buthewasafraidtomovewithoutEngland，towhomhemadeasuccessionofindirectapproaches。Thesenearlycametosomethingtowardsthecloseof1862。ItwasonOctober7ththatGladstonespokeatNewcastleaboutJeffersonDavishavingmadeanation。Yet，afterall，Englanddidn\'tbudge，andthusheldNapoleonback。FromFranceintheendtheSouthgotneithershipsnorrecognition，inspiteofhisdeceitfulconnivanceanddesire；NapoleonflirtedawhilewithSlidell，butgrewcoldwhenhesawnochanceofEnglishcooperation。
BesidesJohnBrightandCobden，wehadotherEnglishfriendsofinfluenceandcelebrity:JohnStuartMill，ThomasHughes，GoldwinSmith，LeslieStephen，RobertGladstone，FredericHarrisonaresomeofthem。Allfromthefirstsupportedus。Allfromthefirstworkedandspokeforus。TheUnionandEmancipationSocietywasfounded。\"YourCommittee，\"saysitsfinalreportwhenthewarwasended，\"haveissuedandcirculatedupwardsoffourhundredthousandbooks，pamphlets，andtracts……andnearlyfivehundredofficialandpublicmeetingshavebeenheld……\"ThepresidentofthisSociety，Mr。Potter，spentthirtythousanddollarsinthecause，andatatimewhentimeswerehardandfortunesaswellascotton-spinnersindistressthroughourblockade。AnothermemberoftheSociety，Mr。
Thompson，writesofoneofthepublicmeetings:\"……IaddressedacrowdedassemblyofunemployedoperativesinthetownofHeywood，nearManchester，andspoketothemfortwohoursabouttheSlaveholders\'
Rebellion。Theywereunitedandvociferousintheexpressionoftheirwillingnesstosufferallhardshipsconsequentuponawantofcotton，iftherebythelibertyofthevictimsofSoutherndespotismmightbepromoted。AllhonortothehalfmillionofourworkingpopulationinLancashire，Cheshire，andelsewhere，whoarebearingwithheroicfortitudetheprivationwhichyourwarhasentaileduponthem!……Theirsublimeresignation，theirself-forgetfulness，theirobservanceoflaw，theirwhole-souledloveofthecauseofhumanfreedom，theirquickandclearperceptionofthemeritsofthequestionbetweentheNorthandtheSouth……areextortingtheadmirationofallclassesofthecommunity……\"
HowmuchofallthisdoyoueverhearfromthepeoplewhoremembertheAlabama?
StrictlyinaccordwithBeecher\'svividsummaryofthetrueEnglandinourCivilWar，aresomepassagesofaletterfromMr。JohnBigelow，whowasatthattimeourConsul-GeneralatParis，andwhoseimpressions，writtentoourSecretaryofState，Mr。Seward，onFebruary6，1863，areinterestingtocomparewithwhatBeechersaysinthatletter，fromwhichIhavealreadygivenextracts。
\"Theanti-slaverymeetingsinEnglandarehavingtheireffectupontheGovernmentalready……ThePariscorrespondentoftheLondonPostalsocametomyhouseonWednesdayevening……Hesays……thatthereareaboutadozenpersonswhobytheirpositionandinfluenceovertheorgansofpublicopinionhaveproducedallthebadfeelingandtreacherouscon-
ductofEnglandtowardsAmerica。Theyarepeoplewho，asmembersoftheGovernmentintimespast，havebeenbulliedbytheU。S……TheyarenotentirelyignorantthattheclasswhoarenowtryingtooverthrowtheGovernmentweremainlyresponsibleforthebrutality，buttheythinkweasanationaredisposedtobully，andtheyaredisposedtoassistinanypolicythatmaydismemberandweakenus。Thesescarsofwoundedpride，however，havebeencarefullyconcealedfromthepublic，whothereforecannotbereadilymadetoseewhy，whenthePresidenthasdistinctlymadetheissuebetweenslavelaborandfreelabor，thatEnglandshouldnotgowiththeNorth。HesaysthesedozenpeoplewhoruleEnglandhateuscordially……\"
Thereweremorethanadozen，agoodmanymore，asweknowfromCharlesandHenryAdams。ButreadonceagainthelastparagraphofBeecher\'sletter，andnotehowitcorrespondswithwhatMr。BigelowsaysaboutthefeelingwhichourGovernment(forthirtyyears\"inthehandsorundertheinfluenceofSouthernstatesmen\")hadraisedagainstusbyitsbadmannerstoEuropeangovernments。ThiswastheharvestsownbyshirtsleevesdiplomacyandreapedbyMr。Adamsin1861。Onlysevenyearsbefore，wehadgratuitouslyoffendedfourcountriesatonce。Threeofourforeignministers(twoofthemfromtheSouth)hadmetatOstendandlateratAixintheinterestsofextendingslavery，andthere，inajointmanifesto，hadorderedSpaintosellusCuba，orwewouldtakeCubabyforce。OneofthethreewasourministertoSpain。Spainhadreceivedhimcourteouslyastherepresentativeofanationwithwhomshewasatpeace。
Itwaslikeringingthedoorbellofanacquaintance，beingshownintotheparlorandtellinghimhemustsellyouhisspoonsoryouwouldsnatchthem。Thisdoesn\'tinclineyourneighbortolikeyou。But，ashasbeensaid，Mr。AdamswasanAmericanwhodidknowhowtobehave，andtherebyserveduswellinourhourofneed。
WeremembertheAlabamaandourEnglishenemies，weforgetBright，andCobden，andallourEnglishfriends；butLincolndidnotforgetthem。
Whenayoungman，afriendofBright\'s，anEnglishman，hadbeencaughthereinaplottoseizeavesselandmakeherintoanotherAlabama，JohnBrightaskedmercyforhim；andhereareLincoln\'swordsinconsequence:
\"whereasoneRuberywasconvictedonoraboutthetwelfthdayofOctober，1863，intheCircuitCourtoftheUnitedStatesfortheDistrictofCalifornia，ofengagingin，andgivingaidandcomforttotheexistingrebellionagainsttheGovernmentofthisCountry，andsentencedtotenyears\'imprisonment，andtopayafineoftenthousanddollars；
\"Andwhereas，thesaidAlfredRuberyisoftheimmatureageoftwentyyears，andofhighlyrespectableparentage；
\"Andwhereas，thesaidAlfredRuberyisasubjectofGreatBritain，andhispardonisdesiredbyJohnBright，ofEngland；
\"Now，therefore，beitknownthatI，AbrahamLincoln，PresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，theseanddiversotherconsiderationsmethereuntomoving，andespeciallyasapublicmarkoftheesteemheldbytheUnitedStatesofAmericaforthehighcharacterandsteadyfriendshipofthesaidJohnBright，doherebygrantapardontothesaidAlfredRubery，thesametobeginandtakeeffectonthetwentiethdayofJanuary1864，onconditionthatheleavethecountrywithinthirtydaysfromandafterthatdate。\"
ThusLincoln，becauseofBright；andbecauseofawordfromBrighttoCharlesSumneraboutthestarvingcotton-spinners，AmericanssentfromNewYorkthreeshipswithflourforthosefaithfulEnglishfriendsofours。
Andthen，atGenevain1872，EnglandpaidusforwhattheAlabamahaddone。ThisCourtofArbitrationgrewslowly；suggestedfirstbyMr。
ThomasBatchtoLincoln，whothoughtthemillenniumwasn\'tquiteathandbutfavored\"airingtheidea。\"Theideawasnotairedeasily。CobdenwouldhavebroughtitupinParliament，butillnessanddeathovertookhim。Theideafoundbutfewotherfriends。AtlastHoraceGreeley\"aired\"
itinhispaper。OnOctober23，1863，Mr。AdamssaidtoLordJohnRussell，\"IamdirectedtosaythatthereisnofairandequitableformofconventionalarbitramentorreferencetowhichtheUnitedStateswillnotbewillingtosubmit。\"This，sometwoyearslater，Russellrecalled，sayinginreplytoastatementofourgrievancesbyAdams:\"ItappearstoHerMajesty\'sGovernmentthattherearebuttwoquestionsbywhichtheclaimofcompensationcouldbetested；theoneis，HavetheBritishGovernmentactedwithduediligence，or，inotherwords，ingoodfaithandhonesty，inthemaintenanceoftheneutralitytheyproclaimed?Theotheris，HavethelawofficersoftheCrownproperlyunderstoodtheforeignenlistmentact，whentheydeclined，inJune1862，toadvisethedetentionandseizureoftheAlabama，andonotheroccasionswhentheywereaskedtodetainotherships，buildingorfittinginBritishports?
ItappearstoHerMajesty\'sGovernmentthatneitherofthesequestionscouldbeputtoaforeigngovernmentwithanyregardtothedignityandcharacteroftheBritishCrownandtheBritishNation。HerMajesty\'sGovernmentarethesoleguardiansoftheirownhonor。Theycannotadmitthattheyhaveactedwithbadfaithinmaintainingtheneutralitytheyprofessed。ThelawofficersoftheCrownmustbeheldtobebetterinterpretersofaBritishstatutethananyforeignGovernmentcanbepresumedtobe……\"Heconsentedtoacommission，butdrewthelineatanyprobingofEngland\'sgoodfaith。
Wepersisted。In1868，LordWestbury，LordHighChancellor，declaredintheHouseofLordsthat\"theanimuswithwhichtheneutralpowersactedwastheonlytruecriterion。\"
Thisisthetestwhichweaskedshouldbeapplied。WequotedBritishremarksaboutus，Gladstone，forexample，asevidenceofunfriendlyandinsincereanimusonthepartofthoseattheheadoftheBritishGovernment。
Replyingtoourpressingthepointofanimus，theBritishGovernmentreassertedRussell\'srefusaltorecognizeorentertainanyquestionofEngland\'sgoodfaith:\"first，becauseitwouldbeinconsistentwiththeself-respectwhicheverygovernmentisboundtofeel……\"InMr。JohnBassettMoore\'sHistoryofInternationalArbitration，Vol。I，pages496-497，orinpapersrelatingtotheTreatyofWashington，Vol。II，GenevaArbitration，page204……PartI，IntroductoryStatement，youwillfindthewholeofthis。WhatIgiveheresufficestoshowthepositionweourselvesandEnglandtookabouttheAlabamacase。Shebackeddown。Hergoodfaithwasputinissue，andshepaidourdirectclaims。Sheate\"humblepie。\"WehadtoeathumblepieintheaffairoftheTrent。Ithasbeendonesince。Itisnotpleasant，butitmaybebeneficial。
SuchisthestoryofthetrueEnglandandthetrueAmericain1861；thedividedNorthwithwhichLincolnhadtodeal，thedividedEnglandwhereourmanyfriendscoulddolittletocheckourinfluentialenemies，untilLincolncameoutplainlyagainstslavery。Ihavehadtocompressmuch，butIhaveomittednothingmaterial，ofwhichIamaware。ThefactswouldembarrassthosewhodeterminetoassertthatEnglandwasourundividedenemyduringourCivilWar，iffactseverembarrassedacomplex。ThoseafflictedwiththecomplexcankeeptheireyesupontheAlabamaandtheLondonTimes，andavertthemfromBright，andCobden，andthecotton-spinners，andtheUnionandEmancipationSociety，andQueenVictoria。Buttoanyreaderofthiswhosecomplexisnotincurable，orwhohasnone，Iwillputthisquestion:WhatopinionofthebrainsofanyEnglishmanwouldyouhaveifheformedhisideaoftheUnitedStatesexclusivelyfromthenewspapersofWilliamRandolphHearst。
ChapterXIII:BenefitsForgotInournextwar，ourwarwithSpainin1898，EnglandsavedusfromGermany。Shediditfromfirsttolast；herpositionwasunmistakable，andeverydeterminingactofherswasasourfriend。TheservicethatsherenderedusinwarningGermanytokeepoutofit，wasevengreaterthanhersuggestionofourMonroedoctrinein1823；forin1823sheputusonguardagainstmeditated，butremote，assaultfromEurope，whilein1898
sheactivelyavertedaseriousandimminentperil。AsthethreatofherfleethadobstructedNapoleonin1803，andtheHolyAlliancein1823，soin1898itblockedtheKaiser。Lateinthatyear，whenitwasallover，thedisappointedandbaffledKaiserwrotetoafriendofJosephChamberlain，\"IfIhadhadalargerfleetIwouldhavetakenUncleSambythescruffoftheneck。\"Haveyoueverreadwhatourownfleetwaslikeinthosedays?OrourArmy?LuckyitwasforusthatwehadtodealonlywithSpain。AndeventheSpanishfleetwouldhavebeenamuchgraveropponentinManilaBay，butforLordCromer。OnitswayfromSpainthroughtheSuezCanalaformidablepartofSpain\'snavystoppedtocoalatPortSaid。Thereisalawaboutthecoalingofbelligerentwarshipsinneutralports。LordCromercouldhaveconstruedthatlawjustaswellagainstus。HisconstructionbroughtitaboutthatthoseSpanishshipscouldn\'tgettoManilaBayintimetotakepartagainstAdmiralDewey。
TheSpanishWarrevealedthatourNavycouldhiteighttimesoutofahundred，andwasinotherrespectsunpreparedandutterlyinadequatetocopewithafirst-classpower。Inconsequenceofthis，andthecriticismsofourNavyDepartment，whichAdmiralSimsasayoungmanhadwritten，Roosevelttookthestepshedidinhisfirstterm。ThreeticklishtimesinthatSpanishWarEnglandstoodourfriendagainstGermany。Whenitbrokeout，GermanagentsapproachedMr。Balfour，proposingthatEnglandjoininaEuropeancombinationinSpain\'sfavor。Mr。Balfour\'srefusaliscommonknowledge，excepttothemonomaniacwithhiscomplex。NextcametheactionofLordCromer，andfinallythatmomentinManilaBaywhenEnglandtookherstandbyoursideandGermanysawshewouldhavetofightusboth，ifshefoughtatall。
IfyousawanyGermanorFrenchpapersatthetimeofourtroubleswithSpain，yousawundisguisedhostility。IfyouhavetalkedwithanyAmericanwhowasinParisduringthatAprilof1898，yourimpressionwillbemorevividstill。TherewasanoutburstofEuropeanhateforus。
Germany，France，andAustriaalllookedexpectantlytoEngland——andEnglanddisappointedtheirexpectations。TheBritishPresswasasmuchforusastheFrenchandGermanpresswerehostile；theLondonSpectatorsaid:\"Wearenot，andwedonotpretendtobe，anagreeablepeople，butwhenthereistroubleinthefamily，weknowwhereourheartsare。\"
Inthosesamedays(somewhereaboutthethirdweekinApril，1898)，attheBritishEmbassyinWashington，occurredasceneofsignificanceandinterest，whichhasprobablybeentoldlessoftenthanthatinterviewbetweenMr。BalfourandtheKaiser\'semissaryinLondon。TheBritishAmbassadorwasstandingathiswindow，lookingoutattheGermanEmbassy，acrossthestreet。Withhimwasamemberofhisdiplomatichousehold。Thetwowatchedwhatwashappening。Onebyone，therepresentativesofvariousEuropeannationswereenteringthedooroftheGermanEmbassy。
\"Doyouseethem?\"saidtheAmbassador\'scompanion；\"they\'llallbeintheresoon。There。That\'sthelastofthem。\"\"Ididn\'tnoticetheFrenchAmbassador。\"\"Yes，he\'sgonein，too。\"\"I\'msurprisedatthat。I\'msorryforthat。Ididn\'tthinkhewouldbeoneofthem，\"saidtheBritishambassador。\"Now，I\'lltellyouwhat。They\'llallbecomingoverhereinalittlewhile。Iwantyoutowaitandbepresent。\"Shortlythispredictionwasverified。OverfromtheGermanEmbassycamethewholecompanyonavisittotheBritishAmbassador，thathemightaddhissignaturetoadocumenttowhichtheyhadaffixedtheirs。Hereaditquietly。Wemayeasilyimagineitspurport，sinceweknowofthemeditatedEuropeancoalitionagainstusatshetimeofourwarwithSpain。ThentheBritishAmbassadorremarked:\"IhavenoordersfrommyGovernmenttosignanysuchdocumentasthat。AndifIdidhave，Ishouldresignmypostratherthansignit。\"Apause:Thecompanyfellsilent。
\"ThenwhatwillyourExcellencydo?\"inquiredonevisitor。\"Ifyouwillalldomethehonorofcomingbackto-morrow，Ishallhaveanotherdocumentreadywhichallofuscansign。\"ThatiswhathappenedtotheEuropeancoalitionatthisend。
Somefewyearslater，thatBritishAmbassadorcametodie；andtotheBritishEmbassyrepairedTheodoreRoosevelt。\"Woulditbepossibleforustoarrange，\"hesaid，\"afuneralmorehonoredandmarkedthantheUnitedStateshaseveraccordedtoanyonenotacitizen?Ishouldlikeit。
And，\"hesuddenlyadded，shakinghisfistattheGermanEmbassyovertheway，\"I\'dliketogrindalltheirnosesinthedirt。\"
ConfrontedwiththeawkwardfactthatBritainwasalmostunanimouslywithus，fromMr。BalfourdownthroughtheBritishpresstotheBritishpeople，thosenationswhoseambassadorshadpaidsounsuccessfulacallattheBritishEmbassyhadtogiveitup。Theircoalitionnevercameoff。Suchathingcouldn\'tcomeoffwithoutEngland，andEnglandsaidNo。
Next，LordCromer，atPortSaid，stretchedoutthearmofinternationallaw，andlaiditupontheSpanishfleet。Belligerentsmaylegallytakecoalenoughatneutralportstoreachtheirnearest\"homeport。\"ThatSpanishfleetwasonitswayfromSpaintoManilathroughtheSuezCanal。
Itcouldhavereachedthere，hadLordCromeralloweditcoalenoughtomakethenearesthomeportaheadofit——Manila。Buttherewasahomeportbehindit，stillnearer，namely，Barcelona。HeletittakecoalenoughtogetbacktoBarcelona。Thus，Englandagainsteppedin。
ThethirdtimewasinManilaBayitself，afterDewey\'svictory，andwhilehewasinoccupationoftheplace。OncemoretheKaisertriedit，notdiscouragedbyhisfailurewithMr。BalfourandtheBritishGovernment。
HedesiredthePhilippinesforhimself；wehadnotyetacquiredthem；wewerepolicingthem，superintendingtheharbor，administeringwhateverhadfallentousfromSpain\'sdefeat。TheKaisersent，underAdmiralDiedrich，asquadronstrongerthanDewey\'s。
DeweyindicatedwheretheGermanwastoanchor。\"IamherebytheorderofhisMajestytheGermanEmperor，\"saidDiedrich，andchosehisownplacetoanchor。HemadeitquiteplaininotherwaysthathewastakingnoordersfromAmerica。Dewey，soreporthasit，atlasttoldhimthat\"ifhewantedafighthecouldhaveitatthedropofthehat。\"ThenitwasthattheGermancalledontheEnglishAdmiral，Chichester，whowaslikewiseathand，anchoredinManilaBay。\"Whatwouldyoudo，\"inquiredDiedrich，\"intheeventoftroublebetweenAdmiralDeweyandmyself?\"
\"ThatisasecretknownonlytoAdmiralDeweyandme，\"saidtheEnglishman。Plainertalkcouldhardlybe。Diedrich，thoughaGerman，understoodit。Hereturnedtohisflagship。WhathesawnextmorningwastheBritishcruiserinanewplace，interposedbetweenDeweyandhimself。
Oncemore，heunderstood；andheandhissquadronsailedoff；anditwassoonafterthisincidentthatthedisappointedKaiserwrotethat，ifonlyhisfleethadbeenlarger，hewouldhavetakenusbythescruffoftheneck。
TellthesethingstothenextmanyouheartalkingaboutGeorgeIIIortheAlabama。Youmaymeethiminfrontofabulletinboard，orinadrawing-room。Heisamongstuseverywhere，inthestreetandinthehouse。Hemaybeapaidpropagandistormerelyasillyignorantpuppet。
Butwhateverheis，hewillnotfindmuchtosayinresponse，unlessitbevain，sterilechatter。Truecome-backwillfailhimasitfailedthatmanbythebulletinboardwhoasked，\"WhatisEnglanddoing，anyhow?\"andhisneighboranswered，\"Herfleet\'skeepingtheKaiseroutofyourfrontyard。\"
ChapterXIV:EnglandtheSlacker!
WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
Letushavethesedisregardedfactsalso。FromtheshelvesofhistoryI
havepulleddownanddisplayedthefactswhichourschooltextbookshavesuppressed；IhavetoldtheeventswhereinEnglandhasstoodourtimelyfriendthroughoutacentury；eventswhichourimplantedprejudiceleadsustoignore，ortoforget；eventswhichshowthatanyonewhosaysEnglandisourhereditaryenemymightjustaboutaswellsaytwicetwoisfive。
WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
Theygoonaskingit。Thepropagandists，thepromptedpuppets，thepaidparrotsofthepress，goonsayingtheseeightsenselesswordsbecausetheyareeasytosay，sincethemanwhocananswerthemisgenerallynotthere:toeverymanwhoisaresponsiblemasteroffactswehave——well，howmany?——irresponsibleshoutersinthiscountry。Whatisyourexperience?Howoftenisityourluck——asitwasmineinfrontofthebulletinboard——toseeafraudorafoolpromptlyandsatisfactorilyputinhisplace?Makeupyourmindthatwhereveryouhearanypersonwhatsoever，maleorfemale，cleanorunclean，dressedinjeans，ordressedinsilksandlaces，inquirewhatEngland\"didinthewar，anyhow?
\"suchpersoneithershirksknowledge，orelseisafraudorafool。TellthemwhatthemansaidinthestreetabouttheKaiserandourfrontyard，butdon\'tstopthere。TellthemthatinMay，1918，Englandwassendingmenoffiftyandboysofeighteenandahalftothefront；thatinAugust，1918，everythirdmaleavailablebetweenthoseyearswasfighting，thateightandahalfmillionmenforarmyandnavywereraisedbytheBritishEmpire，ofwhichIreland\'ssharewastwoandthreetenthspercent，Walesthreeandseventenths，Scotland\'seightandthreetenths，andEngland\'smorethansixtypercent；andthatthis，takenproportionatelytoourgreaterpopulationwouldhaveamountedtoaboutthirteenmillionAmericans，Whenthewarstarted，theBritishEmpiremaintainedthreesoldiersoutofevery2600ofthepopulation；herentirearmy，regularestablishment，reserveandterritorialforces，amountedtosevenhundredthousandmen。Ourcasualtieswerethreehundredandtwenty-twothousand，onehundredandeighty-two。ThecasualtiesintheBritishArmywerethreemillion，forty-ninethousand，ninehundredandseventy-one——amillionmorethanwesent——andofthesesixhundredandfifty-eightthousand，sevenhundredandfour，werekilled。OfherNavy，thirty-threethousandthreehundredandsixty-onewerekilled，sixthousandfourhundredandfivewoundedandmissing；ofhermerchantmarinefourteenthousandsixhundredandsixty-onewerekilled；atotalofforty-eightthousandkilled——ortenpercentofallinactiveservice。
Someofthoseofthemerchantmarinewhoescapeddrowningthroughtorpedoesandmineswentbacktoseaafterbeingtorpedoedfive，six，andseventimes。
WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
Throughfourfrightfulyearsshefoughtwithsplendor，shesufferedwithsplendor，sheheldonwithsplendor。ThesecondbattleofYpresisbutonedropintheseaofherepiccourage；yetitwouldfillfullacantoofapoem。SospentwasBritain\'ssingleline，sowornandthin，thatafterallthemenavailablewerebrought，gapsremained。Nomoreammunitionwascomingtothesemen，thelastroundshadbeenserved。Wetthrough，heavywithmud，theywereshelledforthreedaystopreventsleep。Manycameatlasttosleepstanding；andbeingjoggedawakewhenofficersofthelinepasseddownthetrenches，wouldsaluteandinstantlybeasleepagain。Onthefourthday，withtheKaisercometowatchthemcrumble，threelinesofHuns，waveafterwaveofGermany\'spickedtroops，fellandbrokeuponthissinglelineofBritish——anditheld。TheKaiser，hadheknownoftheexhaustedammunitionandthemoundeddead，couldhavewalkedunarmedtotheChannel。Butheneverknew。
SurgeonsbeingscantierthanmenatYpres，onewithacompoundfractureofthethighhadhimselfproppedup，andthusalldayworkedonthewoundedatthefront。Heknewitmeantdeathforhim。Thedayover，heletthemcarryhimtotherear，andthere，fromblood-poisoning，hedied。
Thusthroughfourfrightfulyears，theBritishmettheirdutyandtheirdeath。
ThereisthegreatstoryofthelittlepennysteamersoftheThames——astorylostamidthegiganticwhole。Whowilltellitright?Whowillmakethisdropofperfectvalorshineinproseorverseforfutureeyestosee?ImagineaHobokenferryboat，becausehercountryneededher，startingforSanFranciscoaroundCapeHorn，andgettingthere。SometenorelevenpennysteamersundertheirownsteamstartedfromtheThamesdowntheChannel，acrosstheBayofBiscay，pastGibraltar，andthroughthesubmarinedMediterraneanfortheRiverTigris。BoatsofshallowdraughtwereurgentlyneededontheRiverTigris。Fourorfivereachedtheirdestination。Wherearetherest?
WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
During1917-1918Britain\'sarmiesheldtheenemyinthreecontinentsandonsixfronts，andcooperatedwithherAlliesontwomorefronts。Herdead，thosesixhundredandfifty-eightthousanddead，laybytheTigris，theZambesi，theAEgean，andacrosstheworldtoFlanders\'fields。BetweenMarch21standApril17th，1918，theHunsintheirdriveused127
divisions，andofthese102wereconcentratedagainsttheBritish。ThatwasinFlanders。Britain，atthesametimeshewasfightinginFlanders，hadalsoatvarioustimessharedinthefightinginRussia，Kiaochau，NewGuinea，Samoa，Mesopotamia，Palestine，Egypt，theSudan，Cameroons，Togoland，EastAfrica，SouthWestAfrica，Saloniki，Aden，Persia，andthenorthwestfrontierofIndia。BritainclearedtwelvehundredthousandsquaremilesoftheenemyinGermancolonies。WhilefightinginMesopotamia，hersoldierswerereconstructingatthesametime。Theyreclaimedandcultivatedmorethan1100squaremilesoflandthere，whichproducedinconsequenceenoughfoodtosavetwomilliontonsofshippingannuallyfortheAllies。InPalestineandMesopotamiaalone，Britishtroopsin1917took23，590prisoners。In1918，inPalestinefromSeptember18thtoOctober7th，theytook79，000prisoners。
WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
With\"French\'scontemptiblelittlearmy\"shesavedFranceatthestart——
butI\'llskipthat——excepttomentionthatonedivisionlost10，000outof12，000men，and350outof400officers。AtZeebruggeandOstend——donotforgettheVindictive——shedealtwithsubmarinesinAprilandMay，1918——butI\'llskipthat；Icannotsetdownallthatshedid，eitheratthestart，ornearingthefinish，oratanyparticularmomentduringthosefouryearsandthreemonthsthatshewashelpingtoholdGermanyofffromthethroatoftheworld；itwouldmakeaverythickbook。ButI
amgivingyouenough，Ithink，wherewithtoanswertheignorant，andthefrauds，andthefools。Tellthemthatfrom1916to1918GreatBritainincreasedhertillageareabyfourmillionacres:wheat39percent，barley11，oats35，potatoes50——inspiteoftheshortageoflabor。Sheusedwoundedsoldiers，collegeboysandgirls，boyscouts，refugees，andsheproducedthebiggestgraincropinfiftyyears。Shestartedfourteenhundredthousandnewwargardens；mostofthosewhoworkedthemhadworkedalreadyalongdayinamunitionfactory。Thesedevotedworkersincreasedthepotatocropin1917bythreemilliontons——andthusreleasedBritishprovisionshipstocarryoursoldiersacross。InthatBostonspeechwhichoneofmycorrespondentsreferredto，ourSecretaryoftheNavydidnotmentionthis。Mentionityourself。Andtellthemabouttheboyscoutsandthewomen。Fifteenthousandoftheboyscoutsjoinedthecolors，andoverfiftythousandoftheyoungermembersservedinvariouswaysathome。
OfEngland\'swomensevenmillionwereengagedinworkonmunitionsandothernecessariesandapparatusofwar。TheterribletestofthatsecondbattleofYpres，towhichIhavemadebriefallusionabove，wroughtanindustrialrevolutioninthemanufactureofshells。Theenergyofproductionroseataratewhichmaybeindicatedbytwoorthreecomparisons:In1917asmanyheavyhowitzershellswereturnedoutinasingledayasinthewholefirstyearofthewar，asmanymediumshellsinfivedays，andasmanyfield-gunshellsineightdays。Orinotherwords，45timesasmanyfield-gunshells，73timesasmanymedium，and365timesasmanyheavyhowitzershells，wereturnedoutin1917asinthefirstyearofthewar。Theseshellsweremanufacturedinbuildingstotalingfifteenmilesinlength，fortyfeetinbreadth，withmorethantenthousandmachinetoolsdrivenbyseventeenmilesofshaftingwithanenergyoftwenty-fivethousandhorse-powerandaweeklyoutputofovertenthousandtons\'weightofprojectiles——allthislargelyworkedbythewomenofEngland。Whilethefleethadincreaseditspersonnelfrom136，000toabout400，000，and2，000，000menbyJuly，1915，hadvoluntarilyenlistedinthearmybeforeEnglandgaveupherbirthrightandacceptedcompulsoryservice，thewomenofEnglandlefttheirordinarylivestofabricatethenecessariesofwar。Theyworkedathomewhiletheirhusbands，brothers，andsonsfoughtanddiedonsixbattlefrontsabroad——sixhundredandfifty-eightthousanddied，remember；doyourememberthenumberofAmericanskilledinaction?——lessthanthirty-sixthousand；——thoseEnglishwomenworkedon，sevenmillionsofthematleast，onmilkcarts，motor-busses，elevators，steamengines，andinmakingammunition。Neverbeforehadanywomanworkedonmorethan150ofthe500differentprocessesthatgotothemakingofmunitions。TheynowhandledT。N。T。，andfulminateofmercury，moredeadlystill；helpedbuildguns，guncarriages，andthree-and-a-halftonarmycannons；workedoverheadtravelingcranesformovingtheboilersofbattleships:turnedlathes，madeeverypartofanaeroplane。Andwhowerethesesevenmillionwomen?Theeldestdaughterofadukeandthedaughterofageneralwondistinctioninadvancedmunitionwork。TheonlydaughterofanoldArmyfamilybrokedownafterayear\'sworkinabasehospitalinFrance，wasorderedsixmonths\'restathome，butaftertwomonthsenteredamunitionfactoryasanordinaryemployeeandafterninemonths\'workhadlostbutfiveminutesworkingtime。ThemotherofsevenenlistedsonswentintomunitionsnottobebehindtheminservingEngland，andoneofthemwrotehershewasprobablykillingmoreGermansthananyofthefamily。Thestewardessofatorpedoedpassengershipwasamongthefewsurvivors。
Reachingland，shegotajobatacapstanlathe。ThosewerethesevenmillionwomenofEngland——daughtersofdukes，torpedoedstewardesses，andeverythingbetween。
Sevenhundredthousandofthesewereengagedonmunitionworkproper。
Theydidfrom60to70percentofallthemachineworkonshells，fuses，andtrenchwarfaresupplies，and1450ofthemweretrainedmechanicstotheRoyalFlyingCorps。Theywereemployeduponpracticallyeveryoperationinfactory，infoundry，inlaboratory，andchemicalworks，ofwhichtheywerephysicallycapable；inmakingofgauges，forgingbillets，makingfuses，cartridges，bullets——\"lookwhattheycando，\"saidaforeman，\"ladiesfromhomeswheretheysataboutandwerewaitedupon。\"
Theyalsomadeopticalglass；drilledandtappedintheshipyards；
renewedelectricwiresandfittings，woundarmatures；lacqueredguardsforlampsandradiatorfronts；repairedjunctionandsectionboxes，firecontrolinstruments，automaticsearchlights。\"Wecanhardlybelieveoureyes，\"saidanotherforeman，\"whenweseetheheavystuffbroughttoandfromtheshopsinmotorlorriesdrivenbygirls。Beforethewaritwasallcartedbyhorsesandmen。Thegirlsdothejoballright，though，andtheonlythingtheyevercomplainaboutisthattheirtoesgetcold。\"
Theyworkedwithouthesitationfromtwelvetofourteenhoursaday，oranight，forsevendaysaweek，andwiththevoluntarysacrificeofpublicholidays。
Thatisnotall，ornearlyall，thatthewomenofEnglanddid——Iskiptheirwelfarework，recreationwork，nursing——butitisenoughwherewithtoanswertheignorant，orthefraud，orthefool。
WhatdidEnglanddointhewar，anyhow?
OnAugust8，1914，LordKitcheneraskedfor100，000volunteers。Hehadthemwithinfourteendays。InthefirstweekofSeptember170，000menenrolled，30，000inasingleday。Elevenmonthslater，twomillionhadenlisted。Tenmonthslater，fivemillionandforty-onethousandhadvoluntarilyenrolledintheArmyandNavy。
In1914BritainhadinherRoyalNavalAirService64aeroplanesand800
airmen。In1917shehadmanythousandaeroplanesand42，000airmen。InherRoyalFlyingCorpsshehadin1914，66planesand100men；in1917，severalthousandplanesandmenbytensofthousands。Inthefirstninemonthsof1917Britishairmenbroughtdown876enemymachinesanddrovedown759outofcontrol。FromJuly，1917，toJune，1918，4102enemymachinesweredestroyedorbroughtdownwithalossof1213machines。
BesidesfinancingherownwarcostsshehadbyOctober，1917，loanedeighthundredmilliondollarstotheDominionsandfivebillionfivehundredmilliontotheAllies。Sheraisedfivebillioninthirtydays。Inthefirsteightmonthsof1918shecontributedtothevariousformsofwarloanattheaveragerateofonehundredandtwenty-fourmillion，eighthundredthousandaweek。
Isthatenough?EnoughtoshowwhatEnglanddidintheWar?No，itisnotenoughforsuchpeopleascontinuetoaskwhatshedid。Nothingwouldsufficethesepersons。DuringtheearlierstagesoftheWaritwaspossiblethatthequestioncouldbeaskedhonestly——thoughneverintelligently——becausethefactsandfigureswerenotatthattimealwaysaccessible。Theywerestillpilingup，theywerescatteredabout，mentionofthemwasincidentalandfugitive，theycouldbemissedbyanybodywhowasnotdiligentlyalerttofindthem。To-dayitisquiteotherwise。Thefactsandfigureshavebeencompiled，arranged，publishedinaccessibleandconvenientform；thereforeto-day，themanorwomanwhopersistsinaskingwhatEnglanddidinthewarisnothonestbutdishonestormentallyspotted，anddoesnotwanttobeanswered。Theydon\'twanttoknow。Thequestionismerelyacamouflageoftheirspite，andwereeveryitemgivenofthegiganticandmagnificentcontributionthatEnglandmadetothedefeatoftheKaiserandallhisworks，itwouldnotstoptheirevilmouths。NotforthemamIheresettingforthapartofwhatEnglanddid；itisfortheconvenienceofthehonestAmerican，whodoeswanttoknow，thatmycollectionoffactsismadefromthevarioussourceswhichhemaynothavethetimeorthemeanstolookupforhimself。ForhisbenefitIaddsomeparticularsconcerningtheBritishNavywhichkepttheKaiseroutofourfrontyard。
AdmiralMahansaidinhisbook——andhewasanAmericanofwhoseknowledgeandwisdomCongressseemstohaveknownnothingandcaredless——\"WhydoEnglishinnatepoliticalconceptionsofpopularrepresentativegovernment，ofthebalanceoflawandliberty，prevailinNorthAmericafromtheArcticCircletotheGulfofMexico，fromtheAtlantictothePacific?BecausethecommandoftheseaatthedecisiveerabelongedtoGreatBritain。\"WehaveseenthatthedecisiveerawaswhenNapoleon\'smouthwateredforLouisiana，andwhenEnglandtookherstandbehindtheMonroeDoctrine。
AdmiralSimssaidinthesecondinstallmentofhisnarrativeTheVictoryatSea，publishedinTheWorld\'sWorkforOctober，1919，atpage619:
\"……Letussupposeforamomentthatanearthquake，orsomeothergreatnaturaldisturbance，hadengulfedtheBritishfleetatScapaFlow。TheworldwouldthenhavebeenatGermany\'smercyandallthedestroyerstheAlliescouldhaveputupontheseawouldhaveavailedthemnothing，fortheGermanbattleshipsandbattlecruiserscouldhavesunkthemordriventhemintotheirports。ThenAlliedcommercewouldhavebeentheprey，notonlyofthesubmarines，whichcouldhaveoperatedwiththeutmostfreedom，butoftheGermansurfacecraftaswell。InafewweekstheBritishfoodsupplieswouldhavebeenexhausted。TherewouldhavebeenanearlyendtothesoldiersandmunitionswhichBritainwasconstantlysendingtoFrance。TheUnitedStatescouldhavesentnoforcestotheWesternfront，andtheresultwouldhavebeenthesurrenderwhichtheAlliesthemselves，inthespringof1917，regardedasanotremotepossibility。AmericawouldthenhavebeencompelledtofacetheGermanpoweralone，andtofaceitlongbeforewehadhadanopportunitytoassembleourresourcesandequipourarmies。Theworldwaspreservedfromallthesecalamitiesbecausethedestroyerandtheconvoysolvedtheproblemofthesubmarines，andbecausebackoftheseagenciesofvictorylayAdmiralBeatty\'ssquadrons，holdingatarm\'slengththeGermansurfaceshipswhilethesecomparativelyfragilecraftweresavingthelibertiesoftheworld。\"
Yes。TheHighSeasFleetofGermany，costingheronebillionfivehundredmilliondollars，wasbottledup。FivemillionfivehundredthousandtonsofGermanshippingandonemilliontonsofAustrianshippingweredrivenofftheseasorcaptured；overseatradeandoverseacolonieswerecutoff。TwomillionoverseaHunsoffightingagewerehinderedfromjoiningtheenemy。OceancommerceandcommunicationwerestoppedfortheHunsandsecuredtotheAllies。In1916，2100minesweresweptupand89minesweeperslost。Theseminesweepersandpatrolboatsnumbered12in1914，and3300by1918。TopatroltheseasBritishshipshadtosteameightmillionmilesinasinglemonth。Duringthefouryearsofthewartheytransportedoverseamorethanthirteenmillionmen(losingbut2700
throughenemyaction)aswellastransportingtwomillionhorsesandmules，fivehundredthousandvehicles，twenty-fivemilliontonsofexplosives，fifty-onemilliontonsofoilandfuel，onehundredandthirtymilliontonsoffoodandothermaterialsfortheuseoftheAllies。Inonemonththreehundredandfifty-fivethousandmenwerecarriedfromEnglandtoFrance。
ItwasafterourpresentSecretaryoftheNavy，inhisspeechinBostontowhichallusionhasbeenmade，hadgivenournavyallandtheBritishnavynoneofthecreditofconveyingoursoldiersoverseas，thatAdmiralSimsrepairedthesingularoblivionoftheSecretary。WeAmericansshouldknowthetruth，hesaid。Wehadnotbeentooaccuratelyinformed。Wedidnotseemtohavebeentoldbyanybody，forinstance，thatofthefivethousandanti-submarinecraftoperatingdayandnightintheinfestedwaters，wehad160，or3percent；thatofthemillionandahalftroopswhichhadgoneoverfromhereinafewmonths，GreatBritainbroughtovertwothirdsandescortedhalf。
\"IwouldlikeAmericanpaperstopayparticularattentiontothefactthatthereareabout5000anti-submarinecraftintheoceanto-day，cuttingoutmines，escortingtroopships，andmakingitpossibleforustogoaheadandwinthiswar。TheycandothisbecausetheBritishGrandFleetissopowerfulthattheGermanHighSeasFleethastostayathome。
TheBritishGrandFleetisthefoundationstoneofthecauseofthewholeoftheAllies。\"
ThusAdmiralSims。
ThatispartofwhatEnglanddidinthewar。
Note——TheauthorexpressesthanksandacknowledgmenttoPearson\'sMagazineforpermissiontousethepassagesquotedfromthearticlesbyAdmiralSims。
ChapterXV:RudeBritannia，CrudeColumbiaItmayhavebeentenyearsago，itmayhavebeenfifteen——andjusthowlongitwasbeforethewarmakesnomatter——thatIreceivedaninvitationtojoinasocietyforthepromotionofmorefriendlyrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandEngland。
\"No，indeed，\"Isaidtomyself。
EvenasIreadthenote，hostilityroseinme。Refusalsprangtomylipsbeforemyreasonhadactedatall。IrememberedGeorgeIII。IrememberedtheCivilWar。Theancientgrudge，theanti-Englishcomplex，hadbeeninstantlysetfermentinginme。Nothingcouldbetterdiscloseitslurkingpersistencethanmyvirtuallyautomaticexclamation，\"No，indeed!\"IknewsomethingaboutEngland\'sfriendlyacts，aboutVenezuela，andManilaBay，andEdmundBurke，andJohnBright，andtheQueen，andtheLancashirecottonspinners。Andmorethanthishistoricknowledge，IknewlivingEnglishpeople，menandwomen，amongwhomIcounteddearandevenbelovedfriends。Iknewalso，justaswellasAdmiralMahanknew，andotherAmericansbythehundredsofthousandshaveknownandknowatthismoment，thatallthebestwehaveandare——law，ethics，loveofliberty——
allofitcamefromEngland，grewinEnglandfirst，ripenedfromtheseedofwhichwearemerelyonegreatharvest，plantedherebyEngland。AndyetIinstantlyexclaimed，\"No，indeed!\"
Well，havingbeeninflictedwiththeanti-Englishcomplexmyself，I
understanditallthebetterinothers，andambeggingthemtocounteractitasIhavedone。YouwillrecollectthatIsaidattheoutsetoftheseobservationsthat，asIsawit，ourprejudicewasfoundeduponthreecausesfairlyseparate，althoughtheyoftenmeltedtogether。WithtwoofthesecausesIhavenowdealt——theschoolhistories，andcertainactsandpoliciesofEngland\'sthroughoutourrelationswithher。Thethirdcause，Isaid，wascertaintraitsoftheEnglishandourselveswhichhaveproducedpersonalfriction。AnAmericandoesorsayssomethingwhichangersanEnglishman，whothereupongoesaboutthinkingandsaying，\"ThoseinsufferableYankees!\"AnEnglishmandoesorsayssomethingwhichangersanAmerican，whothereupongoesaboutthinkingandsaying，\"ToHellwithEngland!\"Eachmakesthewell-nighuniversal——butnonethelessperfectlyridiculous——blunderofdamningawholepeoplebecauseoneofthemhasrubbedhimthewrongway。Nothingcouldshowupmoreforciblyandvividlythishumanweaknessforgeneralizingfrominsufficientdata，thantheincidentinLondonstreetswhichIpromisedtotellyouinfullwhenweshouldreachthetimeforit。Thetimeisnow。
InahospitalatnogreatdistancefromSanFrancisco，awoundedAmericansoldiersaidtoonewhosatbesidehim，thatneverwouldhegotoEuropetofightanybodyagain——excepttheEnglish。Themhewouldliketofight；
andtotheastonishedvisitorhetoldhisreason。He，itappeared，wasoneofourAmericanswhomarchedthroughLondonstreetsonthatdaywhentheeyesofLondonlookedforthefirsttimeupontheYankeesatlastarrivedtobearahandtoEnglandandherAllies。Fromthemobcameacertaintaunt:\"Yousillyass。\"
Itwas，asyouwillobserve，anunflatteringinterpretationofournationalinitials，U。S。A。OfcourseitwasenoughtomakeaproperAmericandoughboyentirely\"hotunderthecollar。\"Tothisreadingofournationalinitialsournationalreadinessretortedinkindatanearlydate:A。E。F。meantAfterEnglandFailed。Butwhy，monthsandmonthsafterwards，wheneverythingwasover，didthatfoolishdoughboyinthehospitalhugthislonethingtohismemory?Itwastheactofanunthinkingfew。Didn\'thenoticewhattherestofLondonwasdoingthatday?Didn\'therememberthatsheflewtheUnionJackandtheStarsandStripestogetherfromeverysymbolicpinnacleofcreedandgovernmentthatroseabovehercontinentofstreetsanddwellingstothesky?
Couldn\'thefeelthatEngland，hisoldenemyandoldmother，bowedandstrickenandstruggling，wasopeningherarmstohimwide?She\'sapersonwhohideshertearsevenfromherself；butitseemstomethat，withadropofimaginationandhalfadropofthought，hemighthavediscoveredayearandahalfafterafewstreetroughshadinsultedhim，thattheywerenotallEngland。Withtwodropsofthoughtitmightevenhaveultimatelystruckhimthatherewecame，late，verylate，indeed，onlyjustintime，fromacountryuntouched，unafflicted，unbombed，safe，becauseofEngland\'sships，totired，broken，bleedingEngland；andthatthesightofus，sojaunty，sofresh，soinnocentofsufferingandbereavement，shouldhavebeenforathoughtlessmomentgallingtounthinkingbrains?
IamperfectlysurethatifsuchconsiderationsasthesewerelaidbeforeanyAmericansoldierwhostillsmartedunderthattauntinLondonstreets，hisgoodAmericansense，whichisourbestpossession，wouldgraspandacceptthethinginitstrueproportions。Hewouldn\'twanttoblotanEmpireoutbecauseahandfulofmuckerscalledhimnames。OfthisIamperfectlysure，becauseinParisstreetsitwasmyhappylotfourmonthsaftertheArmisticetotalkwithmanyAmericansoldiers，amongwhomsomefeltsoreabouttheFrench。NotoneofthesebutsawwithhisgoodAmericansense，directlyIpointedcertainfactsouttohim，thathishostilegeneralizationhadbeenunjust。But，toquotetheoft-quotedMr。Kipling，thatisanotherstory。
AnAmericanregimentjustarrivedinFrancewasencampedforpurposesoftrainingandexperiencenextaBritishregimentcomebackfromthefronttorest。Thestreetsofthetwocampswereadjacent，andtheTommieswalkedouttowatchtheYankeespeggingdowntheirtents。
\"Aw，\"theysaid，\"wotashymeyou\'vebroughtnobodyalongtotuckyouin。\"
Theymadeothersimilarremarks；commentedunfavorablyuponthealignment；\"Youwereabitlateincoming，\"theysaid。Ofcourseourboyshadanswers，andtothesetheTommieshadfurtheranswers，andthisencounterofwitsverynaturallyledtoaresultwhichcouldnotpossiblyhavebeenhappier。Idon\'tknowwhattheTommiesexpectedtheYankeestodo。Isupposetheywereasignorantofournatureasweoftheirs，andthattheyentertainedpreconceivednotions。Theysuddenlyfoundthatwewere，onceagaintoquoteMr。Kipling，\"bachelorsinbarricksmostremarkablelike\"themselves。AnAmericanfirstsergeanthitaBritishfirstsergeant。Instantlyathousandmenweremilling。Forthirtyminutestheykeptatit。Warriorsreeledtogetherandfellandroseandgotitintheneckandthejawandtheeyeandthenose——andallthewhiletheBritishandAmericanofficers，splendidlydiscreet，sawnoneofit。
Britishsoldierswerecarriedbacktotheirstreets，stillfighting，bungedYankeesstaggeredeverywhere——butnotanofficersawanyofit。
Blackeyesthenextday，andothertokens，veryplainlyshowedwhohadbeenatthisparty。ThereafteramuchbetterfeelingprevailedbetweenTommiesandYanks。
AmorepeacefulcontactproducedexcellentconsequencesatanencampmentofAmericansinEngland。TheAmericanshadbroughtoveranidea，apparently，thattheEnglishwere\"easy。\"Theytrieditoninsundryways，butendedbythediscoverythat，whileengageduponthisenterprise，theyhadbeeninsundrywaysquitecompletely\"done\"
themselves。ThisgavethemarespectfortheirEnglishcousinswhichtheyhadneverfeltbefore。
Hereisanothertale，similarinmoral。ThisoccurredatBrest，inFrance。IntheYhutsatanEnglishlady，oneofthehostesses。TohercameayoungAmericanmarinewithwhomshealreadyhadsomeacquaintance。
Thisledhimtoaskforheradvice。Hesaidtoherthatashispermissionwasofonlyseventy-twohours，hewantedtobeaseconomicalofhistimeashecouldandseeeverythingbestworthwhileforhimtoseeduringhisleave。Wouldshe，therefore，tellhimwhatthingsinPariswerethemostinterestingandinwhatorderhehadbesttakethem?Sherepliedwithanothersuggestion；whynot，shesaid，askforpermissionforEngland?
