首页 > 其他> Three Dialogues

第2章

类别：其他 作者：佚名字数：20498更新时间：18/12/14 14:46:02
。Consequently，theverysameargumentswhichyouadmittedasconclusiveagainsttheSecondaryQualitiesare，withoutanyfartherapplicationofforce，againstthePrimarytoo。Besides，ifyouwilltrustyoursenses，isitnotplainallsensiblequalitiescoexist，ortothemappearasbeinginthesameplace？Dotheyeverrepresentamotion，orfigure，asbeingdivestedofallothervisibleandtangiblequalities？ 。Youneedsaynomoreonthishead。Iamfreetoown，iftherebenosecreterrororoversightinourproceedingshitherto，thatallsensiblequalitiesarealiketobedeniedexistencewithoutthemind。But，myfearisthatIhavebeentooliberalinmyformerconcessions，oroverlookedsomefallacyorother。Inshort，Ididnottaketimetothink。 。Forthatmatter，Hylas，youmaytakewhattimeyoupleaseinreviewingtheprogressofourinquiry。Youareatlibertytorecoveranyslipsyoumighthavemade，orofferwhateveryouhaveomittedwhichmakesforyourfirstopinion。 。OnegreatoversightItaketobethis——thatIdidnotsufficientlydistinguishthefromthe。 Now，thoughthislattermaynotexistwithoutthemind，yetitwillnotthencefollowthattheformercannot。 。Whatobjectdoyoumean？theobjectofthesenses？ 。Thesame。 。Itisthenimmediatelyperceived？{195} 。Right。 。Makemetounderstandthedifferencebetweenwhatisimmediatelyperceivedandasensation。 。ThesensationItaketobeanactofthemindperceiving；besideswhich，thereissomethingperceived；andthisIcallthe。Forexample，thereisredandyellowonthattulip。Butthentheactofperceivingthosecoloursisinmeonly，andnotinthetulip。 。Whattulipdoyouspeakof？Isitthatwhichyousee？ 。Thesame。 。Andwhatdoyouseebesidecolour，figure，andextension？ 。Nothing。 。Whatyouwouldsaythenisthattheredandyellowarecoexistentwiththeextension；isitnot？ 。Thatisnotall；Iwouldsaytheyhavearealexistencewithoutthemind，insomeunthinkingsubstance。 。ThatthecoloursarereallyinthetulipwhichIseeismanifest。Neithercanitbedeniedthatthistulipmayexistindependentofyourmindormine；but，thatanyimmediateobjectofthesenses，——thatis，anyidea，orcombinationofideas—— shouldexistinanunthinkingsubstance，orexteriorto minds，isinitselfanevidentcontradiction。NorcanIimaginehowthisfollowsfromwhatyousaidjustnow，towit，thattheredandyellowwereonthetulip，sinceyoudonotpretendtothatunthinkingsubstance。 。Youhaveanartfulway，Philonous，ofdivertingourinquiryfromthesubject。 。Iseeyouhavenomindtobepressedthatway。Toreturnthentoyourdistinctionbetweenand； ifItakeyouright，youdistinguishineveryperceptiontwothings，theoneanactionofthemind，theothernot。 。True。 。Andthisactioncannotexistin，orbelongto，anyunthinkingthing；but，whateverbesideisimpliedinaperceptionmay？{196} 。Thatismymeaning。 。Sothatiftherewasaperceptionwithoutanyactofthemind，itwerepossiblesuchaperceptionshouldexistinanunthinkingsubstance？ 。Igrantit。Butitisimpossiblethereshouldbesuchaperception。 。Whenisthemindsaidtobeactive？ 。Whenitproduces，putsanendto，orchanges，anything。 。Canthemindproduce，discontinue，orchangeanything，butbyanactofthewill？ 。Itcannot。 。Themindthereforeistobeaccountedinitsperceptionssofarforthasisincludedinthem？ 。Itis。 。InpluckingthisflowerIamactive；becauseIdoitbythemotionofmyhand，whichwasconsequentuponmyvolition； solikewiseinapplyingittomynose。Butiseitherofthesesmelling？ 。。 。Iacttooindrawingtheairthroughmynose； becausemybreathingsoratherthanotherwiseistheeffectofmyvolition。Butneithercanthisbecalled:for，ifitwere，IshouldsmelleverytimeIbreathedinthatmanner？ 。True。 。Smellingthenissomewhatconsequenttoallthis？ 。Itis。 。ButIdonotfindmywillconcernedanyfarther。 Whatevermorethereis——asthatIperceivesuchaparticularsmell，oranysmellatall——thisisindependentofmywill，andthereinIamaltogetherpassive。Doyoufinditotherwisewithyou，Hylas？ 。No，theverysame。 。Then，astoseeing，isitnotinyourpowertoopenyoureyes，orkeepthemshut；toturnthemthisorthatway？ 。Withoutdoubt。 。But，dothitinlikemannerdependonwillthatinlookingonthisfloweryouperceiveratherthananyothercolour？Or，directingyouropeneyestowardsyonderpartoftheheaven，canyouavoidseeingthesun？Orislightordarknesstheeffectofyourvolition？ 。No，certainly。 。Youarethenintheserespectsaltogetherpassive？ {197} 。Iam。 。Tellmenow，whetherconsistsinperceivinglightandcolours，orinopeningandturningtheeyes？ 。Withoutdoubt，intheformer。 。Sincethereforeyouareintheveryperceptionoflightandcoloursaltogetherpassive，whatisbecomeofthatactionyouwerespeakingofasaningredientineverysensation？ And，dothitnotfollowfromyourownconcessions，thattheperceptionoflightandcolours，includingnoactioninit，mayexistinanunperceivingsubstance？Andisnotthisaplaincontradiction？ 。Iknownotwhattothinkofit。 。Besides，sinceyoudistinguishtheandineveryperception，youmustdoitinthatofpain。 Buthowisitpossiblethatpain，beitaslittleactiveasyouplease，shouldexistinanunperceivingsubstance？Inshort，dobutconsiderthepoint，andthenconfessingenuously，whetherlightandcolours，tastes，sounds，&c。arenotallequallypassionsorsensationsinthesoul。Youmayindeedcallthem，andgivetheminwordswhatsubsistenceyouplease。But，examineyourownthoughts，andthentellmewhetheritbenotasIsay？ 。Iacknowledge，Philonous，that，uponafairobservationofwhatpassesinmymind，IcandiscovernothingelsebutthatIamathinkingbeing，affectedwithvarietyofsensations；neitherisitpossibletoconceivehowasensationshouldexistinanunperceivingsubstance。Butthen，ontheotherhand，whenIlookonsensiblethingsinadifferentview，consideringthemassomanymodesandqualities，Ifinditnecessarytosupposea，withoutwhichtheycannotbeconceivedtoexist。 。callyouit？Pray，bywhichofyoursensescameyouacquaintedwiththatbeing？ 。Itisnotitselfsensible；itsmodesandqualitiesonlybeingperceivedbythesenses。 。Ipresumethenitwasbyreflexionandreasonyouobtainedtheideaofit？ 。Idonotpretendtoanyproperpositiveofit。 However，Iconcludeitexists，becausequalitiescannotbeconceivedtoexistwithoutasupport。 。Itseemsthenyouhaveonlyarelativeofit，orthatyouconceiveitnototherwisethanbyconceivingtherelationitbearstosensiblequalities？{198} 。Right。 。Bepleasedthereforetoletmeknowwhereinthatrelationconsists。 。Isitnotsufficientlyexpressedintheterm，or？ 。Ifso，thewordshouldimportthatitisspreadunderthesensiblequalitiesoraccidents？ 。True。 。Andconsequentlyunderextension？ 。Iownit。 。Itisthereforesomewhatinitsownnatureentirelydistinctfromextension？ 。Itellyou，extensionisonlyamode，andMatterissomethingthatsupportsmodes。Andisitnotevidentthethingsupportedisdifferentfromthethingsupporting？ 。Sothatsomethingdistinctfrom，andexclusiveof，extensionissupposedtobetheofextension？ 。Justso。 。Answerme，Hylas。Canathingbespreadwithoutextension？orisnottheideaofextensionnecessarilyincludedin？ 。Itis。 。Whatsoeverthereforeyousupposespreadunderanythingmusthaveinitselfanextensiondistinctfromtheextensionofthatthingunderwhichitisspread？ 。Itmust。 。Consequently，everycorporealsubstance，beingtheofextension，musthaveinitselfanotherextension，bywhichitisqualifiedtobea:andsoontoinfinity。AndIaskwhetherthisbenotabsurdinitself，andrepugnanttowhatyougrantedjustnow，towit，thatthewassomethingdistinctfromandexclusiveofextension？ 。Ayebut，Philonous，youtakemewrong。IdonotmeanthatMatterisinagrossliteralsenseunderextension。 Thewordisusedonlytoexpressingeneralthesamethingwith。 。Wellthen，letusexaminetherelationimpliedintheterm。Isitnotthatitstandsunderaccidents？ 。Theverysame。 。But，thatonethingmaystandunderorsupportanother，mustitnotbeextended？ 。Itmust。{199} 。Isnotthereforethissuppositionliabletothesameabsurditywiththeformer？ 。Youstilltakethingsinastrictliteralsense。Thatisnotfair，Philonous。 。Iamnotforimposinganysenseonyourwords:youareatlibertytoexplainthemasyouplease。Only，Ibeseechyou，makemeunderstandsomethingbythem。YoutellmeMattersupportsorstandsunderaccidents。How!isitasyourlegssupportyourbody？ 。No；thatistheliteralsense。 。Prayletmeknowanysense，literalornotliteral，thatyouunderstanditin——HowlongmustIwaitforananswer，Hylas？ 。IdeclareIknownotwhattosay。IoncethoughtI understoodwellenoughwhatwasmeantbyMatter\'ssupportingaccidents。Butnow，themoreIthinkonitthelesscanI comprehendit:inshortIfindthatIknownothingofit。 。Itseemsthenyouhavenoideaatall，neitherrelativenorpositive，ofMatter；youknowneitherwhatitisinitself，norwhatrelationitbearstoaccidents？ 。Iacknowledgeit。 。Andyetyouassertedthatyoucouldnotconceivehowqualitiesoraccidentsshouldreallyexist，withoutconceivingatthesametimeamaterialsupportofthem？ 。Idid。 。Thatistosay，whenyouconceivetherealexistenceofqualities，youdowithalconceiveSomethingwhichyoucannotconceive？ 。Itwaswrong，Iown。ButstillIfearthereissomefallacyorother。Praywhatthinkyouofthis？Itisjustcomeintomyheadthatthegroundofallourmistakeliesinyourtreatingofeachqualitybyitself。Now，Igrantthateachqualitycannotsinglysubsistwithoutthemind。Colourcannotwithoutextension，neithercanfigurewithoutsomeothersensiblequality。But，astheseveralqualitiesunitedorblendedtogetherformentiresensiblethings，nothinghinderswhysuchthingsmaynotbesupposedtoexistwithoutthemind。 。Either，Hylas，youarejesting，orhaveaverybadmemory。Thoughindeedwewentthroughallthequalitiesbynameoneafteranother，yetmyargumentsorratheryourconcessions，nowheretendedtoprovethattheSecondaryQualitiesdidnotsubsisteachalonebyitself；but，thattheywerenot{200}withoutthemind。Indeed，intreatingoffigureandmotionweconcludedtheycouldnotexistwithoutthemind，becauseitwasimpossibleeveninthoughttoseparatethemfromallsecondaryqualities，soastoconceivethemexistingbythemselves。Butthenthiswasnottheonlyargumentmadeuseofuponthatoccasion。But(topassbyallthathathbeenhithertosaid，andreckonitfornothing，ifyouwillhaveitso)Iamcontenttoputthewholeuponthisissue。Ifyoucanconceiveitpossibleforanymixtureorcombinationofqualities，oranysensibleobjectwhatever，toexistwithoutthemind，thenIwillgrantitactuallytobeso。 。Ifitcomestothatthepointwillsoonbedecided。 Whatmoreeasythantoconceiveatreeorhouseexistingbyitself，independentof，andunperceivedby，anymindwhatsoever？ Idoatthispresenttimeconceivethemexistingafterthatmanner。 。Howsayyou，Hylas，canyouseeathingwhichisatthesametimeunseen？ 。No，thatwereacontradiction。 。Isitnotasgreatacontradictiontotalkofathingwhichis？ 。Itis。 。The，treeorhousethereforewhichyouthinkofisconceivedbyyou？ 。Howshoulditbeotherwise？ 。Andwhatisconceivedissurelyinthemind？ 。Withoutquestion，thatwhichisconceivedisinthemind。 。Howthencameyoutosay，youconceivedahouseortreeexistingindependentandoutofallmindswhatsoever？ 。ThatwasIownanoversight；butstay，letmeconsiderwhatledmeintoit——Itisapleasantmistakeenough。 AsIwasthinkingofatreeinasolitaryplace，wherenoonewaspresenttoseeit，methoughtthatwastoconceiveatreeasexistingunperceivedorunthoughtof；notconsideringthatI myselfconceiveditallthewhile。ButnowIplainlyseethatallIcandoistoframeideasinmyownmind。Imayindeedconceiveinmyownthoughtstheideaofatree，orahouse，oramountain，butthatisall。AndthisisfarfromprovingthatIcanconceivethem。 。Youacknowledgethenthatyoucannotpossiblyconceivehowanyonecorporealsensiblethingshouldexistotherwisethaninthemind？{201} 。Ido。 。Andyetyouwillearnestlycontendforthetruthofthatwhichyoucannotsomuchasconceive？ 。IprofessIknownotwhattothink；butstilltherearesomescruplesremainwithme。IsitnotcertainIadistance？Dowenotperceivethestarsandmoon，forexample，tobeagreatwayoff？Isnotthis，Isay，manifesttothesenses？ 。Doyounotinadreamtooperceivethoseorthelikeobjects？ 。Ido。 。Andhavetheynotthenthesameappearanceofbeingdistant？ 。Theyhave。 。Butyoudonotthenceconcludetheapparitionsinadreamtobewithoutthemind？ 。Bynomeans。 。Yououghtnotthereforetoconcludethatsensibleobjectsarewithoutthemind，fromtheirappearance，ormannerwhereintheyareperceived。 。Iacknowledgeit。Butdothnotmysensedeceivemeinthosecases？ 。Bynomeans。Theideaorthingwhichyouimmediatelyperceive，neithersensenorreasoninformsyouthatitactuallyexistswithoutthemind。Bysenseyouonlyknowthatyouareaffectedwithsuchcertainsensationsoflightandcolours，&c。 Andtheseyouwillnotsayarewithoutthemind。 。True:but，besideallthat，doyounotthinkthesightsuggestssomethingof？ 。Uponapproachingadistantobject，dothevisiblesizeandfigurechangeperpetually，ordotheyappearthesameatalldistances？ 。Theyareinacontinualchange。 。Sightthereforedothnotsuggest，oranywayinformyou，thatthevisibleobjectyouimmediatelyperceiveexistsatadistance，orwillbeperceivedwhenyouadvancefartheronward； therebeingacontinuedseriesofvisibleobjectssucceedingeachotherduringthewholetimeofyourapproach。 。Itdothnot；butstillIknow，uponseeinganobject，whatobjectIshallperceiveafterhavingpassedoveracertaindistance:{202}nomatterwhetheritbeexactlythesameorno: thereisstillsomethingofdistancesuggestedinthecase。 。GoodHylas，dobutreflectalittleonthepoint，andthentellmewhethertherebeanymoreinitthanthis:fromtheideasyouactuallyperceivebysight，youhavebyexperiencelearnedtocollectwhatotherideasyouwill(accordingtothestandingorderofnature)beaffectedwith，aftersuchacertainsuccessionoftimeandmotion。 。Uponthewhole，Itakeittobenothingelse。 。Now，isitnotplainthatifwesupposeamanbornblindwasonasuddenmadetosee，hecouldatfirsthavenoexperienceofwhatmaybebysight？ 。Itis。 。Hewouldnotthen，accordingtoyou，haveanynotionofdistanceannexedtothethingshesaw；butwouldtakethemforanewsetofsensations，existingonlyinhismind？ 。Itisundeniable。 。But，tomakeitstillmoreplain:isnot alineturnedendwisetotheeye？ 。Itis。 。Andcanalinesosituatedbeperceivedbysight？ 。Itcannot。 。Dothitnotthereforefollowthatdistanceisnotproperlyandimmediatelyperceivedbysight？ 。Itshouldseemso。 。Again，isityouropinionthatcoloursareatadistance？ 。Itmustbeacknowledgedtheyareonlyinthemind。 。Butdonotcoloursappeartotheeyeascoexistinginthesameplacewithextensionandfigures？ 。Theydo。 。Howcanyouthenconcludefromsightthatfiguresexistwithout，whenyouacknowledgecoloursdonot；thesensibleappearancebeingtheverysamewithregardtoboth？ 。Iknownotwhattoanswer。 。But，allowingthatdistancewastrulyandimmediatelyperceivedbythemind，yetitwouldnotthencefollowitexistedoutofthemind。For，whateverisimmediatelyperceivedisanidea:andcananyideaexistoutofthemind？ 。Tosupposethatwereabsurd:but，informme，Philonous，canweperceiveorknownothingbesideourideas？ 。Asfortherationaldeducingofcausesfromeffects，{203}thatisbesideourinquiry。And，bythesensesyoucanbesttellwhetheryouperceiveanythingwhichisnotimmediatelyperceived。AndIaskyou，whetherthethingsimmediatelyperceivedareotherthanyourownsensationsorideas？Youhaveindeedmorethanonce，inthecourseofthisconversation，declaredyourselfonthosepoints；butyouseem，bythislastquestion，tohavedepartedfromwhatyouthenthought。 。Tospeakthetruth，Philonous，Ithinktherearetwokindsofobjects:——theoneperceivedimmediately，whicharelikewisecalled；theotherarerealthingsorexternalobjects，perceivedbythemediationofideas，whicharetheirimagesandrepresentations。Now，Iownideasdonotexistwithoutthemind；butthelattersortofobjectsdo。IamsorryIdidnotthinkofthisdistinctionsooner；itwouldprobablyhavecutshortyourdiscourse。 。Arethoseexternalobjectsperceivedbysenseorbysomeotherfaculty？ 。Theyareperceivedbysense。 。HowlIsthereanythingperceivedbysensewhichisnotimmediatelyperceived？ 。Yes，Philonous，insomesortthereis。Forexample，whenIlookonapictureorstatueofJuliusCaesar，Imaybesaidafteramannertoperceivehim(thoughnotimmediately)bymysenses。 。Itseemsthenyouwillhaveourideas，whichaloneareimmediatelyperceived，tobepicturesofexternalthings:andthatthesealsoareperceivedbysense，inasmuchastheyhaveaconformityorresemblancetoourideas？ 。Thatismymeaning。 。And，inthesamewaythatJuliusCaesar，inhimselfinvisible，isneverthelessperceivedbysight；realthings，inthemselvesimperceptible，areperceivedbysense。 。Intheverysame。 。Tellme，Hylas，whenyoubeholdthepictureofJuliusCaesar，doyouseewithyoureyesanymorethansomecoloursandfigures，withacertainsymmetryandcompositionofthewhole？ 。Nothingelse。 。AndwouldnotamanwhohadneverknownanythingofJuliusCaesarseeasmuch？{204} 。Hewould。 。Consequentlyhehathhissight，andtheuseofit，inasperfectadegreeasyou？ 。Iagreewithyou。 。WhencecomesitthenthatyourthoughtsaredirectedtotheRomanemperor，andhisarenot？Thiscannotproceedfromthesensationsorideasofsensebyyouthenperceived；sinceyouacknowledgeyouhavenoadvantageoverhiminthatrespect。Itshouldseemthereforetoproceedfromreasonandmemory:shoulditnot？ 。Itshould。 。Consequently，itwillnotfollowfromthatinstancethatanythingisperceivedbysensewhichisnot，immediatelyperceived。ThoughIgrantwemay，inoneacceptation，besaidtoperceivesensiblethingsmediatelybysense:thatis，when，fromafrequentlyperceivedconnexion，theimmediateperceptionofideasbyonesensetothemindothers，perhapsbelongingtoanothersense，whicharewonttobeconnectedwiththem。Forinstance，whenIhearacoachdrivealongthestreets，immediatelyIperceiveonlythesound；but，fromtheexperienceI havehadthatsuchasoundisconnectedwithacoach，Iamsaidtohearthecoach。Itisneverthelessevidentthat，intruthandstrictness，nothingcanbe；andthecoachisnotthenproperlyperceivedbysense，butsuggestedfromexperience。Solikewisewhenwearesaidtoseeared-hotbarofiron；thesolidityandheatoftheironarenottheobjectsofsight，butsuggestedtotheimaginationbythecolourandfigurewhichareproperlyperceivedbythatsense。Inshort，thosethingsaloneareactuallyandstrictlyperceivedbyanysense，whichwouldhavebeenperceivedincasethatsamesensehadthenbeenfirstconferredonus。Asforotherthings，itisplaintheyareonlysuggestedtothemindbyexperience，groundedonformerperceptions。But，toreturntoyourcomparisonofCaesar\'spicture，itisplain，ifyoukeeptothat，youmustholdtherealthings，orarchetypesofourideas，arenotperceivedbysense，butbysomeinternalfacultyofthesoul，asreasonormemory。I wouldthereforefainknowwhatargumentsyoucandrawfromreasonfortheexistenceofwhatyoucall。Or，whetheryouremembertohaveseenthemformerlyastheyareinthemselves；or，ifyouhaveheardorreadofanyonethatdid。{205} 。Isee，Philonous，youaredisposedtoraillery；butthatwillneverconvinceme。 。Myaimisonlytolearnfromyouthewaytocomeattheknowledgeof。Whateverweperceiveisperceivedimmediatelyormediately:bysense，orbyreasonandreflexion。But，asyouhaveexcludedsense，prayshewmewhatreasonyouhavetobelievetheirexistence；orwhatyoucanpossiblymakeuseoftoproveit，eithertomineoryourownunderstanding。 。Todealingenuously，Philonous，nowIconsiderthepoint，IdonotfindIcangiveyouanygoodreasonforit。But，thusmuchseemsprettyplain，thatitisatleastpossiblesuchthingsmayreallyexist。And，aslongasthereisnoabsurdityinsupposingthem，IamresolvedtobelieveasIdid，tillyoubringgoodreasonstothecontrary。 。What!Isitcometothis，thatyouonly theexistenceofmaterialobjects，andthatyourbeliefisfoundedbarelyonthepossibilityofitsbeingtrue？Thenyouwillhavemebringreasonsagainstit:thoughanotherwouldthinkitreasonabletheproofshouldlieonhimwhoholdstheaffirmative。And，afterall，thisverypointwhichyouarenowresolvedtomaintain，withoutanyreason，isineffectwhatyouhavemorethanonceduringthisdiscourseseengoodreasontogiveup。But，topassoverallthis；ifIunderstandyourightly，yousayourideasdonotexistwithoutthemind，butthattheyarecopies，images，orrepresentations，ofcertainoriginalsthatdo？ 。Youtakemeright。 。Theyarethenlikeexternalthings？ 。Theyare。 。Havethosethingsastableandpermanentnature，independentofoursenses；oraretheyinaperpetualchange，uponourproducinganymotionsinourbodies——suspending，exerting，oraltering，ourfacultiesororgansofsense？ 。Realthings，itisplain，haveafixedandrealnature，whichremainsthesamenotwithstandinganychangeinoursenses，orinthepostureandmotionofourbodies；whichindeedmayaffecttheideasinourminds，butitwereabsurdtothinktheyhadthesameeffectonthingsexistingwithoutthemind。 。Howthenisitpossiblethatthingsperpetuallyfleetingandvariableasourideasshouldbecopiesorimagesofanythingfixedandconstant？Or，inotherwords，sinceallsensible{206}qualities，assize，figure，colour，&c。，thatis，ourideas，arecontinuallychanging，uponeveryalterationinthedistance，medium，orinstrumentsofsensation；howcananydeterminatematerialobjectsbeproperlyrepresentedorpaintedforthbyseveraldistinctthings，eachofwhichissodifferentfromandunliketherest？Or，ifyousayitresemblessomeoneonlyofourideas，howshallwebeabletodistinguishthetruecopyfromallthefalseones？ 。Iprofess，Philonous，Iamataloss。Iknownotwhattosaytothis。 。Butneitheristhisall。Whicharematerialobjectsinthemselves——perceptibleorimperceptible？ 。Properlyandimmediatelynothingcanbeperceivedbutideas。Allmaterialthings，therefore，areinthemselvesinsensible，andtobeperceivedonlybyourideas。 。Ideasthenaresensible，andtheirarchetypesororiginalsinsensible？ 。Right。 。Buthowcanthatwhichissensiblebelikethatwhichisinsensible？Canarealthing，initself，belikea；orarealthing，whichisnot，belikea？Inaword，cananythingbelikeasensationoridea，butanothersensationoridea？ 。Imustown，Ithinknot。 。Isitpossiblethereshouldbeanydoubtonthepoint？Do。younotperfectlyknowyourownideas？ 。Iknowthemperfectly；sincewhatIdonotperceiveorknowcanbenopartofmyidea。 。Consider，therefore，andexaminethem，andthentellmeiftherebeanythinginthemwhichcanexistwithoutthemind: orifyoucanconceiveanythinglikethemexistingwithoutthemind。 。Uponinquiry，Ifinditisimpossibleformetoconceiveorunderstandhowanythingbutanideacanbelikeanidea。Anditismostevidentthat。 。Youaretherefore，byyourprinciples，forcedtodenytheofsensiblethings；sinceyoumadeittoconsistinanabsoluteexistenceexteriortothemind。Thatistosay，youareadownrightsceptic。SoIhavegainedmypoint，whichwastoshewyourprinciplesledtoScepticism。{207} 。ForthepresentIam，ifnotentirelyconvinced，atleastsilenced。 。Iwouldfainknowwhatmoreyouwouldrequireinordertoaperfectconviction。Haveyounothadthelibertyofexplainingyourselfallmannerofways？Wereanylittleslipsindiscourselaidholdandinsistedon？Orwereyounotallowedtoretractorreinforceanythingyouhadoffered，asbestservedyourpurpose？Hathnoteverythingyoucouldsaybeenheardandexaminedwithallthefairnessimaginable？Inawordhaveyounotineverypointbeenconvincedoutofyourownmouth？And，ifyoucanatpresentdiscoveranyflawinanyofyourformerconcessions，orthinkofanyremainingsubterfuge，anynewdistinction，colour，orcommentwhatsoever，whydoyounotproduceit？ 。Alittlepatience，Philonous。Iamatpresentsoamazedtoseemyselfensnared，andasitwereimprisonedinthelabyrinthsyouhavedrawnmeinto，thatonthesuddenitcannotbeexpectedIshouldfindmywayout。Youmustgivemetimetolookaboutmeandrecollectmyself。 。Hark；isnotthisthecollegebell？ 。Itringsforprayers。 。Wewillgointhen，ifyouplease，andmeethereagaintomorrowmorning。Inthemeantime，youmayemployyourthoughtsonthismorning\'sdiscourse，andtryifyoucanfindanyfallacyinit，orinventanynewmeanstoextricateyourself。 。Agreed。{208} THESECONDDIALOGUE 。Ibegyourpardon，Philonous，fornotmeetingyousooner。AllthismorningmyheadwassofilledwithourlateconversationthatIhadnotleisuretothinkofthetimeoftheday，orindeedofanythingelse。 。Iamgladyouweresointentuponit，inhopesiftherewereanymistakesinyourconcessions，orfallaciesinmyreasoningsfromthem，youwillnowdiscoverthemtome。 。IassureyouIhavedonenothingeversinceIsawyoubutsearchaftermistakesandfallacies，and，withthatview，haveminutelyexaminedthewholeseriesofyesterday\'sdiscourse: butallinvain，forthenotionsitledmeinto，uponreview，appearstillmoreclearandevident；and，themoreIconsiderthem，themoreirresistiblydotheyforcemyassent。 。Andisnotthis，thinkyou，asignthattheyaregenuine，thattheyproceedfromnature，andareconformabletorightreason？Truthandbeautyareinthisalike，thatthestrictestsurveysetsthembothofftoadvantage；whilethefalselustreoferroranddisguisecannotendurebeingreviewed，ortoonearlyinspected。 。Iownthereisagreatdealinwhatyousay。Norcananyonebemoreentirelysatisfiedofthetruthofthoseoddconsequences，solongasIhaveinviewthereasoningsthatleadtothem。But，whentheseareoutofmythoughts，thereseems，ontheotherhand，somethingsosatisfactory，sonaturalandintelligible，inthemodernwayofexplainingthingsthat，I profess，Iknownothowtorejectit。 。Iknownotwhatwayyoumean。 。Imeanthewayofaccountingforoursensationsorideas。 。Howisthat？ 。Itissupposedthesoulmakesherresidenceinsomepartofthebrain，fromwhichthenervestaketheirrise，andarethenceextendedtoallpartsofthebody；andthatoutwardobjects，bythedifferentimpressionstheymakeontheorgansofsense，communicatecertainvibrativemotionstothenerves；andthesebeingfilledwithspiritspropagatethemtothebrain{209} orseatofthesoul，which，accordingtothevariousimpressionsortracestherebymadeinthebrain，isvariouslyaffectedwithideas。 。Andcallyouthisanexplicationofthemannerwherebyweareaffectedwithideas？ 。Whynot，Philonous？Haveyouanythingtoobjectagainstit？ 。IwouldfirstknowwhetherIrightlyunderstandyourhypothesis。Youmakecertaintracesinthebraintobethecausesoroccasionsofourideas。Praytellmewhetherbythe youmeananysensiblething。 。WhatelsethinkyouIcouldmean？ 。Sensiblethingsareallimmediatelyperceivable；andthosethingswhichareimmediatelyperceivableareideas；andtheseexistonlyinthemind。Thusmuchyouhave，ifImistakenot，longsinceagreedto。 。Idonotdenyit。 。Thebrainthereforeyouspeakof，beingasensiblething，existsonlyinthemind。Now，Iwouldfainknowwhetheryouthinkitreasonabletosupposethatoneideaorthingexistinginthemindoccasionsallotherideas。And，ifyouthinkso，prayhowdoyouaccountfortheoriginofthatprimaryideaorbrainitself？ 。Idonotexplaintheoriginofourideasbythatbrainwhichisperceivabletosense——thisbeingitselfonlyacombinationofsensibleideas——butbyanotherwhichIimagine。 。Butarenotthingsimaginedastruly asthingsperceived？ 。Imustconfesstheyare。 。Itcomes，therefore，tothesamething；andyouhavebeenallthiswhileaccountingforideasbycertainmotionsorimpressionsofthebrain；thatis，bysomealterationsinanidea，whethersensibleorimaginableitmattersnot。 。Ibegintosuspectmyhypothesis。 。Besidesspirits，allthatweknoworconceiveareourownideas。When，therefore，yousayallideasareoccasionedbyimpressionsinthebrain，doyouconceivethisbrainorno？Ifyoudo，thenyoutalkofideasimprintedinanideacausingthatsameidea，whichisabsurd。Ifyoudonotconceiveit，youtalkunintelligibly，insteadofformingareasonablehypothesis。{210} 。Inowclearlyseeitwasameredream。Thereisnothinginit。 。Youneednotbemuchconcernedatit；forafterall，thiswayofexplainingthings，asyoucalledit，couldneverhavesatisfiedanyreasonableman。Whatconnexionistherebetweenamotioninthenerves，andthesensationsofsoundorcolourinthemind？Orhowisitpossibletheseshouldbetheeffectofthat？ 。ButIcouldneverthinkithadsolittleinitasnowitseemstohave。 。Wellthen，areyouatlengthsatisfiedthatnosensiblethingshavearealexistence；andthatyouareintruthanarrantsceptic？ 。Itistooplaintobedenied。 。Look!arenotthefieldscoveredwithadelightfulverdure？Istherenotsomethinginthewoodsandgroves，intheriversandclearsprings，thatsoothes，thatdelights，thattransportsthesoul？Attheprospectofthewideanddeepocean，orsomehugemountainwhosetopislostintheclouds，orofanoldgloomyforest，arenotourmindsfilledwithapleasinghorror？Eveninrocksanddesertsistherenotanagreeablewildness？Howsincereapleasureisittobeholdthenaturalbeautiesoftheearth!Topreserveandrenewour，relishforthem，isnottheveilofnightalternatelydrawnoverherface，anddothshenotchangeherdresswiththeseasons？Howaptlyaretheelementsdisposed!Whatvarietyanduse[inthemeanestproductionsofnature]![4]Whatdelicacy，whatbeauty，whatcontrivance，inanimalandvegetablebodiesIHowexquisitelyareallthingssuited，aswelltotheirparticularends，astoconstituteoppositepartsofthewholeIAnd，whiletheymutuallyaidandsupport，dotheynotalsosetoffandillustrateeachother？Raisenowyourthoughtsfromthisballofearthtoallthosegloriousluminariesthatadornthehigharchofheaven。Themotionandsituationoftheplanets，aretheynotadmirableforuseandorder？Werethose(miscalled)globesonceknowntostray，intheirrepeatedjourneysthroughthepathlessvoid？ Dotheynotmeasureareasroundthesuneverproportionedtothetimes？Sofixed，soimmutablearethelawsbywhichtheunseenAuthorofnatureactuatestheuniverse。{211}Howvividandradiantisthelustreofthefixedstars!Howmagnificentandrichthatnegligentprofusionwithwhichtheyappeartobescatteredthroughoutthewholeazurevault!Yet，ifyoutakethetelescope，itbringsintoyoursightanewhostofstarsthatescapethenakedeye。Heretheyseemcontiguousandminute，buttoanearerviewimmenseorbsoffightatvariousdistances，farsunkintheabyssofspace。Nowyoumustcallimaginationtoyouraid。Thefeeblenarrowsensecannotdescryinnumerableworldsrevolvingroundthecentralfires；andinthoseworldstheenergyofanall-perfectMinddisplayedinendlessforms。But，neithersensenorimaginationarebigenoughtocomprehendtheboundlessextent，withallitsglitteringfurniture。Thoughthelabouringmindexertandstraineachpowertoitsutmostreach，therestillstandsoutungraspedasurplusageimmeasurable。Yetallthevastbodiesthatcomposethismightyframe，howdistantandremotesoever，arebysomesecretmechanism，someDivineartandforce，linkedinamutualdependenceandintercoursewitheachother； evenwiththisearth，whichwasalmostsliptfrommythoughtsandlostinthecrowdofworlds。Isnotthewholesystemimmense，beautiful，gloriousbeyondexpressionandbeyondthought!Whattreatment，then，dothosephilosophersdeserve，whowoulddeprivethesenobleanddelightfulscenesofall？HowshouldthosePrinciplesbeentertainedthatleadustothinkallthevisiblebeautyofthecreationafalseimaginaryglare？Tobeplain，canyouexpectthisScepticismofyourswillnotbethoughtextravagantlyabsurdbyallmenofsense？ 。Othermenmaythinkastheyplease；butforyourpartyouhavenothingtoreproachmewith。Mycomfortis，youareasmuchascepticasIam。 。There，Hylas，Imustbegleavetodifferfromyou。 。What!Haveyouallalongagreedtothepremises，anddoyounowdenytheconclusion，andleavemetomaintainthoseparadoxesbymyselfwhichyouledmeinto？Thissurelyisnotfair。 。denythatIagreedwithyouinthosenotionsthatledtoScepticism。Youindeedsaidtheofsensiblethingsconsistedin，ordistinctfromtheirbeingperceived。Andpursuanttothisnotionofreality，areobligedtodenysensiblethingsany{212}realexistence:thatis，accordingtoyourowndefinition，youprofessyourselfasceptic。ButIneithersaidnorthoughttherealityofsensiblethingswastobedefinedafterthatmanner。Tomeitisevidentforthereasonsyouallowof，thatsensiblethingscannotexistotherwisethaninamindorspirit。WhenceIconclude，notthattheyhavenorealexistence，butthat。，seeingtheydependnotonmythought，andhaveallexistencedistinctfrombeingperceivedbyme，。Assure，therefore，asthesensibleworldreallyexists，sosureisthereaninfiniteomnipresentSpiritwhocontainsandsupportsit。 。What!ThisisnomorethanIandallChristianshold； nay，andallotherstoowhobelievethereisaGod，andthatHeknowsandcomprehendsallthings。 。Aye，buthereliesthedifference。MencommonlybelievethatallthingsareknownorperceivedbyGod，becausetheybelievethebeingofaGod；whereasI，ontheotherside，immediatelyandnecessarilyconcludethebeingofaGod，becauseallsensiblethingsmustbeperceivedbyHim。 。But，solongasweallbelievethesamething，whatmatterisithowwecomebythatbelief？ 。Butneitherdoweagreeinthesameopinion。Forphilosophers，thoughtheyacknowledgeallcorporealbeingstobeperceivedbyGod，yettheyattributetothemanabsolutesubsistencedistinctfromtheirbeingperceivedbyanymindwhatever；whichIdonot。Besides，istherenodifferencebetweensaying，，； andsaying，；，，:？Thisfurnishesyouwithadirectandimmediatedemonstration，fromamostevidentprinciple，ofthe。Divinesandphilosophershadprovedbeyondallcontroversy，fromthebeautyandusefulnessoftheseveralpartsofthecreation，thatitwastheworkmanshipofGod。Butthat——settingasideallhelpofastronomyandnaturalphilosophy，allcontemplationofthecontrivance，order，andadjustmentofthings——aninfiniteMindshouldbenecessarilyinferredfromthebare，isanadvantagetothemonlywhohavemadethiseasyreflexion:thatthesensibleworldisthatwhichweperceivebyourseveralsenses；andthatnothingisperceivedbythesensesbesideideas；andthatno{213}ideaorarchetypeofanideacanexistotherwisethaninamind。Youmaynow，withoutanylaborioussearchintothesciences，withoutanysubtletyofreason，ortediouslengthofdiscourse，opposeandbafflethemoststrenuousadvocateforAtheism。Thosemiserablerefuges，whetherinaneternalsuccessionofunthinkingcausesandeffects，orinafortuitousconcourseofatoms；thosewildimaginationsofVanini，Hobbes，andSpinoza:inaword，thewholesystemofAtheism，isitnotentirelyoverthrown，bythissinglereflexionontherepugnancyincludedinsupposingthewhole，oranypart，eventhemostrudeandshapeless，ofthevisibleworld，toexistwithoutamind？Letanyoneofthoseabettorsofimpietybutlookintohisownthoughts，andtheretryifhecanconceivehowsomuchasarock，adesert，achaos，orconfusedjumbleofatoms；howanythingatall，eithersensibleorimaginable，canexistindependentofaMind，andheneedgonofarthertobeconvincedofhisfolly。Cananythingbefairerthantoputadisputeonsuchanissue，andleaveittoamanhimselftoseeifhecanconceive，eveninthought，whatheholdstobetrueinfact，andfromanotionaltoallowitarealexistence？ 。Itcannotbedeniedthereissomethinghighlyserviceabletoreligioninwhatyouadvance。Butdoyounotthinkitlooksverylikeanotionentertainedbysomeeminentmoderns，of？ 。Iwouldgladlyknowthatopinion:prayexplainittome。 。Theyconceivethatthesoul，beingimmaterial，isincapableofbeingunitedwithmaterialthings，soastoperceivetheminthemselves；butthatsheperceivesthembyherunionwiththesubstanceofGod，which，beingspiritual，isthereforepurelyintelligible，orcapableofbeingtheimmediateobjectofaspirit\'sthought。BesidestheDivineessencecontainsinitperfectionscorrespondenttoeachcreatedbeing；andwhichare，forthatreason，propertoexhibitorrepresentthemtothemind。 。Idonotunderstandhowourideas，whicharethingsaltogetherpassiveandinert，canbetheessence，oranypart(orlikeanypart)oftheessenceorsubstanceofGod，whoisan{214}impassive，indivisible，pure，activebeing。Manymoredifficultiesandobjectionstherearewhichoccuratfirstviewagainstthishypothesis；butIshallonlyaddthatitisliabletoalltheabsurditiesofthecommonhypothesis，inmakingacreatedworldexistotherwisethaninthemindofaSpirit。 Besidesallwhichithaththispeculiartoitself；thatitmakesthatmaterialworldservetonopurpose。And，ifitpassforagoodargumentagainstotherhypothesesinthesciences，thattheysupposeNature，ortheDivinewisdom，tomakesomethinginvain，ordothatbytediousroundaboutmethodswhichmighthavebeenperformedinamuchmoreeasyandcompendiousway，whatshallwethinkofthathypothesiswhichsupposesthewholeworldmadeinvain？ 。Butwhatsayyou？ArenotyoutooofopinionthatweseeallthingsinGod？IfImistakenot，whatyouadvancecomesnearit。 。[Fewmenthink；yetallhaveopinions。Hencemen\'sopinionsaresuperficialandconfused。Itisnothingstrangethattenetswhichinthemselvesareeversodifferent，shouldneverthelessbeconfoundedwitheachother，bythosewhodonotconsiderthemattentively。IshallnotthereforebesurprisedifsomemenimaginethatIrunintotheenthusiasmofMalebranche； thoughintruthIamveryremotefromit。Hebuildsonthemostabstractgeneralideas，whichIentirelydisclaim。Heassertsanabsoluteexternalworld，whichIdeny。Hemaintainsthatwearedeceivedbyoursenses，and，knownottherealnaturesorthetrueformsandfiguresofextendedbeings；ofallwhichIholdthedirectcontrary。SothatuponthewholetherearenoPrinciplesmorefundamentallyoppositethanhisandmine。Itmustbeownedthat][5]IentirelyagreewithwhattheholyScripturesaith，\"ThatinGodweliveandmoveandhaveourbeing。\"ButthatweseethingsinHisessence，afterthemannerabovesetforth，Iamfarfrombelieving。Takehereinbriefmymeaning:—— ItisevidentthatthethingsIperceivearemyownideas，andthatnoideacanexistunlessitbeinamind:norisitlessplainthattheseideasorthingsbymeperceived，eitherthemselvesortheirarchetypes，existindependentlyofmymind，sinceIknowmyselfnottobetheirauthor，itbeingoutofmypowertodetermineatpleasurewhatparticularideasIshallbeaffectedwithuponopeningmyeyesorears:theymustthereforeexistinsomeotherMind，whose{215}Willitistheyshouldbeexhibitedtome。Thethings，Isay，immediatelyperceivedareideasorsensations，callthemwhichyouwill。Buthowcananyideaorsensationexistin，orbeproducedby，anythingbutamindorspirit？Thisindeedisinconceivable。Andtoassertthatwhichisinconceivableistotalknonsense:isitnot？ 。Withoutdoubt。 。But，ontheotherhand，itisveryconceivablethattheyshouldexistinandbeproducedbyaspirit；sincethisisnomorethanIdailyexperienceinmyself，inasmuchasIperceivenumberlessideas；and，byanactofmywill，canformagreatvarietyofthem，andraisethemupinmyimagination:though，itmustbeconfessed，thesecreaturesofthefancyarenotaltogethersodistinct，sostrong，vivid，andpermanent，asthoseperceivedbymysenses——whichlatterarecalled。 FromallwhichIconclude，。 ，fromthevariety，order，andmannerofthese，Iconclude，，，。itwell；Idonotsay，IseethingsbyperceivingthatwhichrepresentsthemintheintelligibleSubstanceofGod。ThisIdonotunderstand；butIsay，thethingsbymeperceivedareknownbytheunderstanding，andproducedbythewillofaninfiniteSpirit。Andisnotallthismostplainandevident？Isthereanymoreinitthanwhatalittleobservationinourownminds，andthatwhichpassethinthem，notonlyenablesustoconceive，butalsoobligesustoacknowledge。 。IthinkIunderstandyouveryclearly；andowntheproofyougiveofaDeityseemsnolessevidentthanitissurprising。But，allowingthatGodisthesupremeanduniversalCauseofanthings，yet，maytherenotbestillaThirdNaturebesidesSpiritsandIdeas？Maywenotadmitasubordinateandlimitedcauseofourideas？Inaword，maytherenotforallthatbe？ 。HowoftenmustIinculcatethesamething？Youallowthethingsimmediatelyperceivedbysensetoexistnowherewithoutthemind；butthereisnothingperceivedbysensewhichisnotperceivedimmediately:thereforethereisnothingsensiblethatexistswithoutthemind。TheMatter，therefore，whichyoustillinsistonissomethingintelligible，Isuppose；somethingthatmaybediscoveredbyreason，andnotbysense。 。Youareintheright。{216} 。PrayletmeknowwhatreasoningyourbeliefofMatterisgroundedon；andwhatthisMatteris，inyourpresentsenseofit。 。Ifindmyselfaffectedwithvariousideas，whereofI knowIamnotthecause；neitheraretheythecauseofthemselves，orofoneanother，orcapableofsubsistingbythemselves，asbeingaltogetherinactive，fleeting，dependentbeings。Theyhavethereforecausedistinctfrommeandthem:ofwhichIpretendtoknownomorethanthatitis。Andthisthing，whateveritbe，IcallMatter。 。Tellme，Hylas，hatheveryonealibertytochangethecurrentpropersignificationattachedtoacommonnameinanylanguage？Forexample，supposeatravellershouldtellyouthatinacertaincountrymenpassunhurtthroughthefire；and，uponexplaininghimself，youfoundhemeantbythewordfirethatwhichotherscall。Or，ifheshouldassertthattherearetreesthatwalkupontwolegs，meaningmenbytheterm。 Wouldyouthinkthisreasonable？ 。No；Ishouldthinkitveryabsurd。Commoncustomisthestandardofproprietyinlanguage。Andforanymantoaffectspeakingimproperlyistoperverttheuseofspeech，andcanneverservetoabetterpurposethantoprotractandmultiplydisputes，wherethereisnodifferenceinopinion。 。Anddothnot，inthecommoncurrentacceptationoftheword，signifyanextended，solid，moveable，unthinking，inactiveSubstance？ 。Itdoth。 。And，hathitnotbeenmadeevidentthatno substancecanpossiblyexist？And，thoughitshouldbeallowedtoexist，yethowcanthatwhichisbea；orthatwhichisbea？Youmay，indeed，ifyouplease，annextothewordacontrarymeaningtowhatisvulgarlyreceived；andtellmeyouunderstandbyit，anunextended，thinking，activebeing，whichisthecauseofourideas。Butwhatelseisthisthantoplaywithwords，andrunintothatveryfaultyoujustnowcondemnedwithsomuchreason？ Idobynomeansfindfaultwithyourreasoning，inthatyoucollectacausefromthe:Idenythat causededuciblebyreasoncanproperlybetermedMatter。 。Thereisindeedsomethinginwhatyousay。ButIam{217}afraidyoudonotthoroughlycomprehendmymeaning。IwouldbynomeansbethoughttodenythatGod，oraninfiniteSpirit，istheSupremeCauseofallthings。AllIcontendforis，that，subordinatetotheSupremeAgent，thereisacauseofalimitedandinferiornature，whichintheproductionofourideas，notbyanyactofwill，orspiritualefficiency，butbythatkindofactionwhichbelongstoMatter，viz。。 。Ifindyouareateveryturnrelapsingintoyouroldexplodedconceit，ofamoveable，andconsequentlyanextended，substance，existingwithoutthemind。What!Haveyoualreadyforgottenyouwereconvinced；orareyouwillingIshouldrepeatwhathasbeensaidonthathead？Intruththisisnotfairdealinginyou，stilltosupposethebeingofthatwhichyouhavesooftenacknowledgedtohavenobeing。But，nottoinsistfartheronwhathasbeensolargelyhandled，Iaskwhetherallyourideasarenotperfectlypassiveandinert，includingnothingofactioninthem。 。Theyare。 。Andaresensiblequalitiesanythingelsebutideas？ 。HowoftenhaveIacknowledgedthattheyarenot。 。Butisnotasensiblequality？ 。Itis。 。Consequentlyitisnoaction？ 。Iagreewithyou。AndindeeditisveryplainthatwhenIstirmyfinger，itremainspassive；butmywillwhichproducedthemotionisactive。 。Now，Idesiretoknow，inthefirstplace，whether，motionbeingallowedtobenoaction，youcanconceiveanyactionbesidesvolition:and，inthesecondplace，whethertosaysomethingandconceivenothingbenottotalknonsense:and，lastly，whether，havingconsideredthepremises，youdonotperceivethattosupposeanyefficientoractiveCauseofourideas，otherthan，ishighlyabsurdandunreasonable？ 。Igiveupthepointentirely。But，thoughMattermaynotbeacause，yetwhathindersitsbeingan，subservienttothesupremeAgentintheproductionofourideas？ 。Aninstrumentsayyou；praywhatmaybethefigure，springs，wheels，andmotions，ofthatinstrument？ 。ThoseIpretendtodeterminenothingof，boththesubstanceanditsqualitiesbeingentirelyunknowntome。 。What？Youarethenofopinionitismadeupof{218} unknownparts，thatithathunknownmotions，andanunknownshape？ 。Idonotbelievethatithathanyfigureormotionatall，beingalreadyconvinced，thatnosensiblequalitiescanexistinanunperceivingsubstance。 。Butwhatnotionisitpossibletoframeofaninstrumentvoidofallsensiblequalities，evenextensionitself？ 。Idonotpretendtohaveanynotionofit。 。Andwhatreasonhaveyoutothinkthisunknown，thisinconceivableSomewhatdothexist？IsitthatyouimagineGodcannotactaswellwithoutit；orthatyoufindbyexperiencetheuseofsomesuchthing，whenyouformideasinyourownmind？ 。Youarealwaysteasingmeforreasonsofmybelief。 Praywhatreasonshaveyounottobelieveit？
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