第1章

类别:其他 作者:佚名字数:19680更新时间:18/12/14 14:46:02
。Itisindeedsomethingunusual;butmythoughtsweresotakenupwithasubjectIwasdiscoursingoflastnight,thatfindingIcouldnotsleep,Iresolvedtoriseandtakeaturninthegarden。 。Ithappenedwell,toletyouseewhatinnocentandagreeablepleasuresyouloseeverymorning。Cantherebeapleasantertimeoftheday,oramoredelightfulseasonoftheyear?Thatpurplesky,thosewildbutsweetnotesofbirds,thefragrantbloomuponthetreesandflowers,thegentleinfluenceoftherisingsun,theseandathousandnamelessbeautiesofnatureinspirethesoulwithsecrettransports;itsfacultiestoobeingatthistimefreshandlively,arefitforthosemeditations,whichthesolitudeofagardenandtranquillityofthemorningnaturallydisposeusto。ButIamafraidIinterruptyourthoughts:foryouseemedveryintentonsomething。 。Itistrue,Iwas,andshallbeobligedtoyouifyouwillpermitmetogooninthesamevein;notthatIwouldbyanymeansdeprivemyselfofyourcompany,formythoughtsalwaysflowmoreeasilyinconversationwithafriend,thanwhenIamalone: butmyrequestis,thatyouwouldsuffermetoimpartmyreflexionstoyou。 。Withallmyheart,itiswhatIshouldhaverequestedmyselfifyouhadnotpreventedme。 。Iwasconsideringtheoddfateofthosemenwhohaveinallages,throughanaffectationofbeingdistinguishedfromthevulgar,orsomeunaccountableturnofthought,pretendedeithertobelievenothingatall,ortobelievethemostextravagantthingsintheworld。Thishowevermightbeborne,iftheirparadoxesandscepticismdidnotdrawafterthemsomeconsequencesofgeneraldisadvantagetomankind。Butthemischieflieth{172}here;thatwhenmenoflessleisureseethemwhoaresupposedtohavespenttheirwholetimeinthepursuitsofknowledgeprofessinganentireignoranceofallthings,oradvancingsuchnotionsasarerepugnanttoplainandcommonlyreceivedprinciples,theywillbetemptedtoentertainsuspicionsconcerningthemostimportanttruths,whichtheyhadhithertoheldsacredandunquestionable。 。Ientirelyagreewithyou,astotheilltendencyoftheaffecteddoubtsofsomephilosophers,andfantasticalconceitsofothers。Iamevensofargoneoflateinthiswayofthinking,thatIhavequittedseveralofthesublimenotionsI hadgotintheirschoolsforvulgaropinions。AndIgiveityouonmyword;sincethisrevoltfrommetaphysicalnotionstotheplaindictatesofnatureandcommonsense,Ifindmyunderstandingstrangelyenlightened,sothatIcannoweasilycomprehendagreatmanythingswhichbeforewereallmysteryandriddle。 。IamgladtofindtherewasnothingintheaccountsI heardofyou。 。Pray,whatwerethose? 。Youwererepresented,inlastnight\'sconversation,asonewhomaintainedthemostextravagantopinionthateverenteredintothemindofman,towit,thatthereisnosuchthingasintheworld。 。Thatthereisnosuchthingaswhat,Iamseriouslypersuaded:but,ifI weremadetoseeanythingabsurdorscepticalinthis,IshouldthenhavethesamereasontorenouncethisthatIimagineIhavenowtorejectthecontraryopinion。 。WhatIcananythingbemorefantastical,morerepugnanttoCommonSense,oramoremanifestpieceofScepticism,thantobelievethereisnosuchthingas。Softly,goodHylas。Whatifitshouldprovethatyou,whoholdthereis,are,byvirtueofthatopinion,agreatersceptic,andmaintainmoreparadoxesandrepugnancestoCommonSense,thanIwhobelievenosuchthing? 。Youmayassoonpersuademe,thepartisgreaterthanthewhole,asthat,inordertoavoidabsurdityandScepticism,I shouldeverbeobligedtogiveupmyopinioninthispoint。 。Wellthen,areyoucontenttoadmitthatopinionfortrue,whichuponexaminationshallappearmostagreeabletoCommonSense,andremotefromScepticism? 。Withallmyheart。Sinceyouareforraisingdisputes{173}abouttheplainestthingsinnature,Iamcontentforoncetohearwhatyouhavetosay。 。Pray,Hylas,whatdoyoumeanbya。Imeanwhatallmenmean——onethatdoubtsofeverything。 。Hethenwhoentertainsnodoubtsconcerningsomeparticularpoint,withregardtothatpointcannotbethoughtasceptic。 。Iagreewithyou。 。Whetherdothdoubtingconsistinembracingtheaffirmativeornegativesideofaquestion? 。Inneither;forwhoeverunderstandsEnglishcannotbutknowthatsignifiesasuspensebetweenboth。 。Hethenthatdeniesanypoint,cannomorebesaidtodoubtofit,thanhewhoaffirmethitwiththesamedegreeofassurance。 。True。 。And,consequently,forsuchhisdenialisnomoretobeesteemedascepticthantheother。 。Iacknowledgeit。 。Howcomethittopassthen,Hylas,thatyoupronounceme,becauseIdenywhatyouaffirm,towit,theexistenceofMatter?Since,foraughtyoucantell,Iamasperemptoryinmydenial,asyouinyouraffirmation。 。Hold,Philonous,Ihavebeenalittleoutinmydefinition;buteveryfalsestepamanmakesindiscourseisnottobeinsistedon。Isaidindeedthatawasonewhodoubtedofeverything;butIshouldhaveadded,orwhodeniestherealityandtruthofthings。 。Whatthings?Doyoumeantheprinciplesandtheoremsofsciences?Buttheseyouknowareuniversalintellectualnotions,andconsequentlyindependentofMatter。Thedenialthereforeofthisdothnotimplythedenyingthem。 。Igrantit。Butaretherenootherthings?Whatthinkyouofdistrustingthesenses,ofdenyingtherealexistenceofsensiblethings,orpretendingtoknownothingofthem。Isnotthissufficienttodenominateamana。Shallwethereforeexaminewhichofusitisthatdeniestherealityofsensiblethings,orprofessesthegreatestignoranceofthem;since,ifItakeyourightly,heistobe{174}esteemedthegreatest。ThatiswhatIdesire。 。WhatmeanyoubySensibleThings? 。Thosethingswhichareperceivedbythesenses。CanyouimaginethatImeananythingelse? 。Pardonme,Hylas,ifIamdesirousclearlytoapprehendyournotions,sincethismaymuchshortenourinquiry。 Suffermethentoaskyouthisfartherquestion。Arethosethingsonlyperceivedbythesenseswhichareperceivedimmediately?Or,maythosethingsproperlybesaidtobewhichareperceivedmediately,ornotwithouttheinterventionofothers? 。Idonotsufficientlyunderstandyou。 。Inreadingabook,whatIimmediatelyperceivearetheletters;butmediately,orbymeansofthese,aresuggestedtomymindthenotionsofGod,virtue,truth,&c。Now,thatthelettersaretrulysensiblethings,orperceivedbysense,thereisnodoubt:butIwouldknowwhetheryoutakethethingssuggestedbythemtobesotoo。 。No,certainly:itwereabsurdtothinkorsensiblethings;thoughtheymaybesignifiedandsuggestedtothemindbysensiblemarks,withwhichtheyhaveanarbitraryconnexion。 。Itseemsthen,thatbyyoumeanthoseonlywhichcanbeperceivedbysense? 。Right。 。Dothitnotfollowfromthis,thatthoughIseeonepartoftheskyred,andanotherblue,andthatmyreasondoththenceevidentlyconcludetheremustbesomecauseofthatdiversityofcolours,yetthatcausecannotbesaidtobeasensiblething,orperceivedbythesenseofseeing? 。Itdoth。 。Inlikemanner,thoughIhearvarietyofsounds,yetIcannotbesaidtohearthecausesofthosesounds? 。Youcannot。 。AndwhenbymytouchIperceiveathingtobehotandheavy,Icannotsay,withanytruthorpropriety,thatIfeelthecauseofitsheatorweight? 。Topreventanymorequestionsofthiskind,Itellyouonceforall,thatbyImeanthoseonlywhichareperceivedbysense;andthatintruththesensesperceivenothingwhichtheydonotperceive:fortheymakeno{175}inferences。Thededucingthereforeofcausesoroccasionsfromeffectsandappearances,whichaloneareperceivedbysense,entirelyrelatestoreason。 。Thispointthenisagreedbetweenus——That。Youwillfartherinformme,whetherweimmediatelyperceivebysightanythingbesidelight,andcolours,andfigures;orbyhearing,anythingbutsounds;bythepalate,anythingbesidetastes;bythesmell,besideodours;orbythetouch,morethantangiblequalities。 。Wedonot。 。Itseems,therefore,thatifyoutakeawayallsensiblequalities,thereremainsnothingsensible? 。Igrantit。 。Sensiblethingsthereforeare{250}nothingelsebutsomanysensiblequalities,orcombinationsofsensiblequalities? 。Nothingelse。 thenisasensiblething? 。Certainly。 。Doththeofsensiblethingsconsistinbeingperceived?or,isitsomethingdistinctfromtheirbeingperceived,andthatbearsnorelationtothemind? 。Toisonething,andtobeisanother。 。Ispeakwithregardtosensiblethingsonly。AndoftheseIask,whetherbytheirrealexistenceyoumeanasubsistenceexteriortothemind,anddistinctfromtheirbeingperceived? 。Imeanarealabsolutebeing,distinctfrom,andwithoutanyrelationto,theirbeingperceived。 。Heattherefore,ifitbeallowedarealbeing,mustexistwithoutthemind? 。Itmust。 。Tellme,Hylas,isthisrealexistenceequallycompatibletoalldegreesofheat,whichweperceive;oristhereanyreasonwhyweshouldattributeittosome,anddenyittoothers?Andiftherebe,prayletmeknowthatreason。 。Whateverdegreeofheatweperceivebysense,wemaybesurethesameexistsintheobjectthatoccasionsit。 。What!thegreatestaswellastheleast? tellyou,thereasonisplainlythesameinrespectofboth。Theyarebothperceivedbysense;nay,thegreaterdegreeofheatismoresensiblyperceived;andconsequently,ifthereis{176}anydifference,wearemorecertainofitsrealexistencethanwecanbeoftherealityofalesserdegree。 。Butisnotthemostvehementandintensedegreeofheataverygreatpain? 。Noonecandenyit。 。Andisanyunperceivingthingcapableofpainorpleasure? 。No,certainly。 。Isyourmaterialsubstanceasenselessbeing,orabeingendowedwithsenseandperception? 。Itissenselesswithoutdoubt。 。Itcannotthereforebethesubjectofpain? 。Bynomeans。 。Norconsequentlyofthegreatestheatperceivedbysense,sinceyouacknowledgethistobenosmallpain? 。Igrantit。 。Whatshallwesaythenofyourexternalobject;isitamaterialSubstance,orno? 。Itisamaterialsubstancewiththesensiblequalitiesinheringinit。 。Howthencanagreatheatexistinit,sinceyouownitcannotinamaterialsubstance?Idesireyouwouldclearthispoint。 。Hold,Philonous,IfearIwasoutinyieldingintenseheattobeapain。Itshouldseemrather,thatpainissomethingdistinctfromheat,andtheconsequenceoreffectofit。 。Uponputtingyourhandnearthefire,doyouperceiveonesimpleuniformsensation,ortwodistinctsensations? 。Butonesimplesensation。 。Isnottheheatimmediatelyperceived?,。Itis。 。Andthepain? 。True。 。Seeingthereforetheyarebothimmediatelyperceivedatthesametime,andthefireaffectsyouonlywithonesimpleoruncompoundedidea,itfollowsthatthissamesimpleideaisboththeintenseheatimmediatelyperceived,andthepain;and,consequently,thattheintenseheatimmediatelyperceivedisnothingdistinctfromaparticularsortofpain。 。Itseemsso。 。Again,tryinyourthoughts,Hylas,ifyoucanconceiveavehementsensationtobewithoutpainorpleasure。 {177} 。Icannot。 。Orcanyouframetoyourselfanideaofsensiblepainorpleasureingeneral,abstractedfromeveryparticularideaofheat,cold,tastes,smells?&c。 。IdonotfindthatIcan。 。Dothitnotthereforefollow,thatsensiblepainisnothingdistinctfromthosesensationsorideas,inanintensedegree? 。Itisundeniable;and,tospeakthetruth,Ibegintosuspectaverygreatheatcannotexistbutinamindperceivingit。 。What!areyoutheninthatscepticalstateofsuspense,betweenaffirminganddenying? 。IthinkImaybepositiveinthepoint。Averyviolentandpainfulheatcannotexistwithoutthemind。 。Ithathnotthereforeaccordingtoyou,any being? 。Iownit。 。Isitthereforecertain,thatthereisnobodyinnaturereallyhot? 。Ihavenotdeniedthereisanyrealheatinbodies。I onlysay,thereisnosuchthingasanintenserealheat。 。But,didyounotsaybeforethatalldegreesofheatwereequallyreal;or,iftherewasanydifference,thatthegreaterweremoreundoubtedlyrealthanthelesser? 。True:butitwasbecauseIdidnotthenconsiderthegroundthereisfordistinguishingbetweenthem,whichInowplainlysee。Anditisthis:becauseintenseheatisnothingelsebutaparticularkindofpainfulsensation;andpaincannotexistbutinaperceivingbeing;itfollowsthatnointenseheatcanreallyexistinanunperceivingcorporealsubstance。Butthisisnoreasonwh\'weshoulddenyheatinaninferiordegreetoexistinsuchasubstance。 。Buthowshallwebeabletodiscernthosedegreesofheatwhichexistonlyinthemindfromthosewhichexistwithoutit? 。Thatisnodifficultmatter。Youknowtheleastpaincannotexistunperceived;whatever,therefore,degreeofheatisapainexistsonlyinthemind。But,asforallotherdegreesofheat,nothingobligesustothinkthesameofthem。 。Ithinkyougrantedbeforethatnounperceivingbeingwascapableofpleasure,anymorethanofpain。 。Idid。{178} 。Andisnotwarmth,oramoregentledegreeofheatthanwhatcausesuneasiness,apleasure? 。Whatthen? 。Consequently,itcannotexistwithoutthemindinanunperceivingsubstance,orbody。 。Soitseems。 。Since,therefore,aswellthosedegreesofheatthatarenotpainful,asthosethatare,canexistonlyinathinkingsubstance;maywenotconcludethatexternalbodiesareabsolutelyincapableofanydegreeofheatwhatsoever? 。Onsecondthoughts,Idonotthinkitsoevidentthatwarmthisapleasureasthatagreatdegreeofheatisapain。 donotpretendthatwarmthisasgreatapleasureasheatisapain。But,ifyougrantittobeevenasmallpleasure,itservestomakegoodmyconclusion。 。Icouldrathercallitan。Itseemstobenothingmorethanaprivationofbothpainandpleasure。Andthatsuchaqualityorstateasthismayagreetoanunthinkingsubstance,Ihopeyouwillnotdeny。 。Ifyouareresolvedtomaintainthatwarmth,oragentledegreeofheat,isnopleasure,Iknownothowtoconvinceyouotherwisethanbyappealingtoyourownsense。Butwhatthinkyouofcold? 。ThesamethatIdoofheat。Anintensedegreeofcoldisapain;fortofeelaverygreatcold,istoperceiveagreatuneasiness:itcannotthereforeexistwithoutthemind;butalesserdegreeofcoldmay,aswellasalesserdegreeofheat。 。Thosebodies,therefore,uponwhoseapplicationtoourown,weperceiveamoderatedegreeofheat,mustbeconcludedtohaveamoderatedegreeofheatorwarmthinthem;andthose,uponwhoseapplicationwefeelalikedegreeofcold,mustbethoughttohavecoldinthem。 。Theymust。 。Cananydoctrinebetruethatnecessarilyleadsamanintoanabsurdity? 。Withoutdoubtitcannot。 。Isitnotanabsurditytothinkthatthesamethingshouldbeatthesametimebothcoldandwarm? 。Itis。 。Supposenowoneofyourhandshot,andtheothercold,andthattheyarebothatonceputintothesamevesselof{179}water,inanintermediatestate;willnotthewaterseemcoldtoonehand,andwarmtotheother? 。Itwill。 。Oughtwenottherefore,byyourprinciples,toconcludeitisreallybothcoldandwarmatthesametime,thatis,accordingtoyourownconcession,tobelieveanabsurdity? 。Iconfessitseemsso。 。Consequently,theprinciplesthemselvesarefalse,sinceyouhavegrantedthatnotrueprincipleleadstoanabsurdity。 。But,afterall,cananythingbemoreabsurdthantosay,。Tomakethepointstillclearer;tellmewhether,intwocasesexactlyalike,weoughtnottomakethesamejudgment?。。Weought。 。Whenapinpricksyourfinger,dothitnotrendanddividethefibresofyourflesh? 。Itdoth。 。Andwhenacoalburnsyourfinger,dothitanymore? 。Itdothnot。 。Since,therefore,youneitherjudgethesensationitselfoccasionedbythepin,noranythinglikeittobeinthepin;youshouldnot,conformablytowhatyouhavenowgranted,judgethesensationoccasionedbythefire,oranythinglikeit,tobeinthefire。 。Well,sinceitmustbeso,Iamcontenttoyieldthispoint,andacknowledgethatheatandcoldareonlysensationsexistinginourminds。Buttherestillremainqualitiesenoughtosecuretherealityofexternalthings。 。Butwhatwillyousay,Hylas,ifitshallappearthatthecaseisthesamewithregardtoallothersensiblequalities,andthattheycannomorebesupposedtoexistwithoutthemind,thanheatandcold? 。Thenindeedyouwillhavedonesomethingtothepurpose;butthatiswhatIdespairofseeingproved。 。Letusexaminetheminorder。Whatthinkyouof,dotheyexistwithoutthemind,orno? 。Cananymaninhissensesdoubtwhethersugarissweet,orwormwoodbitter? 。Informme,Hylas。Isasweettasteaparticularkindofpleasureorpleasantsensation,orisitnot?{180} 。Itis。 。Andisnotbitternesssomekindofuneasinessorpain? 。Igrantit。 。Ifthereforesugarandwormwoodareunthinkingcorporealsubstancesexistingwithoutthemind,howcansweetnessandbitterness,thatis,Pleasureandpain,agreetothem? 。Hold,Philonous,Inowseewhatitwasdeludetime。 Youaskedwhetherheatandcold,sweetnessatwerenotparticularsortsofpleasureandpain;towhichsimply,thattheywere。 WhereasIshouldhavethusdistinguished:thosequalities,asperceivedbyus,arepleasuresorpairexistingintheexternalobjects。Wemustnotthereforeconcludeabsolutely,thatthereisnoheatinthefire,orsweetnessinthesugar,butonlythatheatorsweetness,asperceivedbyus,arenotinthefireorsugar。Whatsayyoutothis? 。Isayitisnothingtothepurpose。Ourdiscourseproceededaltogetherconcerningsensiblethings,whichyoudefinedtobe,。Whateverotherqualities,therefore,youspeakofasdistinctfromthese,Iknownothingofthem,neitherdotheyatallbelongtothepointindispute。Youmay,indeed,pretendtohavediscoveredcertainqualitieswhichyoudonotperceive,andassertthoseinsensiblequalitiesexistinfireandsugar。Butwhatusecanbemadeofthistoyourpresentpurpose,Iamatalosstoconceive。Tellmethenoncemore,doyouacknowledgethatheatandcold,sweetnessandbitterness(meaningthosequalitieswhichareperceivedbythesenses),donotexistwithoutthemind? 。Iseeitistonopurposetoholdout,soIgiveupthecauseastothosementionedqualities。ThoughIprofessitsoundsoddly,tosaythatsugarisnotsweet。 。But,foryourfarthersatisfaction,takethisalongwithyou:thatwhichatothertimesseemssweet,shall,toadistemperedpalate,appearbitter。And,nothingcanbeplainerthanthatdiverspersonsperceivedifferenttastesinthesamefood;sincethatwhichonemandelightsin,anotherabhors。Andhowcouldthisbe,ifthetastewassomethingreallyinherentinthefood? 。IacknowledgeIknownothow。 。Inthenextplace,aretobeconsidered。 And,withregardtothese,Iwouldfainknowwhetherwhathath{181}beensaidoftastesdothnotexactlyagreetothem?Aretheynotsomanypleasingordispleasingsensations? 。Theyare。 。Canyouthenconceiveitpossiblethattheyshouldexistinanunperceivingthing? 。Icannot。 。Or,canyouimaginethatfilthandordureaffectthosebruteanimalsthatfeedonthemoutofchoice,withthesamesmellswhichweperceiveinthem? 。Bynomeans。 。Maywenotthereforeconcludeofsmells,asoftheotherforementionedqualities,thattheycannotexistinanybutaperceivingsubstanceormind? 。Ithinkso。 。Thenasto,whatmustwethinkofthem:aretheyaccidentsreallyinherentinexternalbodies,ornot? 。Thattheyinherenotinthesonorousbodiesisplainfromhence:becauseabellstruckintheexhaustedreceiverofanair-pumpsendsforthnosound。Theair,therefore,mustbethoughtthesubjectofsound。 。Whatreasonisthereforthat,Hylas? 。Because,whenanymotionisraisedintheair,weperceiveasoundgreaterorlesser,accordingtotheair\'smotion;butwithoutsomemotionintheair,weneverhearanysoundatall。 。Andgrantingthatweneverhearasoundbutwhensomemotionisproducedintheair,yetIdonotseehowyoucaninferfromthence,thatthesounditselfisintheair。 。Itisthisverymotionintheexternalairthatproducesinthemindthesensationof。For,strikingonthedrumoftheear,itcausethavibration,whichbytheauditorynervesbeingcommunicatedtothebrain,thesoulisthereuponaffectedwiththesensationcalled。What!issoundthenasensation? 。Itellyou,asperceivedbyus,itisaparticularsensationinthemind。 。Andcananysensationexistwithoutthemind? 。No,certainly。 。Howthencansound,beingasensation,existintheair,ifbytheyoumeanasenselesssubstanceexistingwithoutthemind? 。Youmustdistinguish,Philonous,betweensoundasitis{182}perceivedbyus,andasitisinitself;or(whichisthesamething)betweenthesoundweimmediatelyperceive,andthatwhichexistswithoutus。Theformer,indeed,isaparticularkindofsensation,butthelatterismerelyavibrativeorundulatorymotiontheair。 。IthoughtIhadalreadyobviatedthatdistinction,byanswerIgavewhenyouwereapplyingitinalikecasebefore。 But,tosaynomoreofthat,areyousurethenthatsoundisreallynothingbutmotion? 。Iam。 。Whateverthereforeagreestorealsound,maywithtruthbeattributedtomotion? 。Itmay。 。Itisthengoodsensetospeakofasofathingthatisseeyouareresolvednottounderstandme。Isitnotevidentthoseaccidentsormodesbelongonlytosensiblesound,orthecommonacceptationoftheword,butnottointherealandphilosophicsense;which,asIjustnowtoldyou,isnothingbutacertainmotionoftheair? 。Itseemsthentherearetwosortsofsound——theonevulgar,orthatwhichisheard,theotherphilosophicalandreal? 。Evenso。 。Andthelatterconsistsinmotion? 。Itoldyousobefore。 。Tellme,Hylas,towhichofthesenses,thinkyou,theideaofmotionbelongs?tothehearing? 。No,certainly;buttothesightandtouch。 。Itshouldfollowthen,that,accordingtoyou,realsoundsmaypossiblybe,butnever。Lookyou,Philonous,youmay,ifyouplease,makeajestofmyopinion,butthatwillnotalterthetruthofthings。 Iown,indeed,theinferencesyoudrawmeintosoundsomethingoddly;butcommonlanguage,youknow,isframedby,andfortheuseofthevulgar:wemustnotthereforewonderifexpressionsadaptedtoexactphilosophicnotionsseemuncouthandoutoftheway。 。Isitcometothat?Iassureyou,Iimaginemyselftohavegainednosmallpoint,sinceyoumakesolightofdepartingfromcommonphrasesandopinions;itbeingamainpartofourinquiry,toexaminewhosenotionsarewidestofthe{183} commonroad,andmostrepugnanttothegeneralsenseoftheworld。But,canyouthinkitnomorethanaphilosophicalparadox,tosaythat,andthattheideaofthemisobtainedbysomeothersense?Andistherenothinginthiscontrarytonatureandthetruthofthings? 。Todealingenuously,Idonotlikeit。And,aftertheconcessionsalreadymade,Ihadaswellgrantthatsoundstoohavenorealbeingwithoutthemind。 。AndIhopeyouwillmakenodifficultytoacknowledgethesameof。Pardonme:thecaseofcoloursisverydifferent。Cananythingbeplainerthanthatweseethemontheobjects? 。Theobjectsyouspeakofare,Isuppose,corporealSubstancesexistingwithoutthemind? 。Theyare。 。Andhavetrueandrealcoloursinheringinthem? 。Eachvisibleobjecthaththatcolourwhichweseeinit。 。How!isthereanythingvisiblebutwhatweperceivebysight? 。Thereisnot。 。And,doweperceiveanythingbysensewhichwedonotperceiveimmediately? 。HowoftenmustIbeobligedtorepeatthesamething? Itellyou,wedonot。 。Havepatience,goodHylas;andtellmeoncemore,whetherthereisanythingimmediatelyperceivedbythesenses,exceptsensiblequalities。Iknowyouassertedtherewasnot;butIwouldnowbeinformed,whetheryoustillpersistinthesameopinion。 。Ido。 。Pray,isyourcorporealsubstanceeitherasensiblequality,ormadeupofsensiblequalities? 。Whataquestionthatis!whoeverthoughtitwas? 。Myreasonforaskingwas,becauseinsaying,,youmakevisibleobjectstobecorporealsubstances;whichimplieseitherthatcorporealsubstancesaresensiblequalities,orelsethatthereissomethingbesidessensiblequalitiesperceivedbysight: but,asthispointwasformerlyagreedbetweenus,andisstillmaintainedbyyou,itisaclearconsequence,thatyourisnothingdistinctfrom。{184} 。Youmaydrawasmanyabsurdconsequencesasyouplease,andendeavourtoperplextheplainestthings;butyoushallneverpersuademeoutofmysenses。Iclearlyunderstandmyownmeaning。 。Iwishyouwouldmakemeunderstandittoo。But,sinceyouareunwillingtohaveyournotionofcorporealsubstanceexamined,Ishallurgethatpointnofarther。Onlybepleasedtoletmeknow,whetherthesamecolourswhichweseeexistinexternalbodies,orsomeother。 。Theverysame。 。What!arethenthebeautifulredandpurpleweseeonyondercloudsreallyinthem?Ordoyouimaginetheyhaveinthemselvesanyotherformthanthatofadarkmistorvapour? 。Imustown,Philonous,thosecoloursarenotreallyinthecloudsastheyseemtobeatthisdistance。Theyareonlyapparentcolours。 callyouthem?howshallwedistinguishtheseapparentcoloursfromreal? 。Veryeasily。Thosearetobethoughtapparentwhich,appearingonlyatadistance,vanishuponanearerapproach。 。Andthose,Isuppose,aretobethoughtrealwhicharediscoveredbythemostnearandexactsurvey。 。Right。 。Isthenearestandexactestsurveymadebythehelpofamicroscope,orbythenakedeye? 。Byamicroscope,doubtless。 。Butamicroscopeoftendiscoverscoloursinanobjectdifferentfromthoseperceivedbytheunassistedsight。 And,incasewehadmicroscopesmagnifyingtoanyassigneddegree,itiscertainthatnoobjectwhatsoever,viewedthroughthem,wouldappearinthesamecolourwhichitexhibitstothenakedeye。 。Andwhatwillyouconcludefromallthis?Youcannotarguethattherearereallyandnaturallynocoloursonobjects: becausebyartificialmanagementstheymaybealtered,ormadetovanish。 。Ithinkitmayevidentlybeconcludedfromyourownconcessions,thatallthecoloursweseewithournakedeyesareonlyapparentasthoseontheclouds,sincetheyvanishuponamorecloseandaccurateinspectionwhichisaffordedusbyamicroscope。Then\'astowhatyousaybywayofprevention:{185} Iaskyouwhethertherealandnaturalstateofanobjectisbetterdiscoveredbyaverysharpandpiercingsight,orbyonewhichislesssharp? 。Bytheformerwithoutdoubt。 。Isitnotplainfromthatmicroscopesmakethesightmorepenetrating,andrepresentobjectsastheywouldappeartotheeyeincaseitwerenaturallyendowedwithamostexquisitesharpness? 。Itis。 。Consequentlythemicroscopicalrepresentationistobethoughtthatwhichbestsetsforththerealnatureofthething,orwhatitisinitself。Thecolours,therefore,byitperceivedaremoregenuineandrealthanthoseperceivedotherwise。 。Iconfessthereissomethinginwhatyousay。 。Besides,itisnotonlypossiblebutmanifest,thatthereactuallyareanimalswhoseeyesarebynatureframedtoperceivethosethingswhichbyreasonoftheirminutenessescapeoursight。Whatthinkyouofthoseinconceivablysmallanimalsperceivedbyglasses?mustwesupposetheyareallstarkblind? Or,incasetheysee,canitbeimaginedtheirsighthathnotthesameuseinpreservingtheirbodiesfrominjuries,whichappearsinthatofallotheranimals?Andifithath,isitnotevidenttheymustseeparticleslessthantheirownbodies;whichwillpresentthemwithafardifferentviewineachobjectfromthatwhichstrikesoursenses?Evenourowneyesdonotalwaysrepresentobjectstousafterthesamemanner。Inthejaundiceeveryoneknowsthatallthingsseemyellow。Isitnotthereforehighlyprobablethoseanimalsinwhoseeyeswediscernaverydifferenttexturefromthatofours,andwhosebodiesaboundwithdifferenthumours,donotseethesamecoloursineveryobjectthatwedo?Fromallwhich,shoulditnotseemtofollowthatallcoloursareequallyapparent,andthatnoneofthosewhichweperceivearereallyinherentinanyoutwardobject? 。Itshould。 。Thepointwillbepastalldoubt,ifyouconsiderthat,incasecolourswererealpropertiesoraffectionsinherentinexternalbodies,theycouldadmitofnoalterationwithoutsomechangewroughtintheverybodiesthemselves:but,isitnotevidentfromwhathathbeensaidthat,upontheuseofmicroscopes,uponachangehappeningintheburnoutsoftheeye,oravariationofdistance,withoutanymannerofrealalteration{186}inthethingitself,thecoloursofanyobjectareeitherchanged,ortotallydisappear?Nay,allothercircumstancesremainingthesame,changebutthesituationofsomeobjects,andtheyshallpresentdifferentcolourstotheeye。Thesamethinghappensuponviewinganobjectinvariousdegreesoflight。Andwhatismoreknownthanthatthesamebodiesappeardifferentlycolouredbycandle-lightfromwhattheydointheopenday?Addtothesetheexperimentofaprismwhich,separatingtheheterogeneousraysoflight,altersthecolourofanyobject,andwillcausethewhitesttoappearofadeepblueorredtothenakedeye。Andnowtellmewhetheryouarestillofopinionthateverybodyhathitstruerealcolourinheringinit;and,ifyouthinkithath,Iwouldfainknowfartherfromyou,whatcertaindistanceandpositionoftheobject,whatpeculiartextureandformationoftheeye,whatdegreeorkindoflightisnecessaryforascertainingthattruecolour,anddistinguishingitfromapparentones。 。Iownmyselfentirelysatisfied,thattheyareallequallyapparent,andthatthereisnosuchthingascolourreallyinheringinexternalbodies,butthatitisaltogetherinthelight。Andwhatconfirmsmeinthisopinionis,thatinproportiontothelightcoloursarestillmoreorlessvivid;andiftherebenolight,thenaretherenocoloursperceived。 Besides,allowingtherearecoloursonexternalobjects,yet,howisitpossibleforustoperceivethem?Fornoexternalbodyaffectsthemind,unlessitactsfirstonourorgansofsense。 Buttheonlyactionofbodiesismotion;andmotioncannotbecommunicatedotherwisethanbyimpulse。Adistantobjectthereforecannotactontheeye;norconsequentlymakeitselforitspropertiesperceivabletothesoul。Whenceitplainlyfollowsthatitisimmediatelysomecontiguoussubstance,which,operatingontheeye,occasionsaperceptionofcolours:andsuchislight。 。Howlislightthenasubstance? ……Itellyou,Philonous,externallightisnothingbutathinfluidsubstance,whoseminuteparticlesbeingagitatedwithabriskmotion,andinvariousmannersreflectedfromthedifferentsurfacesofoutwardobjectstotheeyes,communicatedifferentmotionstotheopticnerves;which,beingpropagatedtothebrain,causethereinvariousimpressions;andtheseareattendedwiththesensationsofred,blue,yellow,&c。 。Itseemsthenthelightdothnomorethanshaketheopticnerves。{187} 。Nothingelse。 。Andconsequenttoeachparticularmotionofthenerves,themindisaffectedwithasensation,whichissomeparticularcolour。 。Right。 。Andthesesensationshavenoexistencewithoutthemind。 。Theyhavenot。 。Howthendoyouaffirmthatcoloursareinthelight;sincebyyouunderstandacorporealsubstanceexternaltothemind? 。Lightandcolours,asimmediatelyperceivedbyus,I grantcannotexistwithoutthemind。Butinthemselvestheyareonlythemotionsandconfigurationsofcertaininsensibleparticlesofmatter。 。Coloursthen,inthevulgarsense,ortakenfortheimmediateobjectsofsight,cannotagreetoanybutaperceivingsubstance。 。ThatiswhatIsay。 。Wellthen,sinceyougiveupthepointastothosesensiblequalitieswhicharealonethoughtcoloursbyallmankindbeside,youmayholdwhatyoupleasewithregardtothoseinvisibleonesofthephilosophers。Itisnotmybusinesstodisputeabout;onlyIwouldadviseyoutobethinkyourself,whether,consideringtheinquiryweareupon,itbeprudentforyoutoaffirm——。Arenottheseshockingnotions,andarenottheysubjecttoasmanyridiculousinferences,asthoseyouwereobligedtorenouncebeforeinthecaseofsounds? 。Ifranklyown,Philonous,thatitisinvaintolonger。Colours,sounds,tastes,inawordallthosetermed,havecertainlynoexistencewithoutthemind。ButbythisacknowledgmentImustnotbesupposedtoderogate,therealityofMatter,orexternalobjects;seeingitisnomorethanseveralphilosophersmaintain,whoneverthelessarethefarthestimaginablefromdenyingMatter。Fortheclearerunderstandingofthis,youmustknowsensiblequalitiesarebyphilosophersdividedintoand。TheformerareExtension,Figure,Solidity,Gravity,Motion,andRest;{188} andthesetheyholdexistreallyinbodies。Thelatterarethoseaboveenumerated;or,briefly,;whichtheyassertareonlysomanysensationsorideasexistingnowherebutinthemind。Butallthis,Idoubtnot,youareapprisedof。Formypart,Ihavebeenalongtimesensibletherewassuchanopinioncurrentamongphilosophers,butwasneverthoroughlyconvincedofitstruthuntilnow。 。Youarestillthenofopinionthatandinherentinexternalunthinkingsubstances? 。Iam。 。ButwhatifthesameargumentswhicharebroughtagainstSecondaryQualitieswillholdgoodagainstthesealso? 。WhythenIshallbeobligedtothink,theytooexistonlyinthemind。 。Isityouropiniontheveryfigureandextensionwhichyouperceivebysenseexistintheoutwardobjectormaterialsubstance? 。Itis。 。Haveallotheranimalsasgoodgroundstothinkthesameofthefigureandextensionwhichtheyseeandfeel? 。Withoutdoubt,iftheyhaveanythoughtatall。 。Answerme,Hylas。Thinkyouthesenseswerebestoweduponallanimalsfortheirpreservationandwell-beinginlife? orweretheygiventomenaloneforthisend? 。Imakenoquestionbuttheyhavethesameuseinallotheranimals。 。Ifso,isitnotnecessarytheyshouldbeenabledbythemtoperceivetheirownlimbs,andthosebodieswhicharecapableofharmingthem? 。Certainly。 。Amitethereforemustbesupposedtoseehisownfoot,andthingsequalorevenlessthanit,asbodiesofsomeconsiderabledimension;thoughatthesametimetheyappeartoyouscarcediscernible,oratbestassomanyvisiblepoints? 。Icannotdenyit。 。Andtocreatureslessthanthemitetheywillseemyetlarger? 。Theywill。 。Insomuchthatwhatyoucanhardlydiscernwilltoanotherextremelyminuteanimalappearassomehugemountain? {189} 。AllthisIgrant。 。Canoneandthesamethingbeatthesametimeinitselfofdifferentdimensions? 。Thatwereabsurdtoimagine。 。But,fromwhatyouhavelaiddownitfollowsthatboththeextensionbyyouperceived,andthatperceivedbythemiteitself,aslikewiseallthoseperceivedbylesseranimals,areeachofthemthetrueextensionofthemite\'sfoot;thatistosay,byyourownprinciplesyouareledintoanabsurdity。 。Thereseemstobesomedifficultyinthepoint。 。Again,haveyounotacknowledgedthatnorealinherentpropertyofanyobjectcanbechangedwithoutsomechangeinthethingitself? 。Ihave。 。But,asweapproachtoorrecedefromanobject,thevisibleextensionvaries,beingatonedistancetenorahundredtimesgreaterthananother。Dothitnotthereforefollowfromhencelikewisethatitisnotreallyinherentintheobject? 。IownIamatalosswhattothink。 。Yourjudgmentwillsoonbedetermined,ifyouwillventuretothinkasfreelyconcerningthisqualityasyouhavedoneconcerningtherest。Wasitnotadmittedasagoodargument,thatneitherheatnorcoldwasinthewater,becauseitseemedwarmtoonehandandcoldtotheother? 。Itwas。 。Isitnottheverysamereasoningtoconclude,thereisnoextensionorfigureinanobject,becausetooneeyeitshallseemlittle,smooth,andround,whenatthesametimeitappearstotheother,great,uneven,andregular? 。Theverysame。Butdoesthislatterfacteverhappen? 。Youmayatanytimemaketheexperiment,bylookingwithoneeyebare,andwiththeotherthroughamicroscope。 。Iknownothowtomaintainit;andyetIamloathtogiveup,Iseesomanyoddconsequencesfollowinguponsuchaconcession。 。Odd,sayyou?Aftertheconcessionsalreadymade,I hopeyouwillstickatnothingforitsoddness。[But,ontheotherhand,shoulditnotseemveryodd,ifthegeneralreasoning{190}whichincludesallothersensiblequalitiesdidnotalsoincludeextension?Ifitbeallowedthatnoidea,noranythinglikeanidea,canexistinanunperceivingsubstance,thensurelyitfollowsthatnofigure,ormodeofextension,whichwecaneitherperceive,orimagine,orhaveanyideaof,canbereallyinherentinMatter;nottomentionthepeculiardifficultytheremustbeinconceivingamaterialsubstance,priortoanddistinctfromextensiontobetheofextension。Bethesensiblequalitywhatitwill——figure,orsound,orcolour,itseemsalikeimpossibleitshouldsubsistinthatwhichdothnotperceiveit。][2] 。Igiveupthepointforthepresent,reservingstillarighttoretractmyopinion,incaseIshallhereafterdiscoveranyfalsestepinmyprogresstoit。 。Thatisarightyoucannotbedenied。Figuresandextensionbeingdespatched,weproceednextto。Canarealmotioninanyexternalbodybeatthesametimeveryswiftandveryslow? 。Itcannot。 。Isnotthemotionofabodyswiftinareciprocalproportiontothetimeittakesupindescribinganygivenspace? Thusabodythatdescribesamileinanhourmovesthreetimesfasterthanitwouldincaseitdescribedonlyamileinthreehours。 。Iagreewithyou。 。Andisnottimemeasuredbythesuccessionofideasinourminds? 。Itis。 。Andisitnotpossibleideasshouldsucceedoneanothertwiceasfastinyourmindastheydoinmine,orinthatofsomespiritofanotherkind? 。Iownit。 。Consequentlythesamebodymaytoanotherseemtoperformitsmotionoveranyspaceinhalfthetimethatitdothtoyou。Andthesamereasoningwillholdastoanyotherproportion:thatistosay,accordingtoyourprinciples(sincethemotionsperceivedarebothreallyintheobject)itispossibleoneandthesamebodyshallbereallymovedthesamewayatonce,bothveryswiftandveryslow。Howisthisconsistenteitherwithcommonsense,orwithwhatyoujustnowgranted? {191} 。Ihavenothingtosaytoit。 。Thenasfor;eitheryoudonotmeananysensiblequalitybythatword,andsoitisbesideourinquiry: orifyoudo,itmustbeeitherhardnessorresistance。Butboththeoneandtheotherareplainlyrelativetooursenses:itbeingevidentthatwhatseemshardtooneanimalmayappearsofttoanother,whohathgreaterforceandfirmnessoflimbs。NorisitlessplainthattheresistanceIfeelisnotinthebody。 。Iowntheveryofresistance,whichisallyouimmediatelyperceive,isnotinthebody;butthe ofthatsensationis。 。Butthecausesofoursensationsarenotthingsimmediatelyperceived,andthereforearenotsensible。ThispointIthoughthadbeenalreadydetermined。 。Iownitwas;butyouwillpardonmeifIseemalittleembarrassed:Iknownothowtoquitmyoldnotions。 。Tohelpyouout,dobutconsiderthatif beonceacknowledgedtohavenoexistencewithoutthemind,thesamemustnecessarilybegrantedofmotion,solidity,andgravity;sincetheyallevidentlysupposeextension。Itisthereforesuperfluoustoinquireparticularlyconcerningeachofthem。Indenyingextension,youhavedeniedthemalltohaveanyrealexistence。 。Iwonder,Philonous,ifwhatyousaybetrue,whythosephilosopherswhodenytheSecondaryQualitiesanyrealexistenceshouldyetattributeittothePrimary。Ifthereisnodifferencebetweenthem,howcanthisbeaccountedfor? 。Itisnotmybusinesstoaccountforeveryopinionofthephilosophers。But,amongotherreasonswhichmaybeassignedforthis,itseemsprobablethatpleasureandpainbeingratherannexedtotheformerthanthelattermaybeone。Heatandcold,tastesandsmells,havesomethingmorevividlypleasingordisagreeablethantheideasofextension,figure,andmotionaffectuswith。And,itbeingtoovisiblyabsurdtoholdthatpainorpleasurecanbeinanunperceivingsubstance,menaremoreeasilyweanedfrombelievingtheexternalexistenceoftheSecondarythanthePrimaryQualities。Youwillbesatisfiedthereissomethinginthis,ifyourecollectthedifferenceyoumadebetweenanintenseandmoremoderatedegreeofheat;allowingtheonearealexistence,whileyoudeniedittotheother。But,afterall,thereisnorationalgroundforthatdistinction;for,surelyanindifferentsensationisas{191}truly asonemorepleasingorpainful;andconsequentlyshouldnotanymorethantheybesupposedtoexistinanunthinkingsubject。 。Itisjustcomeintomyhead,Philonous,thatIhavesomewhereheardofadistinctionbetweenabsoluteandsensibleextension。Now,thoughitbeacknowledgedthatand,consistingmerelyintherelationwhichotherextendedbeingshavetothepartsofourownbodies,donotreallyinhereinthesubstancesthemselves;yetnothingobligesustoholdthesamewithregardto,whichissomethingabstractedfromand,fromthisorthatparticularmagnitudeorfigure。Solikewiseastomotion;and arealtogetherrelativetothesuccessionofideasinourownminds。But,itdothnotfollow,becausethosemodificationsofmotionexistnotwithoutthemind,thatthereforeabsolutemotionabstractedfromthemdothnot。 。Praywhatisitthatdistinguishesonemotion,oronepartofextension,fromanother?Isitnotsomethingsensible,assomedegreeofswiftnessorslowness,somecertainmagnitudeorfigurepeculiartoeach? 。Ithinkso。 。Thesequalities,therefore,strippedofallsensibleproperties,arewithoutallspecificandnumericaldifferences,astheschoolscallthem。 。Theyare。 。Thatistosay,theyareextensioningeneral,andmotioningeneral。 。Letitbeso。 。Butitisauniversallyreceivedmaximthat。Howthencanmotioningeneral,orextensioningeneral,existinanycorporealsubstance?{193} 。Iwilltaketimetosolveyourdifficulty。 。ButIthinkthepointmaybespeedilydecided。 Withoutdoubtyoucantellwhetheryouareabletoframethisorthatidea。NowIamcontenttoputourdisputeonthisissue。Ifyoucanframeinyourthoughtsadistinctofmotionorextension,divestedofallthosesensiblemodes,asswiftandslow,greatandsmall,roundandsquare,andthelike,whichareacknowledgedtoexistonlyinthemind,Iwillthenyieldthepointyoucontendfor。Butifyoucannot,itwillbeunreasonableonyoursidetoinsistanylongeruponwhatyouhavenonotionof。 。Toconfessingenuously,Icannot。 。Canyouevenseparatetheideasofextensionandmotionfromtheideasofallthosequalitieswhichtheywhomakethedistinctionterm。What!isitnotaneasymattertoconsiderextensionandmotionbythemselves,abstractedfromallothersensiblequalities?Prayhowdothemathematicianstreatofthem? 。Iacknowledge,Hylas,itisnotdifficulttoformgeneralpropositionsandreasoningsaboutthosequalities,withoutmentioninganyother;and,inthissense,toconsiderortreatofthemabstractedly。But,howdothitfollowthat,becauseIcanpronouncethewordbyitself,Icanformtheideaofitinmymindexclusiveofbody?or,becausetheoremsmaybemadeofextensionandfigures,withoutanymentionofor,oranyothersensiblemodeorquality,thatthereforeitispossiblesuchanabstractideaofextension,withoutanyparticularsizeorfigure,orsensiblequality,[3][shouldbedistinctlyformed,andapprehendedbythemind?Mathematicianstreatofquantity,withoutregardingwhatothersensible。 qualitiesitisattendedwith,asbeingaltogetherindifferenttotheirdemonstrations。But,whenlayingasidethewords,theycontemplatethebareideas,Ibelieveyouwillfind,theyarenotthepureabstractedideasofextension。 。Butwhatsayyouto?Maynotabstractedideasbeframedbythatfaculty? 。SinceIcannotframeabstractideasatall,itisplainIcannotframethembythehelpof;{194} whatsoeverfacultyyouunderstandbythosewords。Besides,nottoinquireintothenatureofpureintellectanditsspiritualobjects,as,orthelike,thusmuchseemsmanifest——thatsensiblethingsareonlytobeperceivedbysense,orrepresentedbytheimagination。Figures,therefore,andextension,beingoriginallyperceivedbysense,donotbelongtopureintellect:but,foryourfarthersatisfaction,tryifyoucanframetheideaofanyfigure,abstractedfromallparticularitiesofsize,orevenfromothersensiblequalities。 。Letmethinkalittle——IdonotfindthatIcan。 。Andcanyouthinkitpossiblethatshouldreallyexistinnaturewhichimpliesarepugnancyinitsconception? 。Bynomeans。 。Sincethereforeitisimpossibleevenforthemindtodisunitetheideasofextensionandmotionfromallothersensiblequalities,dothitnotfollow,thatwheretheoneexisttherenecessarilytheotherexistlikewise? 。Itshouldseemso。