlywayinwhichtheycanbeheld；andthiscanbedoneonlybyshuttingoutthelightofeducationfromtheirminds，andbrutalizingtheirpersons。Thewhip，thechain，thegag，thethumb-screw，theblood-hound，thestocks，andalltheotherbloodyparaphernaliaoftheslavesystem，areindispensablynecessarytotherelationofmasterandslave。Theslavemustbesubjectedtothese，orheceasestobeaslave。Lethimknowthatthewhipisburned；thatthefettershavebeenturnedtosomeusefulandprofitableemployment；thatthechainisnolongerforhislimbs；thattheblood-houndisnolongertobeputuponhistrack；thathismaster\'sauthorityoverhimisnolongertobeenforcedbytakinghislife——andimmediatelyhewalksoutfromthehouseofbondageandassertshisfreedomasaman。Theslaveholderfindsitnecessarytohavetheseimplementstokeeptheslaveinbondage；
findsitnecessarytobeabletosay，“Unlessyoudosoandso；
unlessyoudoasIbidyou——Iwilltakeawayyourlife！“
SomeofthemostawfulscenesofcrueltyareconstantlytakingplaceinthemiddlestatesoftheUnion。Wehaveinthosestateswhatarecalledtheslave-breedingstates。Allowmetospeakplainly。Althoughitisharrowingtoyourfeelings，itisnecessarythatthefactsofthecaseshouldbestated。WehaveintheUnitedStatesslave-breedingstates。Theverystatefromwhichtheministerfromourcourttoyourscomes，isoneofthesestates——Maryland，wheremen，women，andchildrenarerearedforthemarket，justashorses，sheep，andswineareraisedforthemarket。Slave-rearingistherelookeduponasalegitimatetrade；thelawsanctionsit，publicopinionupholdsit，thechurchdoesnotcondemnit。Itgoesoninallitsbloodyhorrors，sustainedbytheauctioneer\'sblock。Ifyouwouldseethecrueltiesofthissystem，hearthefollowingnarrative。Notlongsincethefollowingsceneoccurred。Aslave-womanandaslavemanhadunitedthemselvesasmanandwifeintheabsenceofanylawtoprotectthemasmanandwife。Theyhadlivedtogetherbythepermission，notbyright，oftheirmaster，andtheyhadrearedafamily。Themasterfounditexpedient，andforhisinterest，tosellthem。Hedidnotaskthemtheirwishesinregardtothematteratall；theywerenotconsulted。Themanandwomanwerebroughttotheauctioneer\'sblock，underthesoundofthehammer。Thecrywasraised，“Heregoes；whobidscash？“
Thinkofit——amanandwifetobesold！Thewomanwasplacedontheauctioneer\'sblock；herlimbs，asiscustomary，werebrutallyexposedtothepurchasers，whoexaminedherwithallthefreedomwithwhichtheywouldexamineahorse。Therestoodthehusband，powerless；norighttohiswife；themaster\'srightpreeminent。
Shewassold。Hewasnext<322>broughttotheauctioneer\'sblock。Hiseyesfollowedhiswifeinthedistance；andhelookedbeseechingly，imploringly，tothemanthathadboughthiswife，tobuyhimalso。Buthewasatlengthbidofftoanotherperson。
Hewasabouttobeseparatedforeverfromherheloved。Nowordofhis，noworkofhis，couldsavehimfromthisseparation。Heaskedpermissionofhisnewmastertogoandtakethehandofhiswifeatparting。Itwasdeniedhim。Intheagonyofhissoulherushedfromthemanwhohadjustboughthim，thathemighttakeafarewellofhiswife；buthiswaywasobstructed，hewasstruckovertheheadwithaloadedwhip，andwasheldforamoment；buthisagonywastoogreat。Whenhewasletgo，hefellacorpseatthefeetofhismaster。Hisheartwasbroken。SuchscenesaretheeverydayfruitsofAmericanslavery。Sometwoyearssince，theHon。Seth。M。Gates，ananti-slaverygentlemanofthestateofNewYork，arepresentativeinthecongressoftheUnitedStates，toldmehesawwithhisowneyesthefollowingcircumstances。InthenationalDistrictofColumbia，overwhichthestar-spangledemblemisconstantlywaving，whereoratorsareeverholdingforthonthesubjectofAmericanliberty，Americandemocracy，Americanrepublicanism，therearetwoslaveprisons。
Whengoingacrossabridge，leadingtooneoftheseprisons，hesawayoungwomanrunout，bare-footedandbare-headed，andwithverylittleclothingon。Shewasrunningwithallspeedtothebridgehewasapproaching。Hiseyewasfixeduponher，andhestoppedtoseewhatwasthematter。Hehadnotpausedlongbeforehesawthreemenrunoutafterher。Henowknewwhatthenatureofthecasewas；aslaveescapingfromherchains——ayoungwoman，asister——escapingfromthebondageinwhichshehadbeenheld。Shemadeherwaytothebridge，buthadnotreached，erefromtheVirginiasidetherecametwoslaveholders。Assoonastheysawthem，herpursuerscalledout，“Stopher！“TruetotheirVirginianinstincts，theycametotherescueoftheirbrotherkidnappers，acrossthebridge。Thepoorgirlnowsawthattherewasnochanceforher。Itwasatryingtime。Sheknewifshewentback，shemustbeaslaveforever——shemustbedraggeddowntothescenesofpollutionwhichtheslaveholderscontinuallyprovideformostofthepoor，sinking，wretchedyoungwomen，whomtheycalltheirproperty。Sheformedherresolution；
andjustasthosewhowereabouttotakeher，weregoingtoputhandsuponher，todragherback，sheleapedoverthebalustradesofthebridge，anddownshewenttorisenomore。Shechosedeath，ratherthantogobackintothehandsofthosechristianslaveholdersfromwhomshehadescaped。
CanitbepossiblethatsuchthingsastheseexistintheUnitedStates？<323>Arenotthesetheexceptions？Areanysuchscenesasthisgeneral？Arenotsuchdeedscondemnedbythelawanddenouncedbypublicopinion？LetmereadtoyouafewofthelawsoftheslaveholdingstatesofAmerica。Ithinknobetterexposureofslaverycanbemadethanismadebythelawsofthestatesinwhichslaveryexists。IpreferreadingthelawstomakinganystatementinconfirmationofwhatIhavesaidmyself；
fortheslaveholderscannotobjecttothistestimony，sinceitisthecalm，thecool，thedeliberateenactmentoftheirwisestheads，oftheirmostclear-sighted，theirownconstitutedrepresentatives。“Ifmorethansevenslavestogetherarefoundinanyroadwithoutawhiteperson，twentylashesapiece；forvisitingaplantationwithoutawrittenpass，tenlashes；forlettinglooseaboatfromwhereitismadefast，thirty-ninelashesforthefirstoffense；andforthesecond，shallhavecutofffromhisheadoneear；forkeepingorcarryingaclub，thirty-ninelashes；forhavinganyarticleforsale，withoutaticketfromhismaster，tenlashes；fortravelinginanyotherthanthemostusualandaccustomedroad，whengoingalonetoanyplace，fortylashes；fortravelinginthenightwithoutapass，fortylashes。“Iamafraidyoudonotunderstandtheawfulcharacteroftheselashes。Youmustbringitbeforeyourmind。
Ahumanbeinginaperfectstateofnudity，tiedhandandfoottoastake，andastrongmanstandingbehindwithaheavywhip，knottedattheend，eachblowcuttingintotheflesh，andleavingthewarmblooddrippingtothefeet；andforthesetrifles。“Forbeingfoundinanotherperson\'snegro-quarters，fortylashes；forhuntingwithdogsinthewoods，thirtylashes；forbeingonhorsebackwithoutthewrittenpermissionofhismaster，twenty-
fivelashes；forridingorgoingabroadinthenight，orridinghorsesinthedaytime，withoutleave，aslavemaybewhipped，cropped，orbrandedinthecheekwiththeletterR。orotherwisepunished，suchpunishmentnotextendingtolife，orsoastorenderhimunfitforlabor。“Thelawsreferredto，maybefoundbyconsulting_Brevard\'sDigest；Haywood\'sManual；VirginiaRevisedCode；Prince\'sDigest；MissouriLaws；MississippiRevisedCode_。Aman，forgoingtovisithisbrethren，withoutthepermissionofhismaster——andinmanyinstanceshemaynothavethatpermission；hismaster，fromcapriceorotherreasons，maynotbewillingtoallowit——maybecaughtonhisway，draggedtoapost，thebranding-ironheated，andthenameofhismasterortheletterRbrandedintohischeekoronhisforehead。Theytreatslavesthus，ontheprinciplethattheymustpunishforlightoffenses，inordertopreventthecommissionoflargerones。IwishyoutomarkthatinthesinglestateofVirginiathereareseventy-onecrimesforwhichacoloredmanmaybeexecuted；whilethereareonlythreeof<324>thesecrimes，which，whencommittedbyawhiteman，willsubjecthimtothatpunishment。Therearemanyofthesecrimeswhichifthewhitemandidnotcommit，hewouldberegardedasascoundrelandacoward。InthestateofMaryland，thereisalawtothiseffect:
thatifaslaveshallstrikehismaster，hemaybehanged，hisheadseveredfromhisbody，hisbodyquartered，andhisheadandquarterssetupinthemostprominentplacesintheneighborhood。
Ifacoloredwoman，inthedefenseofherownvirtue，indefenseofherownperson，shouldshieldherselffromthebrutalattacksofhertyrannicalmaster，ormaketheslightestresistance，shemaybekilledonthespot。Nolawwhateverwillbringtheguiltymantojusticeforthecrime。
Butyouwillaskme，canthesethingsbepossibleinalandprofessingChristianity？Yes，theyareso；andthisisnottheworst。No；adarkerfeatureisyettobepresentedthanthemereexistenceofthesefacts。Ihavetoinformyouthatthereligionofthesouthernstates，atthistime，isthegreatsupporter，thegreatsanctionerofthebloodyatrocitiestowhichIhavereferred。WhileAmericaisprintingtractsandbibles；sendingmissionariesabroadtoconverttheheathen；expendinghermoneyinvariouswaysforthepromotionofthegospelinforeignlands——theslavenotonlyliesforgotten，uncaredfor，butistrampledunderfootbytheverychurchesoftheland。WhathaveweinAmerica？Why，wehaveslaverymadepartofthereligionoftheland。Yes，thepulpittherestandsupasthegreatdefenderofthiscursed_institution_，asitiscalled。Ministersofreligioncomeforwardandtorturethehallowedpagesofinspiredwisdomtosanctionthebloodydeed。Theystandforthastheforemost，thestrongestdefendersofthis“institution。“Asaproofofthis，Ineednotdomorethanstatethegeneralfact，thatslaveryhasexistedunderthedroppingsofthesanctuaryofthesouthforthelasttwohundredyears，andtherehasnotbeenanywarbetweenthe_religion_andthe_slavery_ofthesouth。
Whips，chains，gags，andthumb-screwshavealllainunderthedroppingsofthesanctuary，andinsteadofrustingfromoffthelimbsofthebondman，thosedroppingshaveservedtopreservetheminalltheirstrength。Insteadofpreachingthegospelagainstthistyranny，rebuke，andwrong，ministersofreligionhavesought，byallandeverymeans，tothrowintheback-groundwhateverinthebiblecouldbeconstruedintooppositiontoslavery，andtobringforwardthatwhichtheycouldtortureintoitssupport。ThisIconceivetobethedarkestfeatureofslavery，andthemostdifficulttoattack，becauseitisidentifiedwithreligion，andexposesthosewhodenounceittothechargeofinfidelity。Yes，thosewithwhomIhavebeenlaboring，namely，theold<325>organizationanti-slaverysocietyofAmerica，havebeenagainandagainstigmatizedasinfidels，andforwhatreason？Why，solelyinconsequenceofthefaithfulnessoftheirattacksupontheslaveholdingreligionofthesouthernstates，andthenorthernreligionthatsympathizeswithit。Ihavefounditdifficulttospeakonthismatterwithoutpersonscomingforwardandsaying，“Douglass，areyounotafraidofinjuringthecauseofChrist？Youdonotdesiretodoso，weknow；butareyounotunderminingreligion？“Thishasbeensaidtomeagainandagain，evensinceIcametothiscountry，butIcannotbeinducedtoleaveofftheseexposures。I
lovethereligionofourblessedSavior。Ilovethatreligionthatcomesfromabove，inthe“wisdomofGod，whichisfirstpure，thenpeaceable，gentle，andeasytobeentreated，fullofmercyandgoodfruits，withoutpartialityandwithouthypocrisy。
Ilovethatreligionthatsendsitsvotariestobindupthewoundsofhimthathasfallenamongthieves。Ilovethatreligionthatmakesitthedutyofitsdisciplestovisitthefatherlessandthewidowintheiraffliction。Ilovethatreligionthatisbaseduponthegloriousprinciple，oflovetoGodandlovetoman；whichmakesitsfollowersdountoothersastheythemselveswouldbedoneby。Ifyoudemandlibertytoyourself，itsays，grantittoyourneighbors。Ifyouclaimarighttothinkforyourself，itsays，allowyourneighborsthesameright。Ifyouclaimtoactforyourself，itsays，allowyourneighborsthesameright。ItisbecauseIlovethisreligionthatIhatetheslaveholding，thewoman-whipping，themind-darkening，thesoul-destroyingreligionthatexistsinthesouthernstatesofAmerica。ItisbecauseIregardtheoneasgood，andpure，andholy，thatIcannotbutregardtheotherasbad，corrupt，andwicked。LovingtheoneImusthatetheother；
holdingtotheoneImustrejecttheother。
Imaybeasked，whyIamsoanxioustobringthissubjectbeforetheBritishpublic——whyIdonotconfinemyeffortstotheUnitedStates？Myansweris，first，thatslaveryisthecommonenemyofmankind，andallmankindshouldbemadeacquaintedwithitsabominablecharacter。Mynextansweris，thattheslaveisaman，and，assuch，isentitledtoyoursympathyasabrother。
Allthefeelings，allthesusceptibilities，allthecapacities，whichyouhave，hehas。Heisapartofthehumanfamily。Hehasbeentheprey——thecommonprey——ofChristendomforthelastthreehundredyears，anditisbutright，itisbutjust，itisbutproper，thathiswrongsshouldbeknownthroughouttheworld。
IhaveanotherreasonforbringingthismatterbeforetheBritishpublic，anditisthis:slaveryisasystemofwrong，soblindingtoallaround，sohardeningtotheheart，socorruptingtothemorals，sodeleterioustoreligion，so<326>sappingtoalltheprinciplesofjusticeinitsimmediatevicinity，thatthecommunitysurroundingitlackthemoralstaminanecessarytoitsremoval。Itisasystemofsuchgiganticevil，sostrong，sooverwhelminginitspower，thatnoonenationisequaltoitsremoval。ItrequiresthehumanityofChristianity，themoralityoftheworldtoremoveit。Hence，IcalluponthepeopleofBritaintolookatthismatter，andtoexerttheinfluenceIamabouttoshowtheypossess，fortheremovalofslaveryfromAmerica。Icanappealtothem，asstronglybytheirregardfortheslaveholderasfortheslave，tolaborinthiscause。Iamhere，becauseyouhaveaninfluenceonAmericathatnoothernationcanhave。Youhavebeendrawntogetherbythepowerofsteamtoamarvelousextent；thedistancebetweenLondonandBostonisnowreducedtosometwelveorfourteendays，sothatthedenunciationsagainstslavery，utteredinLondonthisweek，maybeheardinafortnightinthestreetsofBoston，andreverberatingamidstthehillsofMassachusetts。ThereisnothingsaidhereagainstslaverythatwillnotberecordedintheUnitedStates。Iamhere，also，becausetheslaveholdersdonotwantmetobehere；theywouldratherthatIwerenothere。
IhaveadoptedamaximlaiddownbyNapoleon，nevertooccupygroundwhichtheenemywouldlikemetooccupy。Theslaveholderswouldmuchratherhaveme，ifIwilldenounceslavery，denounceitinthenorthernstates，wheretheirfriendsandsupportersare，whowillstandbyandmobmefordenouncingit。Theyfeelsomethingasthemanfelt，whenheutteredhisprayer，inwhichhemadeoutamosthorriblecaseforhimself，andoneofhisneighborstouchedhimandsaid，“Myfriend，Ialwayshadtheopinionofyouthatyouhavenowexpressedforyourself——thatyouareaverygreatsinner。“Comingfromhimself，itwasallverywell，butcomingfromastrangeritwasrathercutting。Theslaveholdersfeltthatwhenslaverywasdenouncedamongthemselves，itwasnotsobad；butletoneoftheslavesgetloose，lethimsummonthepeopleofBritain，andmakeknowntothemtheconductoftheslaveholderstowardtheirslaves，anditcutsthemtothequick，andproducesasensationsuchaswouldbeproducedbynothingelse。ThepowerIexertnowissomethinglikethepowerthatisexertedbythemanattheendofthelever；myinfluencenowisjustinproportiontothedistancethatIamfromtheUnitedStates。Myexposureofslaveryabroadwilltellmoreupontheheartsandconsciencesofslaveholders，thanifIwasattackingtheminAmerica；foralmosteverypaperthatInowreceivefromtheUnitedStates，comesteemingwithstatementsaboutthisfugitiveNegro，callinghima“glib-tonguedscoundrel，“andsayingthatheisrunningoutagainsttheinstitutionsandpeopleofAmerica。IdenythechargethatIamsayingawordagainsttheinstitutionsofAmerica，<327>orthepeople，assuch。WhatIhavetosayisagainstslaveryandslaveholders。Ifeelatlibertytospeakonthissubject。I
haveonmybackthemarksofthelash；Ihavefoursistersandonebrothernowunderthegallingchain。Ifeelitmydutytocryaloudandsparenot。Iamnotaversetohavingthegoodopinionofmyfellowcreatures。Iamnotaversetobeingkindlyregardedbyallmen；butIambound，evenatthehazardofmakingalargeclassofreligionistsinthiscountryhateme，opposeme，andmalignmeastheyhavedone——Iamboundbytheprayers，andtears，andentreatiesofthreemillionsofkneelingbondsmen，tohavenocompromisewithmenwhoareinanyshapeorformconnectedwiththeslaveholdersofAmerica。Iexposeslaveryinthiscountry，becausetoexposeitistokillit。Slaveryisoneofthosemonstersofdarknesstowhomthelightoftruthisdeath。Exposeslavery，anditdies。Lightistoslaverywhattheheatofthesunistotherootofatree；itmustdieunderit。Alltheslaveholderasksofmeissilence。Hedoesnotaskmetogoabroadandpreach_infavor_ofslavery；hedoesnotaskanyonetodothat。Hewouldnotsaythatslaveryisagoodthing，butthebestunderthecircumstances。Theslaveholderswanttotaldarknessonthesubject。Theywantthehatchwayshutdown，thatthemonstermaycrawlinhisdenofdarkness，crushinghumanhopesandhappiness，destroyingthebondmanatwill，andhavingnoonetoreproveorrebukehim。Slaveryshrinksfromthelight；ithateththelight，neithercomethtothelight，lestitsdeedsshouldbereproved。Totearoffthemaskfromthisabominablesystem，toexposeittothelightofheaven，aye，totheheatofthesun，thatitmayburnandwitheritoutofexistence，ismyobjectincomingtothiscountry。Iwanttheslaveholdersurrounded，asbyawallofanti-slaveryfire，sothathemayseethecondemnationofhimselfandhissystemglaringdowninlettersoflight。IwanthimtofeelthathehasnosympathyinEngland，Scotland，orIreland；thathehasnoneinCanada，noneinMexico，noneamongthepoorwildIndians；thatthevoiceofthecivilized，aye，andsavageworldisagainsthim。
Iwouldhavecondemnationblazedownuponhimineverydirection，till，stunnedandoverwhelmedwithshameandconfusion，heiscompelledtoletgothegraspheholdsuponthepersonsofhisvictims，andrestorethemtotheirlong-lostrights。
_Dr。Campbell\'sReply_
FromRev。Dr。Campbell\'sbrilliantreplyweextractthefollowing:FREDERICKDOUGLASS，thebeastofburden，“theportionof“goodsandchattels，“therepresentativeofthreemillionsofmen，hasbeenraised<328>up！ShallIsaythe_man？_Ifthereisamanonearth，heisaman。MybloodboiledwithinmewhenI
heardhisaddresstonight，andthoughtthathehadleftbehindhimthreemillionsofsuchmen。
Wemustseemoreofthisman；wemusthavemoreofthisman。Onewouldhavetakenavoyageroundtheglobesomefortyyearsback——
especiallysincetheintroductionofsteam——tohaveheardsuchanexposureofslaveryfromthelipsofaslave。Itwillbeaneraintheindividualhistoryofthepresentassembly。Ourchildren——ourboysandgirls——Ihavetonightseenthedelightfulsympathyoftheirheartsevincedbytheirheavingbreasts，whiletheireyessparkledwithwonderandadmiration，thatthisblackman——thisslave——hadsomuchlogic，somuchwit，somuchfancy，somucheloquence。Hewassomethingmorethanaman，accordingtotheirlittlenotions。Then，Isay，wemusthearhimagain。
Wehavegotapurposetoaccomplish。HehasappealedtothepulpitofEngland。TheEnglishpulpitiswithhim。HehasappealedtothepressofEngland；thepressofEnglandisconductedbyEnglishhearts，andthatpresswilldohimjustice。
Abouttendayshence，andhissecondmaster，whomaywellprize“suchapieceofgoods，“willhavethepleasureofreadinghisburningwords，andhisfirstmasterwillblesshimselfthathehasgotquitofhim。Wehavetocreatepublicopinion，orrather，nottocreateit，foritiscreatedalready；butwehavetofosterit；andwhentonightIheardthosemagnificentwords——
thewordsofCurran，bywhichmyheart，fromboyhood，hasofttimesbeendeeplymoved——IrejoicetothinkthattheyembodyaninstinctofanEnglishman\'snature。Iheard，withinexpressibledelight，howtheytoldonthismightymassofthecitizensofthemetropolis。
Britainhasnownoslaves；wecanthereforetalktotheothernationsnow，aswecouldnothavetalkedadozenyearsago。I
wantthewholeoftheLondonministrytomeetDouglass。ForashisappealistoEngland，andthroughoutEngland，Ishouldrejoiceintheideaofchurchmenanddissentersmergingallsectionaldistinctionsinthiscause。Letushaveapublicbreakfast。Lettheministersmeethim；letthemhearhim；letthemgrasphishand；andlethimenlisttheirsympathiesonbehalfoftheslave。Lethiminspirethemwithabhorrenceoftheman-stealer——theslaveholder。NoslaveholdingAmericanshallevermycrossmydoor。Noslaveholdingorslavery-supportingministershalleverpollutemypulpit。WhileIhaveatonguetospeak，orahandtowrite，Iwill，totheutmostofmypower，opposetheseslaveholdingmen。WemusthaveDouglassamongstustoaidinfosteringpublicopinion。
ThegreatconflictwithslaverymustnowtakeplaceinAmerica；
and<329>whiletheyareaddingotherslavestatestotheUnion，ourbusinessistostepforwardandhelptheabolitioniststhere。
ItisapleasingcircumstancethatsuchabodyofmenhasriseninAmerica，andwhilstwehurlourthundersagainstherslavers，letusmakeadistinctionbetweenthosewhoadvocateslaveryandthosewhoopposeit。GeorgeThompsonhasbeenthere。Thisman，FrederickDouglass，hasbeenthere，andhasbeencompelledtoflee。Iwish，whenhefirstsetfootonourshores，hehadmadeasolemnvow，andsaid，“NowthatIamfree，andinthesanctuaryoffreedom，IwillneverreturntillIhaveseentheemancipationofmycountrycompleted。“Hewantstosurroundthesemen，theslaveholders，asbyawalloffire；andhehimselfmaydomuchtowardkindlingit。Lethimtravelovertheisland——east，west，north，andsouth——everywherediffusingknowledgeandawakeningprinciple，tillthewholenationbecomeabodyofpetitionerstoAmerica。Hewill，hemust，doit。HemustforaseasonmakeEnglandhishome。Hemustsendforhiswife。Hemustsendforhischildren。Iwanttoseethesonsanddaughtersofsuchasire。We，too，mustdosomethingforhimandthemworthyoftheEnglishname。Idonotliketheideaofamanofsuchmentaldimensions，suchmoralcourage，andallbutincomparabletalent，havinghisownsmallwants，andthewantsofadistantwifeandchildren，suppliedbythepoorprofitsofhispublication，thesketchofhislife。Letthepamphletbeboughtbytensofthousands。Butwewilldosomethingmoreforhim，shallwenot？
ItonlyremainsthatwepassaresolutionofthankstoFrederickDouglass，theslavethatwas，themanthatis！Hethatwascoveredwithchains，andthatisnowbeingcoveredwithglory，andwhomwewillsendbackagentleman。
LETTERTOHISOLDMASTER。[11]
_ToMyOldMaster，ThomasAuld_
SIR——Thelongandintimate，thoughbynomeansfriendly，relationwhichunhappilysubsistedbetweenyouandmyself，leadsmetohopethatyouwilleasilyaccountforthegreatlibertywhichI
nowtakeinaddressingyouinthisopenandpublicmanner。Thesamefactmayremoveanydisagreeablesurprisewhichyoumayexperienceonagainfindingyournamecoupledwithmine，inanyotherwaythaninanadvertisement，accuratelydescribingmyperson，andofferingalargesumformyarrest。Inthusdraggingyouagainbeforethepublic，IamawarethatIshallsubjectmyselftonoinconsiderableamountofcensure。Ishallprobablybechargedwithanunwarrantable，ifnotawantonandrecklessdisregardoftherightsandpropertiesofprivatelife。Therearethosenorthaswellassouthwhoentertainamuchhigherrespectforrightswhicharemerelyconventional，thantheydoforrightswhicharepersonalandessential。Notafewthereareinourcountry，who，whiletheyhavenoscruplesagainstrobbingthelaborerofthehardearnedresultsofhispatientindustry，willbeshockedbytheextremelyindelicatemannerofbringingyournamebeforethepublic。Believingthistobethecase，andwishingtomeeteveryreasonableorplausibleobjectiontomyconduct，IwillfranklystatethegrounduponwhichIjustfy{sic}
myselfinthisinstance，aswellasonformeroccasionswhenI
havethoughtpropertomentionyournameinpublic。Allwillagreethatamanguiltyoftheft，robbery，ormurder，hasforfeitedtherighttoconcealmentandprivatelife；thatthecommunityhavearighttosubjectsuchpersonstothemostcompleteexposure。Howevermuchtheymaydesireretirement，andaimtoconcealthemselvesandtheirmovementsfromthepopulargaze，thepublichavearighttoferretthemout，andbringtheirconductbefore[11]Itisnotoftenthatchattelsaddresstheirowners。Thefollowingletterisunique；andprobablytheonlyspecimenofthekindextant。ItwaswrittenwhileinEngland。
<331>thepropertribunalsofthecountryforinvestigation。Sir，youwillundoubtedlymaketheproperapplicationofthesegenerallyadmittedprinciples，andwilleasilyseethelightinwhichyouareregardedbyme；Iwillnotthereforemanifestilltemper，bycallingyouhardnames。Iknowyoutobeamanofsomeintelligence，andcanreadilydeterminethepreciseestimatewhichIentertainofyourcharacter。Imaythereforeindulgeinlanguagewhichmayseemtoothersindirectandambiguous，andyetbequitewellunderstoodbyyourself。
Ihaveselectedthisdayonwhichtoaddressyou，becauseitistheanniversaryofmyemancipation；andknowingnobetterway，I
amledtothisasthebestmodeofcelebratingthattrulyimportantevents。JusttenyearsagothisbeautifulSeptembermorning，yonbrightsunbeheldmeaslave——apoordegradedchattel——tremblingatthesoundofyourvoice，lamentingthatI
wasaman，andwishingmyselfabrute。ThehopeswhichIhadtreasuredupforweeksofasafeandsuccessfulescapefromyourgrasp，werepowerfullyconfrontedatthislasthourbydarkcloudsofdoubtandfear，makingmypersonshakeandmybosomtoheavewiththeheavycontestbetweenhopeandfear。IhavenowordstodescribetoyouthedeepagonyofsoulwhichI
experiencedonthatnever-to-be-forgottenmorning——forIleftbydaylight。Iwasmakingaleapinthedark。Theprobabilities，sofarasIcouldbyreasondeterminethem，werestoutlyagainsttheundertaking。ThepreliminariesandprecautionsIhadadoptedpreviously，allworkedbadly。Iwaslikeonegoingtowarwithoutweapons——tenchancesofdefeattooneofvictory。OneinwhomIhadconfided，andonewhohadpromisedmeassistance，appalledbyfearatthetrialhour，desertedme，thusleavingtheresponsibilityofsuccessorfailuresolelywithmyself。You，sir，canneverknowmyfeelings。AsIlookbacktothem，IcanscarcelyrealizethatIhavepassedthroughascenesotrying。
Trying，however，astheywere，andgloomyaswastheprospect，thanksbetotheMostHigh，whoisevertheGodoftheoppressed，atthemomentwhichwastodeterminemywholeearthlycareer，Hisgracewassufficient；mymindwasmadeup。Iembracedthegoldenopportunity，tookthemorningtideattheflood，andafreeman，young，active，andstrong，istheresult。
