第8章

类别:其他 作者:Samuel Scolnicov字数:3091更新时间:18/12/17 17:06:17
Norcanthewholebeinsomeoftheparts;forifthewholewereinsomeoftheparts,thegreaterwouldbeintheless,whichisimpossible。 Yes,impossible。 Butifthewholeisneitherinone,norinmorethanone,norinalloftheparts,itmustbeinsomethingelse,orceasetobeanywhereatall? Certainly。 Ifitwerenowhere,itwouldbenothing;butbeingawhole,andnotbeinginitself,itmustbeinanother。 Verytrue。 Theonethen,regardedasawhole,isinanother,butregardedasbeingallitsparts,isinitself;andthereforetheonemustbeitselfinitselfandalsoinanother。 Certainly。 Theonethen,beingofthisnature,isofnecessitybothatrestandinmotion? How? Theoneisatrestsinceitisinitself,forbeinginone,andnotpassingoutofthis,itisinthesame,whichisitself。 True。 Andthatwhichiseverinthesame,mustbeeveratrest? Certainly。 Well,andmustnotthat,onthecontrary,whichiseverinother,neverbeinthesame;andifneverinthesame,neveratrest,andifnotatrest,inmotion? True。 Thentheonebeingalwaysitselfinitselfandother,mustalwaysbebothatrestandinmotion? Clearly。 Andmustbethesamewithitself,andotherthanitself;andalsothesamewiththeothers,andotherthantheothers;thisfollowsfromitspreviousaffections。 Howso? Everythinginrelationtoeveryotherthing,iseitherthesameorother;orifneitherthesamenorother,thenintherelationofaparttoawhole,orofawholetoapart。 Clearly。 Andistheoneapartofitself? Certainlynot。 Sinceitisnotapartinrelationtoitselfitcannotberelatedtoitselfaswholetopart? Itcannot。 Butistheoneotherthanone? No。 Andthereforenototherthanitself? Certainlynot。 Ifthenitbeneitherother,norawhole,norapartinrelationtoitself,mustitnotbethesamewithitself? Certainly。 Butthen,again,athingwhichisinanotherplacefrom\"itself,\"ifthis\"itself\"remainsinthesameplacewithitself,mustbeotherthan\"itself,\"foritwillbeinanotherplace? True。 Thentheonehasbeenshowntobeatonceinitselfandinanother? Yes。 Thus,then,asappears,theonewillbeotherthanitself? True。 Well,then,ifanythingbeotherthananything,willitnotbeotherthanthatwhichisother? Certainly。 Andwillnotallthingsthatarenotone,beotherthantheone,andtheoneotherthanthenot—one? Ofcourse。 Thentheonewillbeotherthantheothers? True。 But,consider:—Arenottheabsolutesame,andtheabsoluteother,oppositestooneanother? Ofcourse。 Thenwillthesameeverbeintheother,ortheotherinthesame? Theywillnot。 Ifthentheotherisneverinthesame,thereisnothinginwhichtheotherisduringanyspaceoftime;forduringthatspaceoftime,howeversmall,theotherwouldbeinthegame。Isnotthattrue? Yes。 Andsincetheother—isneverinthesame,itcanneverbeinanythingthatis。 True。 Thentheotherwillneverbeeitherinthenotone,orintheone? Certainlynot。 Thennotbyreasonofothernessistheoneotherthanthenot—one,orthenot—oneotherthantheone。 No。 Norbyreasonofthemselveswilltheybeotherthanoneanother,ifnotpartakingoftheother。 Howcantheybe? Butiftheyarenotother,eitherbyreasonofthemselvesoroftheother,willtheynotaltogetherescapebeingotherthanoneanother? Theywill。 Again,thenot—onecannotpartakeoftheone;otherwiseitwouldnothavebeennot—one,butwouldhavebeeninsomewayone。 True。 Norcanthenot—onebenumber;forhavingnumber,itwouldnothavebeennot—oneatall。 Itwouldnot。 Again,isthenot—onepartoftheone;orrather,woulditnotinthatcasepartakeoftheone? Itwould。 Ifthen,ineverypointofview,theoneandthenot—onearedistinct,thenneitheristheonepartorwholeofthenot—one,noristhenot—onepartorwholeoftheone? No。 Butwesaidthatthingswhichareneitherpartsnorwholesofoneanother,norotherthanoneanother,willbethesamewithoneanother:—sowesaid? Yes。 Thenshallwesaythattheone,beinginthisrelationtothenot—one,isthesamewithit? Letussayso。 Thenitisthesamewithitselfandtheothers,andalsootherthanitselfandtheothers。 Thatappearstobetheinference。Anditwillalsobelikeandunlikeitselfandtheothers? Perhaps。 Sincetheonewasshowntobeotherthantheothers,theotherswillalsobeotherthantheone。 Yes。 Andtheoneisotherthantheothersinthesamedegreethattheothersareotherthanit,andneithermorenorless? True。 Andifneithermorenorless,theninalikedegree? Yes。 Invirtueoftheaffectionbywhichtheoneisotherthanothersandothersinlikemannerotherthanit,theonewillbeaffectedliketheothersandtheothersliketheone。 Howdoyoumean? Imaytakeasanillustrationthecaseofnames:Yougiveanametoathing? Yes。 Andyoumaysaythenameonceoroftener? Yes。 Andwhenyousayitonce,youmentionthatofwhichitisthename?andwhenmorethanonce,isitsomethingelsewhichyoumention? ormustitalwaysbethesamethingofwhichyouspeak,whetheryouutterthenameonceormorethanonce? Ofcourseitisthesame。 Andisnot\"other\"anamegiventoathing? Certainly。 Whenever,then,youusetheword\"other,\"whetheronceoroftener,younamethatofwhichitisthename,andtonootherdoyougivethename? True。 Thenwhenwesaythattheothersareotherthantheone,andtheoneotherthantheothers,inrepeatingtheword\"other\"wespeakofthatnaturetowhichthenameisapplied,andofnoother? Quitetrue。 Thentheonewhichisotherthanothers,andtheotherwhichisotherthantheone,inthattheword\"other\"isappliedtoboth,willbeinthesamecondition;andthatwhichisinthesameconditionislike? Yes。 Theninvirtueoftheaffectionbywhichtheoneisotherthantheothers,everythingwillbelikeeverything,foreverythingisotherthaneverything。 True。 Again,thelikeisopposedtotheunlike? Yes。 Andtheothertothesame? Trueagain。 Andtheonewasalsoshowntobethesamewiththeothers? Yes。 Andtobe,thesamewiththeothersistheoppositeofbeingotherthantheothers? Certainly。 Andinthatitwasotheritwasshowntobelike? Yes。 Butinthatitwasthesameitwillbeunlikebyvirtueoftheoppositeaffectiontothatwhichmadeitandthiswastheaffectionofotherness。 Yes。 Thesamethenwillmakeitunlike;otherwiseitwillnotbetheoppositeoftheother。 True。 Thentheonewillbebothlikeandunliketheothers;likeinsofarasitisother,andunlikeinsofarasitisthesame。 Yes,thatargumentmaybeused。 Andthereisanotherargument。 What? Insofarasitisaffectedinthesamewayitisnotaffectedotherwise,andnotbeingaffectedotherwiseisnotunlike,andnotbeingunlike,islike;butinsofarasitisaffectedbyotheritisotherwise,andbeingotherwiseaffectedisunlike。 True。 Thenbecausetheoneisthesamewiththeothersandotherthantheothers,oneitherofthesetwogrounds,oronbothofthem,itwillbebothlikeandunliketheothers? Certainly。 Andinthesamewayasbeingotherthanitself,andthesamewithitselfoneitherofthesetwogroundsandonbothofthem,itwillbelikeandunlikeitself。 Ofcourse。 Again,howfarcantheonetouchornottouchitselfandothers?—Consider。 Iamconsidering。